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The pursuit of climate neutrality requires global systemic actions involving the use of solutions aimed at reducing emissions. Changes must be introduced in all sectors affecting climate change, namely power engineering and district heating, construction, transport, and industry, as well as agriculture and forestry. Analyzing the structure of final energy consumption in the EU by sector, it can be stated that households account for 27% of the total energy consumption. Comprehensive actions are needed to increase the energy efficiency of buildings. The aim of this paper was to indicate aspects of improving energy efficiency in buildings and their equipment, taking into account the striving for climate neutrality. Analyzed possibilities and conditions of using various solutions of energy-efficient systems aimed at increasing energy resilience and security and preventing environmental degradation. Particular attention was paid to construction and material solutions, as well as installation solutions, which increased the accumulation and energy efficiency of the building. These activities are closely related to the conditions and dynamics of the heat exchange process in the applied solutions and are also related to the factors influencing thermal comfort and energy consumption in buildings. Due to the growing popularity of modern information technologies and artificial intelligence in energy management in recent years, this article reviews the latest research in this area. One of the directions of future research indicated by scientists is autonomous building control in real time, adapting to the momentary needs of users. The analysis of the possibilities of using modern energy efficiency solutions in buildings conducted in this work may be useful for optimizing heat and energy management models and models of society’s consumption as an element of energy transformation towards climate neutrality and counteracting the deepening of energy poverty.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the difference in usefulness of the coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and the full assessment of the severity of coronary artery disease in coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) studies. The difference between the population risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) assessed by the CACS and the severity of CAD was demonstrated in images from two CCTA studies. The first image is from a patient with a CACS of 0 and significant coronary artery stenosis. In the native phase of CCTA examination, no calcified changes were detected in the topography of the coronary arteries. In the middle section of the left descending artery (LAD), at the level of the second diagonal branch (Dg2), a large non-calcified atherosclerotic plaque was visible. Mid-LAD stenosis was estimated to be approximately 70%. The second image features a patient with a high CACS but no significant coronary artery stenosis. The calcium score of individual coronary arteries calculated using the Agatston method was as follows: left main (LM) 0, LAD 403, left circumflex (LCx) 207.7, right coronary artery (RCA) 12. CACS was 622.7, representing a significant population risk of significant CAD. In the proximal and middle sections of the LAD, numerous calcified and mixed atherosclerotic plaques with positive remodeling were visible, causing stenosis of 25–50%. Similarly, in the proximal and middle sections of the LCx, numerous calcified and mixed atherosclerotic plaques with positive remodeling were visualized, causing stenoses of 25–50%. Calcified atherosclerotic plaques were found in the RCA, causing stenosis

This research studied the phenolic content compared with the antioxidant properties of various O. vulgare (Lamiaceae) cultivars grown in Poland. The research results in this paper indicate that the dominant ingredient in all oregano cultivars was rosmarinic acid, known for its strong antioxidant properties. The highest amounts of rosmarinic acid (87.16 ± 4.03 mg/g dm) were identified in the O. vulgare spp. hirtum (Link) Ietsw. Other metabolites identified in the studied extracts include luteolin O-di-glucuronide-O-di-pentoside (30.79 ± 0.38 mg/g dm in the ‘Aureum’ cultivar), 4′-O-glucopyranosyl-3′, 4′-dihydroxy benzyl-protocatechuate (19.84 ± 0.60 mg/g dm in the ‘Margerita’ cultivar), and p-coumaroyl-triacetyl-hexoside (25.44 ± 0.18 mg/g dm in the ‘Margerita’ cultivar). ‘Hot & spicy’ and ‘Margerita’ cultivars were characterized by the highest activity in eliminating OH• and O2•− radicals. Extracts from Greek oregano had the highest ability to scavenge DPPH radicals and chelate iron ions. This research has also provided new evidence that oregano has anti-migratory, cytotoxic properties and influences the viability of gastric cancer cells (the highest cytotoxicity was attributed to the ‘Hot & spicy’ cultivar, which performed the worst in antioxidant properties tests). Extracts from the tested cultivars at a concentration of 0.625% effectively inhibited the growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacteria. It seems that the oregano grown in Poland is of good quality and can be successfully grown on a large scale if the appropriate use is found.

Lameness is a crucial problem in dairy farming. It worsens the welfare of cattle, reduces the milk yield, and causes economic losses. The etiology of lameness is varied and the cattle’s condition may be infectious or non-infectious. The aim of this research was to analyze the biocidal properties of silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs), and copper (CuNPs) nanoparticles against bacteria causing lameness in cattle. The isolated pathogens used were Aerococcus viridans, Corynebacterium freneyi, Corynebacterium xerosis, and Trueperella pyogenes. The tested concentrations of nanoparticles were 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, and 1.56 mg/L. The methods used included the isolation of pathogens using standard microbiological procedures and their identification using mass spectrometry, physicochemical analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and cytotoxicity tests. Studies have shown that AgNPs at 3.125 and 1.56 mg/L concentrations, and CuNPs at 25 and 12.5 mg/L concentrations, have strong biocidal properties, while AuNPs have the weakest antimicrobial properties. The very limited number of in vivo studies focusing on lameness prevention in cattle indicate that new solutions need to be developed. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate if nanoparticles (NPs) may, in the future, become components of innovative biocides used to prevent lameness in dairy cattle.

We study a triple of stochastic processes: a Wiener process Wt, t≥0, its running maxima process Mt=sup{Ws:s∈[0,t]}, and its running minima process mt=inf{Ws:s∈[0,t]}. We derive the analytical formula for the corresponding copula and show that it is supported on the hemicube, a convex hexahedron with seven vertices. As an application, we draw out an analytical formula for pricing of a double barrier option.

Growth hormone therapy (GHT) can improve growth velocity and final height, but can also accelerate the process of bone growth, which is related to structural bone modeling in both formation and resorption. This study evaluated the capacity of bone turnover markers to predict early growth response to one year of GHT in short stature children born small for gestational age (SGA). This study included 25 prepubertal children born SGA. We estimated P1NP (N-terminal procollagen type 1), CTX (C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type 1), P3NP (N-terminal procollagen type 3), NT-pro-CNP (amino-terminal C-type natriuretic peptide) and Ca-P metabolism using standard ECLIA (electrochemiluminescence), RIA (radioimmunoassay), and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) methods. A statistically significant increase in bone resorption markers (CTX) was found at both 6 and 12 months. P1NP bone markers were increased at 6 months and after 12 months of therapy. The P3NP marker for collagen synthesis also increased after 12 months of therapy. We obtained significant increases in phosphorus levels at 6 and 12 months, and similar ALP (alkaline phosphatase) increases. We found a significant correlation between height (cm) and CTX after 6–12 months, as well as a P1NP/height (SD) correlation after 12 months. Calcium levels significantly correlated with height (SD) after 12 months. We found strong reactions of bone resorption and bone formation markers during growth hormone therapy, which may determine their selection as predictors of GHT outcome in children born SGA. However, the issue requires further research.

