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Myelocytomatosis (MYC) transcription factors are crucial mediators of the jasmonate signaling pathway, which mediates the growth and developmental processes of plants. However, the function of MYC genes in tomato, Solanum lycopersicum (SlMYC), remains poorly understood. In this study, we have identified 14 non-redundant SlMYC genes across the genome of tomatoes. Six of the twelve chromosomes included these genes, and four syntenic pairs of SlMYC were identified. According to the results of phylogenetic analysis, 14 SlMYC genes were clustered into classes I, II, III, and IV, and their functional domains were predicted. The SlMYC upstream promoter region contained a variety of light-, stress-, and hormone-response regulatory elements. The expression of the 14 SlMYC genes differed significantly across organs. SlMYCs primarily showed an upregulation trend after methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. In contrast, after treatment with sodium chloride (NaCl), SlMYCs showed a trend of downregulation. However, there were differences in the expression patterns of SlMYCs after mannitol treatment. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas 9 (CRISPR/Cas 9) technology, the loss-of-function of SlMYC1 (slmyc1) was obtained. The slmyc1 tomato plants demonstrated reduced resistance to NaCl and mannitol stress compared to wild-type plants due to their shorter root length and higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. In brief, this study provides valuable information about the taxonomy of the SlMYC genes in tomato. It establishes a foundation for future research on the mechanism by which SlMYC influences plant development and stress response.

Manganese peroxidases (MnPs), gene family members of white-rot fungi, are necessary extracellular enzymes that degrade lignocellulose and xenobiotic aromatic pollutants. However, very little is known about the diversity and expression patterns of the MnP gene family in white-rot fungi, especially in contrast to laccases. Here, the gene and protein sequences of eight unique MnP genes of T. trogii S0301 were characterized. Based on the characteristics of gene sequence, all TtMnPs here belong to short-type hybrid MnP (type I) with an average protein length of 363 amino acids, 5–6 introns, and the presence of conserved cysteine residues. Furthermore, analysis of MnP activity showed that metal ions (Mn2+ and Cu2+) and static liquid culture significantly influenced MnP activity. A maximum MnP activity (>14.0 U/mL) toward 2,6-DMP was observed in static liquid culture after the addition of Mn2+ (1 mM) or Cu2+ (0.2 or 2 mM). Moreover, qPCR analysis showed that Mn2+ obviously upregulated the Group I MnP subfamily (T_trogii_09901, 09904, 09903, and 09906), while Cu2+ and H2O2, along with changing temperatures, mainly induced the Group II MnP subfamily (T_trogii_11984, 11971, 11985, and 11983), suggesting diverse functions of fungal MnPs in growth and development, stress response, etc. Our studies here systematically analyzed the gene structure, expression, and regulation of the TtMnP gene family in T. trogii, one of the important lignocellulose-degrading fungi, and these results extended our understanding of the diversity of the MnP gene family and helped to improve MnP production and appilications of Trametes strains and other white-rot fungi.

The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) is the major transport protein in the outer membrane of mitochondria and plays crucial roles in energy metabolism, apoptosis, and metabolites transport. In plants, the expression of VDACs can be affected by different stresses, including drought, salinity and pathogen defense. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of AtVDAC2 in A. thaliana and found ABA suppressed the accumulation of AtVDAC2 transcripts. Further, phenotype analysis of this VDAC deregulated-expression transgenic Arabidopsis plants indicated that AtVDAC2 anti-sense line showed an ABA-insensitivity phenotype during the early seedling development under ABA treatment. The results suggested that AtVDAC2 might be involved in ABA signaling in A. thaliana.

To investigate the mechanical properties of plastic–concrete silo walls in practice, the mechanical properties and failure mechanism under the combined bending moment and water pressure were analyzed through the uniform loading test, water pressure test, and numerical analysis. The influence of the connecting plate spacing, radius, and the waterproof plate thickness on the water pressure-bearing capacity were analyzed. The test results show that the chemical adhesive force exists between the waterproof plate and concrete and can resist 20 kPa. The displacement and strain of the waterproof plate increases significantly with the increment in water pressure. When the water pressure reached 85 kPa, the specimen was damaged due to shear failure. The established numerical model was validated by the test results. The numerical analysis results show that the specimen failure mainly depends on the bolt strength when the thickness of the waterproof plate is greater than 14 mm or the radius of the connecting plate is greater than 60 mm. The relation between the design parameters and the water pressure-bearing capacity was proposed. Compared with the waterproof plate thickness, the connecting plate spacing and radius have greater influence on the water pressure-bearing capacity.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a swine enteropathogenic coronavirus (CoV), is the causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). PED causes lethal watery diarrhea in piglets, which has led to substantial economic losses in many countries and is a great threat to the global swine industry. Interferons (IFNs) are major cytokines involved in host innate immune defense, which induce the expression of a broad range of antiviral effectors that help host to control and antagonize viral infections. PEDV infection does not elicit a robust IFN response, and some of the mechanisms used by the virus to counteract the host innate immune response have been unraveled. PEDV evades the host innate immune response by two main strategies including: 1) encoding IFN antagonists to disrupt innate immune pathway, and 2) hiding its viral RNA to avoid the exposure of viral RNA to immune sensors. This review highlights the immune evasion mechanisms employed by PEDV, which provides insights for the better understanding of PEDV-host interactions and developing effective vaccines and antivirals against CoVs.