One promising oxygenate additive being considered as a fuel component for diesel engines is 1-butanol. However, since 1-butanol is characterized, like many other alcohols, by poor autoignition properties and, consequently, a low cetane number, the introduction of this additive into diesel fuel naturally worsens the autoignition properties of the blend so obtained. It is usual to consider a proportion of 1-butanol no higher than approx. 30% alcohol by volume. Thus, when considering the addition of 1-butanol to diesel fuel, it is necessary to improve the autoignition properties of such a blend. One such additive may be 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN). This article determines the effect of the 2-EHN additive on the autoignition properties of a blend of 1-butanol and diesel fuel at an alcohol content of 30% (v/v). The tests were carried out using a constant volume combustion chamber method, which additionally made it possible to determine the effect of ambient gas temperature on the ignition delay (ID), combustion delay (CD) and derived cetane number (DCN), among other factors. The study showed, among other things, that with an increase in the mass proportion of 2-EHN in the 1-butanol–diesel blend (BDB) tested, the ignition and combustion delay were shortened, which resulted in an increase in the value of the derived cetane number.

Human monocytic ehrlichiosis, an emerging tick-borne disease, is caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Infections with the pathogen are also common in the canine host. Our previous studies demonstrated that functional disruption within the E. chaffeensis phage head-to-tail connector protein gene results in bacterial attenuation, creating a modified live attenuated vaccine (MLAV). The MLAV confers protective immunity against intravenous and tick transmission challenges one month following vaccination. In this study, we evaluated the duration of MLAV protection. Dogs vaccinated with the MLAV were challenged with wild-type E. chaffeensis via intravenous infection at 4-, 8-, and 12-months post-vaccination. Immunized dogs rapidly cleared the wild-type pathogen infection and tested positive for bacteremia less frequently than unvaccinated controls. While immune responses varied among dogs, vaccinees consistently mounted IgG and CD4+ T-cell responses specific to E. chaffeensis throughout the assessment period. Our findings demonstrate that MLAV-mediated immune protection persists for at least one year against wild-type bacterial infection, marking a major advancement in combating this serious tick-borne disease. The data presented here serve as the foundation for further studies, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying virulence and vaccine development and aiding in preventing the diseases caused by E. chaffeensis and other tick-borne rickettsial pathogens.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between microscopic degeneration in the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) and the apoptotic process. Methods: This study included 26 consecutive patients who had undergone arthroscopic biceps tenodesis or tenotomy for symptomatic LHBT with or without concomitant rotator cuff tears (RCTs). Histological examination of the specimens under a light microscope was conducted after staining with hematoxylin, eosin, and the Alcian blue. Histopathological changes were assessed using the original Bonar score and the modified Bonar score and then correlated with the expression of the subsequent apoptosis markers: activated caspase-3 (casp3), tumor protein p53 (p53), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2). Results: The mean original Bonar score was 8.65 (range 5–11), while the modified Bonar score was 7.61. There was no correlation between the original Bonar score and the age of the patients, but a positive correlation was found between the modified Bonar score and the age of the patients (p = 0.0022). There was no correlation between the age of patients and the expression indexes of BCL-2 and casp3. However, the expression of the p53 index showed a positive correlation with patient aging (p = 0.0441). Furthermore, there was no correlation observed between the expression of apoptotic indexes and both the original and modified Bonar scale. Conclusions: In LHB tendinopathy, the expression of apoptosis does not seem to directly correlate with the extent of degeneration, particularly in the late stages of tendinopathy. However, the transformations observed in collagen and ground substance were significantly associated with age, as well as tendinous tissue degeneration quantified according to modified Bonar score. The age of patients was also linked with the expression of the p53 index, as an increased apoptosis in the studied population.

(1) Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a crucial functional receptor of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Although the scale of infections is no longer at pandemic levels, there are still fatal cases. The potential of the virus to infect the skin raises questions about new preventive measures. In the context of anti-SARS-CoV-2 applications, the interactions of antimicrobial nanomaterials (silver, Ag; diamond, D; graphene oxide, GO and their complexes) were examined to assess their ability to affect whether ACE2 binds with the virus. (2) Methods: ACE2 inhibition competitive tests and in vitro treatments of primary human adult epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) and primary human adult dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) were performed to assess the blocking capacity of nanomaterials/nanocomplexes and their toxicity to cells. (3) Results: The nanocomplexes exerted a synergistic effect compared to individual nanomaterials. HEKa cells were more sensitive than HDFa cells to Ag treatments and high concentrations of GO. Cytotoxic effects were not observed with D. In the complexes, both carbonic nanomaterials had a soothing effect against Ag. (4) Conclusions: The Ag5D10 and Ag5GO10 nanocomplexes seem to be most effective and safe for skin applications to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking ACE2-S binding. These nanocomplexes should be evaluated through prolonged in vivo exposure. The expected low specificity enables wider applications.

In this narrative review, we investigate the essential role played by the computed tomography Aortic Valve Calcium Score (AVCS) in the cardiovascular diagnostic landscape, with a special focus on its implications for clinical practice and scientific research. Calcific aortic valve stenosis is the most prevalent type of aortic stenosis (AS) in industrialized countries, and due to the aging population, its prevalence is increasing. While transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) remains the gold standard, AVCS stands out as an essential complementary tool in evaluating patients with AS. The advantage of AVCS is its independence from flow; this allows for a more precise evaluation of patients with discordant findings in TTE. Further clinical applications of AVCS include in the assessment of patients before transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), as it helps in predicting outcomes and provides prognostic information post-TAVR. Additionally, we describe different AVCS thresholds regarding gender and the anatomical variations of the aortic valve. Finally, we discuss various scientific studies where AVCS was applied. As AVCS has some limitations, due to the pathophysiologies of AS extending beyond calcification and gender differences, scientists strive to validate contrast-enhanced AVCS. Furthermore, research on developing radiation-free methods of measuring calcium content is ongoing.

Background: LMNA-related dilated cardiomyopathy (LMNA-DCM) caused by mutations in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA) is one of the most common forms of hereditary DCM. Due to the high risk of mutation transmission to offspring and the high incidence of ventricular arrhythmia and sudden death even before the onset of heart failure symptoms, it is very important to identify LMNA-mutation carriers. However, many relatives of LMNA-DCM patients do not report to specialized centers for clinical or genetic screening. Therefore, an easily available tool to identify at-risk subjects is needed. Methods: We compared two cohorts of young, asymptomatic relatives of DCM patients who reported for screening: 29 LMNA mutation carriers and 43 individuals from the control group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for potential indicators of mutation carriership status were analyzed. Results: PR interval, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hscTnT) serum levels were higher in the LMNA mutation carrier cohort. Neither group differed significantly with regard to creatinine concentration or left ventricular ejection fraction. The best mutation carriership discriminator was hscTnT level with an optimal cut-off value at 5.5 ng/L, for which sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 93%, respectively. The median hscTnT level was 11.0 ng/L in LMNA mutation carriers vs. p < 0.001. Conclusions: Wherever access to genetic testing is limited, LMNA mutation carriership status can be assessed reliably using the hscTnT assay. Among young symptomless relatives of LMNA-DCM patients, a hscTnT level >5.5 ng/L strongly suggests mutation carriers.

The similarity of the clinical picture of metabolic syndrome and hypercortisolemia supports the hypothesis that obesity may be associated with impaired expression of genes related to cortisol action and metabolism in adipose tissue. The expression of genes encoding the glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GR), cortisol metabolizing enzymes (HSD11B1, HSD11B2, H6PDH), and adipokines, as well as selected microRNAs, was measured by real-time PCR in adipose tissue from 75 patients with obesity, 19 patients following metabolic surgery, and 25 normal-weight subjects. Cortisol levels were analyzed by LC-MS/MS in 30 pairs of tissues. The mRNA levels of all genes studied were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of patients with obesity and normalized by weight loss. In the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), GR and HSD11B2 were affected by this phenomenon. Negative correlations were observed between the mRNA levels of the investigated genes and selected miRNAs (hsa-miR-142-3p, hsa-miR-561, and hsa-miR-579). However, the observed changes did not translate into differences in tissue cortisol concentrations, although levels of this hormone in the SAT of patients with obesity correlated negatively with mRNA levels for adiponectin. In conclusion, although the expression of genes related to cortisol action and metabolism in adipose tissue is altered in obesity and miRNAs may be involved in this process, these changes do not affect tissue cortisol concentrations.

The influence of different solvents, including aqueous and nonaqueous types, on the physicochemical properties of V2O5 nanostructures was thoroughly investigated. Various characterization techniques, such as XRD, XPS, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis DRS, SEM, TEM, and BET, were employed to analyze the obtained materials. Additionally, the adsorption properties of the synthesized V2O5 nanostructures for methylene blue were examined, and kinetic parameters of adsorption were calculated. The results demonstrate that the morphology of the obtained crystals can be finely controlled by manipulating water concentration in the solution, showcasing its profound impact on both the structural characteristics and adsorption properties of the nanostructures. Furthermore, the structural changes of the resulting V2O5 material induced by solvents show strong impacts on its photocatalytic properties, making it a promising photocatalyst.

Colorimetric chemical sensing of target gases, such as hydrogen peroxide vapors, is an evolving area of research that implements responsive materials that undergo molecule-specific interaction, resulting in a visible color change. Due to the intuitive nature of an observable color change, such sensing systems are particularly desirable as they can be widely deployed at low cost and without the need for complex analytical instrumentation. In this work, we describe our development of a new spray-on sensing material that can provide a colorimetric response to the presence of a gas-phase target, specifically hydrogen peroxide vapor. By providing a cumulative response over time, we identified that part per million concentrations of hydrogen peroxide vapor can be detected. Specifically, we make use of iron chloride-containing formulations to enable the catalysis of hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl radicals that serve to initiate polymerization of the diacetylene-containing amphiphile, resulting in a white to blue color transition. Due to the irreversible nature of the color change mechanism, the cumulative exposure to hydrogen peroxide over time is demonstrated, enabling longitudinal assessment of target exposure with the same coatings. The versatility of this approach in generating a colorimetric response to hydrogen peroxide vapor may find practical applications for environmental monitoring, diagnostics, or even industrial safety.

The results of diagnostic tests under steady-state speed conditions of an unloaded engine do not fully reflect the emissivity of vehicles adapted to run on natural gas. Therefore, it is reasonable to pay attention to the emissions performance of these vehicles under dynamic conditions. In this regard, the tests were carried out on a chassis dynamometer with the engine fueled by gasoline and natural gas. Due to the area of operation of natural gas vehicles being usually limited to urban areas, the urban phases of the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) and WLTC (Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle) were adapted. While CO2 emissions are lower when fueled by natural gas, CH4 emissions can be high, which is related to momentary changes in the composition of the combustible mixture. Although CH4 emissions are higher when the engine runs on natural gas, the CO2eq value is, depending on the driving cycle, about 15–25% lower than when running on petrol. Additionally, studies have shown that in engines adapted to run on CNG (compressed natural gas), it is advisable to consider the use of catalytic converters optimized to run on natural gas, as is the case with vehicles which are factory–adapted to run on CNG.

The purpose of this study was to characterize ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers of two ecotypes (PL—intended for industrial plantations and KC—intended for cut flowers) of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. The plant was cultivated in 2019 in southern Poland as part of a long-term research plan to develop new varieties resistant to difficult environmental conditions. The collected leaves and flowers were used to prepare ethanol extracts, which were then analyzed in terms of phytochemical composition and antioxidant, bactericidal, and fungicidal properties. Using UPLC techniques, 22 compounds belonging to phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified. UPLC test results indicated that ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers differ in phytochemical composition. Lower amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified in leaf extracts than in flower extracts. The predominant substances in the flower extracts were rosmarinic acid (829.68–1229.33 µg/g), ferulic acid glucoside III (810.97–980.55 µg/g), and ferulic acid glucoside II (789.30–885.06 µg/g). Ferulic acid glucoside II (3981.95–6561.19 µg/g), ferulic acid glucoside I (2349.46–5503.81 µg/g), and ferulic acid glucoside III (1303.84–2774.17 µg/g) contained the highest amounts in the ethanol extracts of the leaves. The following substances were present in the extracts in trace amounts or at low levels: apigenin, kaempferol, and caftaric acid. Leaf extracts of the PL ecotype quantitatively (µg/g) contained more phytochemicals than leaf extracts of the KC ecotype. The results obtained in this study indicate that antioxidant activity depends on the ecotype. Extracts from the PL ecotype have a better ability to eliminate free radicals than extracts from the KC ecotype. At the same time, it was found that the antioxidant activity (total phenolic content, ABTS•+, DPPH•, and FRAP) of PL ecotype leaf extracts was higher (24.49, 177.75, 164.88, and 89.10 μmol (TE)/g) than that determined in flower extracts (15.84, 125.05, 82.35, and 54.64 μmol (TE)/g). The test results confirmed that leaf and flower extracts, even at low concentrations (0.313–0.63%), significantly inhibit the growth of selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and Candida yeasts. Inhibition of mold growth was observed at a dose extract of at least 1 mL/100 mL.

This study investigates the roles of RUVBL1 and HIF1A in ccRCC development and explores their clinical significance as prognostic biomarkers. mRNA and protein expressions were analyzed using TCGA data and an institutional tissue cohort, respectively. Correlations with clinicopathological parameters and patient outcomes were assessed. TCGA data revealed significantly elevated RUVBL1 mRNA expression in ccRCC tissues, associated with advanced histological grade, T stage, lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage. High RUVBL1 mRNA expression correlated with inferior overall survival and served as an adverse prognostic factor. Similarly, HIF1A mRNA expression was significantly higher in ccRCC tissues, correlating with worse overall survival and acting as an adverse prognostic factor for treatment outcomes. Simultaneous evaluation of RUVBL1 and HIF1A mRNA expression demonstrated enhanced prognostic capacity, surpassing the predictive power of individual markers. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed substantial upregulation of both RUVBL1 and HIF-1α proteins in ccRCC tissues. Furthermore, high expression of both RUVBL1 and HIF-1α proteins was significantly associated with shorter patient survival time. Our findings underscore the significance of RUVBL1 and HIF-1α as potential prognostic markers in ccRCC, paving the way for further research to translate these insights into clinically relevant applications.

Background and Objectives: The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the association between acetabulum fractures; the mechanism of injury; and variables such as BMI, duration of hospital stay, blood loss, and surgery time. By exploring these factors, we aim to enhance our understanding of them and their impact on the healing process and the subsequent management of pelvic fractures. Materials and Methods: This study included 67 of 136 consecutive patients who were admitted for pelvic ring fracture surgery between 2017 and 2022. The data were collected prospectively at a single trauma center. The inclusion criteria were acetabulum fractures and indications for operative treatment. The exclusion criteria were non-operative treatment for acetabular and pelvic ring fractures, fractures requiring primary total hip arthroplasty (THA), and periprosthetic acetabular fractures. Upon admission, all patients underwent evaluation using X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans of the pelvis. Results: The present study found no statistically significant differences between the examined groups of patients with pelvic fractures in terms of BMI, surgery duration, length of hospital stay, and blood transfusion. However, two notable findings approached statistical significance. Firstly, patients who experienced a fall from height while sustaining a pelvic fracture required a higher number of blood transfusions (2.3 units) than those with other mechanisms of injury which was close to achieving statistical significance (p = 0.07). Secondly, patients undergoing posterior wall stabilization required a significantly lower number of blood transfusions than those with other specific pelvic injuries (0.33 units per patient), approaching statistical significance (p = 0.056). Conclusions: The findings indicated that factors such as BMI, time of surgery, blood loss, and the duration of hospital stay were not directly correlated with the morphology of acetabular fractures, the presence of additional trauma, or the mechanism of injury. However, in the studied group, the patients whose mechanism of trauma involved falling from height had an increased number of blood transfusions compared to other groups. Moreover, the patients who had surgery due to posterior wall acetabulum fracture had decreased blood transfusions compared to those with other Judet and Letournel types of fractures. Additionally, they had the shortest duration of surgery.

Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders resulting from abnormal mitochondrial function. Currently, there is no causal treatment for MDs. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of the ketogenic diet (KD) in patients with MD and to analyse selected biochemical and clinical parameters evaluating the effectiveness of KD treatment in patients with MDs. A total of 42 paediatric patients were assigned to four groups: group 1—patients with MD in whom KD treatment was started (n = 11); group 2—patients with MD remaining on an ordinary diet (n = 10); group 3—patients without MD in whom KD treatment was initiated (n = 10), group 4—patients without MD on a regular diet (n = 11). Clinical improvement was observed in 9/11 patients with MD treated with KD. Among patients with MD without KD, the clinical condition deteriorated in 7/10 patients, improved in 2/10 patients, and remained unchanged in one patient. Adverse events of KD occurred with a comparable frequency in groups 1 and 3. There was no significant difference in changes in biomarker concentrations over the course of the study among patients treated and untreated with KD.

Electric cars, like internal combustion vehicles, emit particulate pollution from non-exhaust systems, i.e., tires and brakes, which is included in the Euro 7 emission standard planned for implementation. Tests conducted on chassis dynamometers are accompanied by particulate emissions from non-exhaust systems, which are introduced into the ambient air on the test bench. Particulate emissions tests from non-engine systems on chassis dynamometers are mainly aimed at measuring the mass or number of particulates from tires and brakes. In contrast, little attention is paid to the immission of particulate matter from tires and brakes on the dynamometer during tests, which in the case of electric cars include, for example, measurements of energy consumption or range. Therefore, in order to draw attention to the problem of these emissions, the authors carried out measurements of PM2.5 and PM10 immissions into the air in the climatic chamber during tests of an electric car on a chassis dynamometer. The car tests were carried out in accordance with the WLTC (Worldwide harmonized Light duty Test Cycle) and at constant speed. Based on the test results, a model was proposed for the immission of particulate matter in laboratory air from tire and brake abrasion, taking traffic parameters into account. The results and the developed model show that air quality, in terms of particulate content, deteriorates significantly during testing.

Background. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a vital but often overlooked prognostic factor in prostate cancer. As debates on lymphadenectomy’s overtreatment emerge, understanding LVI laterality gains importance. This study pioneers the investigation into PCa, aiming to uncover patterns that could influence tailored surgical strategies in the future. Methods. Data from 96 patients with both LVI and lymph node invasion (LNI) were retrospectively analyzed. All participants underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) with modified-extended pelvic lymph node dissection (mePLND). All specimens underwent histopathological examination. The assessment of LVI was conducted separately for the right and left lobes of the prostate. Associations within subgroups were assessed using U-Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests, as well as Kendall’s tau-b coefficient, yielding p-values and odds ratios (ORs). Results. Out of the 96 patients, 61 (63.5%) exhibited exclusive left-sided lymphovascular invasion (LVI), 24 (25.0%) had exclusive right-sided LVI, and 11 (11.5%) showed bilateral LVI. Regarding nodal involvement, 23 patients (24.0%) had LNI solely on the left, 25 (26.0%) exclusively on the right, and 48 (50.0%) on both sides. A significant correlation was observed between lateralized LVI and lateralized LNI (p < 0.001), particularly in patients with right-sided LVI only. LN-positive patients with left-sided LVI tended to have higher pT stages (p = 0.047) and increased odds ratios (OR) of bilateral LNI (OR = 2.795; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.231–6.348) compared to those with exclusive right-sided LVI (OR = 0.692; 95% CI: 0.525–0.913). Conclusions. Unilateral LVI correlates with ipsilateral LNI in PCa patients with positive LNs, notably in cases of exclusively right-sided LVI. Left-sided LVI associates with higher pT stages and a higher percentage of bilateral LNI cases.

This paper presents the results of research on the impact of graphene paper on selected bacterial strains. Graphene oxide, from which graphene paper is made, has mainly bacteriostatic properties. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to determine the possibility of using graphene paper as a carrier of a medicinal substance. Studies of the degree of bacterial inhibition were performed on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Graphene paper was analyzed not only in the state of delivery but also after the incorporation of the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, and methicillin into its structures. In addition, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, contact angle, and microscopic analysis of bacteria on the surface of the examined graphene paper samples were also performed. Studies have shown that graphene paper with built-in ciprofloxacin had a bactericidal effect on the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In contrast, methicillin, as well as cefazolin, deposited on graphene paper acted mainly locally. Studies have shown that graphene paper can be used as a carrier of selected medicinal substances.

Static flow sensors (e.g., thermal gas micro electro-mechanical sensors—MEMS—and ultrasonic time of flight) are becoming the prevailing technology for domestic gas metering and billing since they show advantages in respect to the traditional volumetric ones. However, they are expected to be influenced in-service by changes in gas composition, which in the future could be more frequent due to the spread of hydrogen admixtures in gas networks. In this paper, the authors present the results of an experimental campaign aimed at analyzing the in-service reliability of both static and volumetric gas meters with different hydrogen admixtures. The results show that the accuracy of volumetric and ultrasonic meters is always within the admitted limits for subsequent verification and even within those narrower of the initial verification. On the other hand, the accuracy of the first generation of thermal mass gas flow sensors is within the limits of the verification only when the hydrogen admixture is below 2%vol. At higher hydrogen content, in fact, the absolute weighted mean error ranges between 3.5% (with 5%vol of hydrogen) and 15.8% (with 10%vol of hydrogen).

The application of Accelerated Bridge Construction methods (ABC) to build, renovate and rehabilitate aging bridges is most likely to reduce the economic and social impacts of projects. This is especially relevant in countries with severe winter climates, where bridge construction is typically interrupted during the winter period. The objective of this study is to present the state of the art related to elements, systems, connections and materials used for bridge superstructures in ABC projects and to highlight their adaptability to cold or northern climate countries. The literature review and presentation of results are based on the gathering of Prefabricated/Precast Bridge Elements and Systems (PBES) used for ABC projects in North America and which are also used in many countries around the world. Following this inventory, and after grouping the PBES, connections and materials, the authors were able to identify the possibility of adapting the ABC method for countries with cold and northern climates. Products that can be used down to −6 °C for connections are presented, and future research orientations are proposed.

Background: The substances present in cigarette smoke have a negative impact on cellular integrity and metabolism, can reduce blood flow to tissues, and can disrupt collagen synthesis. Ultimately this can lead to cell death, which clinically may result in impaired tendon healing and the onset of chronic tendinopathy. Within the shoulder, the exact association between the extent of apoptosis in the long head of the biceps (LHB) tendon and harmful factors like cigarette smoke remains unclear. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the connection between smoking, the degree of apoptosis in LHB tendinopathy, and the long-term outcomes of surgical treatment. Design: Observational, retrospective study. Methods: This study included 22 consecutive patients who had undergone arthroscopic biceps tenodesis or tenotomy for symptomatic LHB tendinopathy with or without concomitant rotator cuff tears (RCT). The intra-articular LHB tendon remnants were histologically examined by measuring the level of expression of apoptotic cell markers such as BCL2, cleaved caspase 3, and p53. Pre- and postoperative clinical outcomes were analyzed by collecting patient report outcome measures such as the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain. Results: The smokers group had a mean pack-year history of 13.12 (SD = 9.94), mean number of cigarettes per day of 14.77 (SD = 4.64), and a mean smoking duration of 16.38 (SD = 10.1) years. Among the smoking indexes, the number of cigarettes per day showed a positive correlation with Snyder classification (p = 0.0459, rho = 0.3682). Non-smokers and smokers did not show a statistically significant difference in the expression indexes of BCL2, cleaved caspase 3, or p53 (p = 0.4216, p = 0.5449, p = 0.5613, respectively). However, the cleaved caspase 3 expression index showed a negative correlation with the severity of rotator cuff lesions in the total population (p = 0.0193, rho = −0.4651). Conclusions: While apoptotic processes in the LHB tendon were observed, no significant association was found between tobacco smoking, the extent of apoptosis, and clinical outcomes. However, the expression of the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase 3 correlated with the severity of rotator cuff pathology. Furthermore, active smoker status was associated with worse clinical outcomes in terms of pain following LHB tenodesis or tenotomy.

The main objective of this cross-sectional study was to analyze the influence of lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity, sleep) that can affect the concentration of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and SCFAs’ potential role in modulating cardiometabolic disease risk by interacting with biochemical and body composition parameters. The study comprised 77 healthy, non-obese individuals aged 30–45 years who were assessed for the concentration of SCFAs in stool, diet, physical activity level, and sleep duration. Moreover, body composition measurement and patients’ biochemical parameters were included in the analysis. We have indicated a significant negative correlation between several SCFAs (especially acetic acid (AA), isobutyric acid (IBA), butyric acid (BA), propionic acid (PA), isovaleric acid (IVA) and valeric acid (VA)) with BMI, VAT/SAT ratio (visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio), and percentage of fat mass in a group of females enrolled in the study as well as with waist circumference (WC) in case of both sexes included in the study. Moreover, the results of our study acknowledged the importance of a diet in shaping the SCFA profile—we noticed significant negative associations between energy and fat intake and some SCFAs in males (IBA, IVA, VA, isocaproic acid (ICA)). Further, we indicated that a high intake of fiber (insoluble and soluble) in both males and females results in an elevated concentration of the vast majority of SCFAs and the amount of SCFAs in total. This effect was particularly noticeable in the case of the soluble fraction of fiber. These correlations reflect the fact that diet shapes the composition of the gut microbiota and SCFAs (main microbial metabolites) are synthesized from dietary fiber. In addition, we noticed that in a group of women, the concentration of AA, PA, and ICA as well as the total concentration of SCFAs showed a significant positive association with their sleep duration. We concluded that SCFAs can have a potential role in modulating cardiometabolic disease risk by interacting with adiposity parameters and diet. In addition, this potential direct link between diet and SCFAs may at least partly contribute to sleep improvement.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of maximal exercise and maximal exercise under hypoxic conditions on balance, the strategies of the balance-maintenance process and its sensory organization. A total of 60 men were randomly allocated to three experimental groups and a control group. All participants completed the sensory organization test for assessing balance. Participants in the experimental groups performed the same test after an hour of normobaric hypoxia (the first group), after supramaximal exercise (the second group) and after supramaximal exercise combined with 60 min of hypoxia exposure (the third group). The control group performed the test after 60 min of passive rest. Normobaric hypoxia conditions corresponded to an altitude of 2950 m (FIO2 15%). Physical effort in normoxia and hypoxia significantly impaired the participants’ stability on a stable platform with eyes open (η2 = 0.711, p = 0.001; η2 = 0.583, p = 0.001, respectively). On an unstable platform, a significant improvement in stability indices was observed in the group undertaking the exercise in hypoxia (p = 0.04, η2 = 0.249). The experimental conditions increased the role of hip strategies in maintaining balance in the experimental groups during trials requiring somatosensory information. An analysis of sensory organization shows that maximal effort in hypoxia increases the role of somatosensory (p = 0.002, η2 = 0.69) and vestibular (p = 0.02, η2 = 0.34) information, whereas hypoxia alone increases reliance on visual (p = 0.03, η2 = 0.38) and vestibular (p = 0.02, η2 = 0.36) information. This study indicates that individuals have poorer stability after maximal exercise, which may cause difficulties in engaging in some dynamic forms of activity, especially those with a large number of visual stimuli.

Since the discovery of antibiotics in the early 20th century, significant changes have occurred in their usage principles [...]

The study evaluated the effects of crude fibre concentrate supplementation on final body weight, mortality, feed conversion ratio, European Production Efficiency Factor, European Broiler Index, welfare parameters, colony-forming units of selected caecal bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria) and pH of broiler faeces and litter. The study comprised 990 Ross 308 male chicks divided into three groups, a control and two experimental groups, which were given crude fibre concentrate as a feed supplement. On the thirty-fifth day of rearing, the birds’ welfare scores were evaluated, and 2 g of cecum was collected post-mortem from six chickens in each group. Subsequently, a series of ten-fold dilutions of the material was prepared, followed by cultures and measurement of pH in the faeces and litter. The inclusion of crude fibre concentrate resulted in a beneficial impact on the ultimate body mass (p ≤ 0.001), welfare standard (p ≤ 0.001), and quantity of colony-forming units of lactic acid bacteria (p ≤ 0.05) within the cecum. Furthermore, it had a positive influence on lowering the pH levels of both faeces and litter (p ≤ 0.05).

The advanced glycosylation end-product receptor (AGER) is involved in the development of metabolic inflammation and related complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Tissue expression of the AGER gene (AGER) is regulated by epigenetic mediators, including a long non-coding RNA AGER-1 (lncAGER-1). This study aimed to investigate whether human obesity and T2DM are associated with an altered expression of AGER and lncAGER-1 in adipose tissue and, if so, whether these changes affect the local inflammatory milieu. The expression of genes encoding AGER, selected adipokines, and lncAGER-1 was assessed using real-time PCR in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue. VAT and SAT samples were obtained from 62 obese (BMI > 40 kg/m2; N = 24 diabetic) and 20 normal weight (BMI = 20–24.9 kg/m2) women, while a further 15 SAT samples were obtained from patients who were 18 to 24 months post-bariatric surgery. Tissue concentrations of adipokines were measured at the protein level using an ELISA-based method. Obesity was associated with increased AGER mRNA levels in SAT compared to normal weight status (p = 0.04) and surgical weight loss led to their significant decrease compared to pre-surgery levels (p = 0.01). Stratification by diabetic status revealed that AGER mRNA levels in VAT were higher in diabetic compared to non-diabetic women (p = 0.018). Elevated AGER mRNA levels in VAT of obese diabetic patients correlated with lncAGER-1 (p = 0.04, rs = 0.487) and with interleukin 1β (p = 0.008, rs = 0.525) and resistin (p = 0.004, rs = 0.6) mRNA concentrations. In conclusion, obesity in women is associated with increased expression of AGER in SAT, while T2DM is associated with increased AGER mRNA levels and pro-inflammatory adipokines in VAT.

(1) Workplace nutrition interventions have garnered attention as a pivotal component of employee well-being and organisational productivity. However, the effectiveness of various intervention types remains inconclusive. This review aims to systematically evaluate the efficacy of cognitive, behavioural, and mixed nutrition interventions in the workplace, considering the nuances of intervention design, setting, and target demographics. (2) A comprehensive umbrella review was conducted, categorising the existing literature into person-oriented and environmental strategies. This review was prepared in line with the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for umbrella reviews and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses reporting standard. (3) The analysis revealed a lack of definitive evidence supporting the universal effectiveness of any single intervention type. Nonetheless, behavioural and mixed interventions demonstrated more favourable outcomes as compared to purely cognitive strategies. Factors such as intervention design, workplace setting, and target group characteristics were identified as significant determinants of the intervention success. (4) The review emphasises the imperative for additional investigations that utilise evidence-based approaches to formulate sound guidelines for efficacious nutrition interventions in occupational settings. This review functions as a foundational framework for guiding both scholarly research and the pragmatic execution of nutrition programs in the workplace.

Neurotrophic keratopathy is a corneal disease characterized by impaired corneal innervation. It can lead to corneal epithelial defects, ulcerations, and perforations. Topical insulin has been shown to be effective in treating this disorder. Insulin is a growth factor that can promote corneal epithelial cell proliferation and migration. In addition, it can also inhibit corneal epithelial cell apoptosis. Topical insulin has previously been found to enhance corneal wound healing. This article reviews the current understanding of the mechanism of action of topical insulin in the treatment of neurotrophic keratopathy.

Background and Objectives: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a serious health and socio-economic problem. Accurate and reliable assessment of exposure to ACD factors in the work environment would increase quality of life and work of employees. The aim of this study was to assess the level of exposure of workers of a multidisciplinary hospital to the factors causing ACD. Material and Methods: The proprietary OSDES-16 questionnaire was used. The effectiveness of the OSDES-16 was confirmed statistically. The study included 230 employees of the medical center in Polanica Zdrój, divided into groups. Results: The differences in the overall assessment of exposure between the individual groups in the OSDES-16 scale were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the current workplace and the level of exposure to ACD (p > 0.05). The level of exposure to ACD in the group of employees with work experience in the current position for more than 10 years was significantly higher than those working less than 6 years (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Nurses, midwives and paramedics are the occupational group most exposed to the development of contact allergy related to exposure to factors present in the work environment. The seniority of more than 10 years in the current position was linked with a higher level of occupational exposure.

The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process in which epithelial cells acquire the ability to actively migrate via a change to the mesenchymal phenotype. This mechanism occurs in an environment rich in cytokines and reactive oxygen species but poor in nutrients. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the use of a fullerene C60 nanofilm can inhibit liver cancer cell invasion by restoring their non-aggressive, epithelial phenotype. We employed epithelial and mesenchymal HepG2 and SNU-449 liver cancer cells and non-cancerous mesenchymal HFF2 cells in this work. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to determine the content of glutathione and transforming growth factor (TGF) in cells. We measured the total antioxidant capacity with a commercially available kit. We assessed cell invasion based on changes in morphology, the scratch test and the Boyden chamber invasion. In addition, we measured the effect of C60 nanofilm on restoring the epithelial phenotype at the protein level with protein membranes, Western blotting and mass spectrometry. C60 nanofilm downregulated TGF and increased glutathione expression in SNU-449 cells. When grown on C60 nanofilm, invasive cells showed enhanced intercellular connectivity; reduced three-dimensional invasion; and reduced the expression of key invasion markers, namely MMP-1, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-4. Mass spectrometry showed that among the 96 altered proteins in HepG2 cells grown on C60 nanofilm, 41 proteins are involved in EMT and EMT-modulating processes such as autophagy, inflammation and oxidative stress. The C60 nanofilm inhibited autophagy, showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, increased glucose transport and regulated the β-catenin/keratin/Smad4/snail+slug and MMP signalling pathways. In conclusion, the C60 nanofilm induces a hybrid mesenchymal–epithelial phenotype and could be used in the prevention of postoperative recurrences.

This case report presents a 34-year-old male with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, aortic valve regurgitation, and aortic bulb aneurysm. Following spine surgery for thoracic–lumbar stabilization, the patient underwent assessment for aortic bulb aneurysm and aortic valve replacement surgeries. Five months post spinal surgery, a coronary computed tomography angiography was performed. The coronary computed tomography angiography revealed unique findings, including the absence of the left main coronary artery, right coronary artery dominance, ectopic origin of the left circumflex artery from the right sinus of the valsalva, a coronary–pulmonary arterial fistula originating from the right sinus of the valsalva, and an additional right pulmonary vein. The patient was qualified for surgical treatment for an aortic bulb aneurysm, was informed about the high surgical risk, and is awaiting surgery. This case underscores the rarity of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome coexisting with multiple coronary artery anomalies. The presence of a coronary–pulmonary arterial fistula further emphasizes the need for specialized patient monitoring when Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and coronary anomalies converge.

We focus on the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR)-aware optical path (lightpath) planning problem in spectrally and spatially flexible optical networks (SS-FONs) connected using weakly coupled multi-core fibers (MCFs) in which distance-adaptive and super-channel transmission is realized using multiple modulation formats. In the SS-FON considered, the quality of transmission (QoT) of optical signals is degraded due to the inter-core crosstalk (XT) effect occurring in MCFs. To account for the XT impairment when planning lightpath connections, we make use of a reliable QoT model based on the OSNR estimation, in which the XT impairment is integrated with other physical-layer impairments. To model the lightpath planning optimization problem, we develop a novel mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulation that incorporates the OSNR model. In addition, we propose an efficient heuristic method that is capable of solving larger instances of the optimization problem considered. The results of numerical experiments indicate the low scalability of the MIP method due to the presence of XT and high effectiveness of the heuristic method. The analysis of three different network topologies and two types of MCFs shows a high impact of XT on network performance and limited performance gains from the presence of the central core in a 7-core MCF.

The problem of poor air quality in urban areas has a negative impact on the health of residents. This is especially important during periods of smog. In Poland, as in other countries, the problem of poor air quality, especially during the winter season, is associated with a high concentration of particulate pollutants in ambient air (PM10, PM2.5). Sources of particulate emissions, in addition to solid-fuel boilers, include means of transportation, especially those equipped with diesel engines. In turn, during periods of strong sunshine (spring and summer), the problem of photochemical smog, whose precursors are nitrogen oxides NOX, arises in urban areas. Their main sources of emissions are internal combustion engines. Therefore, to improve air quality in urban areas, changes are being made in the transport sector, among which is upgrading the fleet of urban transport vehicles to low- or zero-emission vehicles, which are more environmentally friendly. In addition, measures that reduce the harmfulness of the transportation sector to air quality include the introduction of clean transportation zones, as well as park-and-ride (P&R) systems. The purpose of this article is to present the results in terms of PM10, PM2.5, and NOx emission reductions, implemented over a period of two years (2021–2022) in the area of the Rzeszow agglomeration, related to the modernization of the suburban bus fleet and the implementation of a P&R system for passenger cars. The results of the study were compared with the value of estimated emissions from coal-fired boilers used for residential heating and hot water, which also contribute to smog. Thanks to the implementation of the project, i.e., the replacement of 52 old buses with new buses of the Euro VI emission class and the construction of new P&R spaces, the total average annual reduction in emissions amounted to approximately 703.6 kg of PM10, approximately 692.7 kg of PM2.5, and a reduction of approximately 10.4 tons of NOX.

This article presents the results of an assessment of the combustion process of blends of n-hexane and canola oil. Tests were conducted for pure canola oil and its blends with n-hexane, with a max. n-hexane content of 20% by volume. The tests were carried out using the constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) method as well as a diesel engine. For comparison purposes, the results for typical diesel fuel are also presented. Tests on the self-ignition properties of the n-hexane–canola oil blend, conducted in a CVCC according to the normative method for diesel fuel, showed little effect on the combustion process. However, previous tests conducted on a diesel engine of a passenger car showed a favorable effect of the n-hexane addition to canola oil on the combustion process in the engine, the performance and environmental parameters obtained. This shows that for some fuels, the evaluation of self-ignition and combustion properties in a constant volume combustion chamber, under conditions corresponding to diesel fuel tests, is not sufficient. The findings of this research may be beneficial in optimizing the diesel engine combustion systems fueled by renewable fuels. As the results of the tests have shown, the standardized method for determining the combustion process of the CVCC method does not always fully reflect the results obtained in engine tests. The results obtained by the CVCC method can be successfully used when comparing fuels, but when considering the selection of fuel for the engine, the results obtained in engine tests should be relied on first and foremost.

The lean-burn mode is a solution that reduces the fuel consumption of spark-ignition internal combustion engines and keeps the low exhaust emission, but the stability of the lean-burn combustion process, especially at low loads, needs to be addressed. Enhancing gasoline with hybrid hydrogen oxygen (HHO) gas—a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases—is proposed to improve combustion of the lean-gasoline mixture. A three-cylinder, spark-ignition, naturally aspirated, MPI engine with HHO gas produced with an alkaline water electrolyzer and introduced as a gasoline enhancement was tested. The amount of hydrogen added to the lean-gasoline mixture (λ = 1.4) was in the range from 0.15 to 1.5%, and the results were compared to the stoichiometric (λ = 1) and pure lean mode (λ = 1.4) gasoline operation. The other authors’ results show that a minimum 3% of the mass fraction of hydrogen is necessary to affect the gasoline combustion process. This paper proved that even a small hydrogen enhancement of gasoline in the amount of 0.3% of the mass fraction improves the combustion stability.

Energy is a key driver of all modern economies. Sustainable development is playing an increasingly important role both at regional and local levels. It is a compromise between social and economic needs and the preservation of nature. In the policy of the European Union, the idea of sustainable development and environmental protection is of decisive importance for the implemented programs and economic activities. Contemporary challenges require the transformation of the energy market towards greater use of renewable sources. According to Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and European Council on promoting energy from renewable sources, Poland has committed itself to achieving a 23% share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption by 2030. This goal considers total energy consumption in terms of power, engineering, heating, refrigeration, and transport. The aim of this paper was, firstly, an analysis of the share of renewable energy in the European Union over an 18-year period (2004–2021), with particular emphasis on the position of Poland. The second objective was the analysis of renewable energy at the local level in Poland, i.e., at the local government unit (LAU) level. Changes in the share of renewable energy in Poland compared to other European countries were also examined. The study utilized functional analysis of principal components and cluster analysis based on the data from the Central Statistical Office and EUROSTAT. The study found that while Poland does not differ significantly from other countries in using renewable energy, it does fall below the European average. Principal component analysis suggests that Poland responds adequately to European changes in the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. This dynamic is stable (over 95% explained by the first component) and applies to most countries surveyed. In addition, the authors sought to answer questions relating to the current status of renewable energy sources in Poland, the barriers and challenges facing the introduction of renewable energy in the country, a comparative analysis of Poland’s progress in renewable energy with other global counterparts, and an exploration of the future prospects and potential for the development of renewable energy in Poland. The study found that the potential for renewable energy is greatest in the northern areas of Poland, with photovoltaics and wind power plants providing the greatest capacity. Poland’s renewable energy potential is very high and will be determined by technological development, political, economic, and social issues.

Lavender is a valued plant due to its cosmetic, perfumery, culinary, and health benefits. A wide range of applications is related to the composition of bioactive compounds, the quantity and quality of which is determined by various internal and external factors, i.e., variety, morphological part of the plant, and climatic and soil conditions during vegetation. In the presented work, the characterization of antimicrobial properties as well as the qualitative and quantitative assessment of bioactive compounds in the form of polyphenols in ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. intended for border hedges, cultivated in the region of southern Poland, were determined. The composition of the fraction of volatile substances and antioxidant properties were also assessed. The conducted research shows that extracts from leaves and flowers significantly affected the viability of bacterial cells and the development of mold fungi. A clear decrease in the viability of bacteria and C. albicans cells was shown in the concentration of 0.32% of extracts. Leaf extracts were characterized by a much higher content of polyphenols and antioxidant properties than flower extracts. The composition of volatiles measured by GC-MS was significantly different between the extracts. Linalyl acetate and ocimene isomers mix dominated in flower extracts, whereas coumarin, γ-cadinene, and 7-methoxycoumarin were identified as dominant in leaf extracts.

Mastitis prevention and treatment in dry cows are complex issues with limited solutions. The most common is intramammary antibiotic treatment. However, the effectiveness of this treatment varies among countries and even within herds in the same region. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new strategies for dry cow therapy. Metal nanoparticles (NPs), which have strong biocidal properties for treating diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and algae, are increasingly used to reduce antibiotic use. In this study, AuNPs, CuNPs, AgNPs, PtNPs, NP-FeCs, and their triple complexes were used at different concentrations to evaluate their practical use in treating cows during their dry period. The nanoparticles were in hydrocolloid form and were added separately to form a mixture with beeswax, a mixture with oil, or a mixture based on vegetable glycerin and propylene glycol. The NPs’ concentrations were 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 ppm. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi isolated from cows diagnosed with mastitis were used to determine pathogen viability. The results indicated that AuNPs, CuNPs, AgNPs, and their complexes show biocidal properties against mastitis pathogens. AgNPs at 5 ppm had the strongest biocidal properties and reduced Streptococcus agalactiae’s survival rate by 50%; however, the nanoparticle complexes showed poor synergism. The strongest biocidal properties of NPs in wax and in glycerin mixed with glycol were shown against Escherichia coli. Additionally, low nanoparticle concentrations showed no cytotoxicity for BME-UV1 bovine cells, suggesting that these mixtures might be used for further in vivo testing.

Background: A large percentage of people with type 1 diabetes experience stigma, which may directly affect diabetes management. Moreover, it may adversely influence the acceptance of the disease and, thus, the treatment process, including compliance with medical and dietary recommendations. Therefore, it is important to seek adequate forms of counteracting the phenomenon of stigmatization. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the factors influencing the level of perceived stigma by T1D patients, with particular emphasis on sociodemographic factors (including sex, place of residence, and education) and clinical factors related to the course of the disease. Methods: An observational cross-sectional online questionnaire was conducted in a group of 339 people with T1D. The link to the questionnaire was shared via social media. The DSAS-1 questionnaire translated into Polish was used as the research tool. Results: A moderate level of stigmatization was found (49.78 ± 14.54 points). It was significantly lower in people living in small towns compared to rural residents (ß = −0.121, p = 0.038), lower in people in relationships compared to those who are single (ß = −0.175, p = 0.001), in people diagnosed with T1D at an older age (ß = −0.107, p = 0.048), and in those who rated their financial situation as very good vs. bad (ß = −0.314, p < 0.001). It was also found that the level of stigma significantly decreased with age (ß = −0.181, p = 0.001). In addition, a significantly higher stigma perception was uncovered in the group of people with HbA1C > 7% than in the group ≤ 7% (ß = 0.118, p = 0.030). Conclusions: Due to the occurrence of stigma among people with T1D, which can directly affect the management of diabetes, effective and comprehensive efforts should be made to provide support to people with diabetes. It is also necessary to raise awareness among the general public and disseminate knowledge about diabetes, which can reduce stigmatization as a result. Anti-stigma messages should be included in the prevention programs about the potential side effects and risks associated with mistreating people with T1D.

Introduction: Local and international guidelines have provided schedules for the vitamin D supplementation of general populations of different ages, including children. Our study aimed to assess 25(OH)D concentration and its potential change during a growth and maturation period, adding parameters that reflect the risk of hypercalcemia. Materials and methods: The available 25(OH)D concentration values (n = 17,636; 7.8 ± 6.0 years), calcium (n = 2673; 16.3 ± 6.1 years) and phosphate (n = 2830; 3.8 ± 5.2 years) metabolism markers were analyzed in a studied group of patients (0–18 years). Results: In the studied group the mean 25(OH)D concentration was 29.4 ± 11.7 ng/mL. Concentrations of 25(OH)D < 10 ng/mL were observed in 1.7% of patients (n = 292), 10–20 ng/mL in 17.2% (n = 3039), 20–30 ng/mL in 39.5% (n = 6960) and 30–50 ng/mL in 37.2% (n = 6567). In patients with a 25(OH)D concentration n = 86). Three patients had 25(OH)D concentrations above 100 ng/mL with co-existing hypercalcemia; the mean was Ca = 3.40 mmol/L. Hypocalcemia (Ca < 2.25 mmol/L) was observed in 10,4% of patients (n = 2797). Furthermore, 5.0% of patients showed an increased calcium concentration >2.65 mmol/L (n = 1327). The highest mean 25(OH)D concentration of 32.1 ng/mL ± 12.9 was noted in the years 2018–2019 (n = 3931) and the lowest in the year 2015 (27.2 ng/mL ± 11.0; n = 2822). Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency (