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Odontogenic cysts are frequently encountered in clinical practice. However, residual cysts, a specific type of inflammatory odontogenic cyst, are relatively rare. These cysts may slowly expand over time, damaging surrounding soft tissues and bone, typically without posing a threat to life. We report the case of a 67-year-old man with liver failure and a cystic tumor in his right maxilla that had invaded his oral cavity and cheek, causing nasal obstruction and severe bleeding following an incisional biopsy. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the mass was nonspecific, and an initial histopathological analysis of the tissues was inconclusive due to chronic inflammation and hemorrhagic alterations, complicating the diagnostic pathway. The suspicion of a potentially aggressive malignant neoplasm and the need for immediate intervention due to bleeding necessitated a tracheotomy, tumor removal, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, and transfusions of red blood cells. A subsequent histopathological examination revealed features indicative of a residual cyst. The entire lesion was excised through functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The surgical treatment was performed safely and effectively. Follow-up CT confirmed complete removal of the lesion. This case highlights a rare yet possible complication of odontogenic cysts and underscores the necessity of early diagnosis and comprehensive prophylaxis to prevent severe complications.

Warthin tumors (WTs) are the second most common salivary gland tumors, most commonly found in the tail of the parotid gland. The lymphoid components of a WT may also serve as a site for tumor-to-tumor metastasis. This report describes the metastasis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) from the preauricular region to a parotid WT. A 68-year-old male patient was admitted to the Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland, with a two-year history of a growing, painless skin tumor of the right preauricular region. The patient was eligible for surgical treatment with elective neck dissection at the Va, III, II, I levels with parotidectomy and the excision of the cSCC. In the histopathological examination of the components of the surgical specimen beside the primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), a parotid WT was found; in the majority, it was occupied and destroyed by the metastatic cSCC and radically removed. After a tumor board consultation, due to the advanced stage (pT3N2b LVI2 PNI0 R0), with three intraparotid lymph node metastases and LVI2, the patient was authorized for postoperative radiotherapy. In conclusion, tumor-to-tumor metastasis is an extremely rare entity. Surgery is the standard of care for both WTs and head and neck cSCC. In most cases, metastasis into the parotid gland can be successfully treated with superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation. Dissemination into the parotid gland requires elective neck dissection, as well as adjuvant treatment.

This paper presents a new method for forming flanges in hollow parts. The process consists of an extrusion with two dies that move in an opposite direction to that of the punches. This particular kinematics of the tools makes it possible to form two flanges simultaneously in a single tool pass. The proposed method was investigated using a tube made of steel 42CrMo4. It was assumed that the extrusion would be conducted as a cold forming process at ambient temperature. Different diameters and heights of the impression made in the top and bottom dies were used. It was demonstrated that the main failure mode of the proposed technique was an unintended increase in the inside the diameter of the workpiece in the flange zone. The results showed that the above parameters had a key impact on the achievable maximum flange diameters and heights.

(1) Background: Dermoid cysts occurring in the sublingual space are uncommon, typically manifesting as painless, gradually enlarging masses, usually not exceeding 3 cm in diameter. These cysts can resemble various conditions due to their clinical presentation, with a relatively low occurrence rate in the oral cavity, accounting for about 1.6% of all dermoid cysts. (2) Methods: We present the case of a 17-year-old female with a giant dermoid cyst involving the submental, sublingual, and lingual areas, undiagnosed for several years. Diagnosis was achieved through MRI and fine-needle aspiration, leading to the decision for surgical removal through a cervical approach. (3) Results: The healing process was uneventful. From the first day post-surgery, the patient began myofunctional therapy, successfully regaining proper tongue functions. Throughout a 24-month follow-up, the patient remained symptom-free. (4) Conclusions: A cervical approach can successfully treat giant oral dermoid cysts involving submental, sublingual, and lingual spaces. Tongue function can be successfully regained through myofunctional therapy after surgical treatment.

Background: Diagnostic errors constitute one of the reasons for the improper and often delayed treatment of mandibular fractures. The aim of this study was to present a series of cases involving undiagnosed concomitant secondary fractures in the mandibular body during preoperative diagnostics. Additionally, this study aimed to describe the “air sign” as an indirect indicator of a mandibular body fracture. Methods: A retrospective analysis of CT/CBCT scans conducted before surgery was performed on patients misdiagnosed with a mandibular body fracture within a one-year period. Results: Among the 75 patients who underwent surgical treatment for mandibular fractures, mandibular body fractures were missed in 3 cases (4%) before surgery. The analysis of CT/CBCT before surgery revealed the presence of an air collection, termed the “air sign”, in the soft tissue adjacent to each misdiagnosed fracture of the mandibular body. Conclusions: The “air sign” in a CT/CBCT scan may serve as an additional indirect indication of a fracture in the mandibular body. Its presence should prompt the surgeon to conduct a more thorough clinical examination of the patient under general anesthesia after completing the ORIF procedure in order to rule-out additional fractures.

(1) Background: “Eagle Syndrome”, also known as “stylalgia” or a “stylohyoid chain anomaly”, typically manifests with ipsilateral orofacial pain, a foreign body sensation in the throat, and ear-related symptoms. Despite these common presentations, its potential association with carotid artery dissection is not widely acknowledged. (2) Methods: This article presents an extremely rare case of a patient diagnosed with an ischemic stroke in the left hemisphere, followed by the dissection of the left internal carotid artery, initially with an unidentified cause. Subsequent examinations revealed elongated left styloid processes directly compressing the dissected artery. (3) Results: After initial treatment involving pharmacological and mechanical thrombectomy, styloidectomy restored blood flow to the internal carotid artery. The patient remained symptom-free during a 12-month follow-up. (4) Conclusions: This case emphasizes the importance of considering anatomical variations within the stylohyoid chain when assessing young individuals with neurological symptoms. Furthermore, it underscores the potential benefits of early surgical intervention in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.

Hashimoto’s disease (HD) is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developed countries. The exact pathomechanism behind it has not been clearly established; however, an interplay of genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers (including diet) and epigenetic factors seems to be involved. Among the latter, increasingly more attention has been paid to some hormonally active substances, known as endocrine disruptors, which are commonly used worldwide. HD has become a condition widely reported in the media, acting as a culprit for inexplicable weight gain, chronic fatigue or weakness. Nevertheless, the recognition of HD is undeniably increasing and represents a major public health burden. At the same time, improving access to imaging tests has increased the number of incidentally diagnosed adrenal tumors. Above all, the widespread use of chest computed tomography (CT) due to the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to frequent incidental detection of adrenal lesions. Fortunately, a vast majority of these findings are asymptomatic benign tumors with no excessive hormonal activity, and therefore, they are defined as adrenal incidentalomas (AIs). Interestingly, recent studies have indicated that patients with AIs are more prone to obesity and insulin resistance. Although mutual relationships between the thyroid and the adrenal glands have been studied widely, still, little is known about the possible pathophysiological associations between thyroid autoimmunity and the occurrence of adrenal incidentalomas. This article presents a brief review of the common endocrine disorders with a special focus on the frequently coexisting insulin resistance and/or obesity. Furthermore, in response to the recent growing interest in endocrine disruptors, with their transgenerational epigenetic effects that influence hormonal system function, a concise overview of the topic has also been included.

Durum wheat grain can accumulate mycotoxins because it is highly sensitive to infections caused by pathogens of the genera Fusarium and Alternaria. Reduced fungicide use increases the demand for biological methods of pathogen control. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of Debaryomyces hansenii (Dh) yeast in reducing the content of secondary fungal metabolites present in the spikes of five durum wheat cultivars grown in southern and northern Poland. A total of 27 Fusarium metabolites and nine metabolites produced by other fungi were identified in the grain. The application of the Dh yeast strain decreased deoxynivalenol concentration in all samples relative to control treatments (by 14–100%) and treatments inoculated with F. graminearum (by 23–100%). In northern Poland, the biological treatment also led to a considerable reduction in the content of culmorin (by 83.2–100%) and enniatins A1 and B (by 9.5–65.3% and 6.7–70%, respectively) in the grain. An analysis of multiple fungal metabolites is a highly useful tool for determining grain quality and its suitability for consumption. When applied in the flowering stage, yeasts can partly complete fungicides in reducing Fusarium head blight.

Cystic lesions observed in parotid glands are relatively rare and comprise 2–5% of all parotid primaries. A salivary duct cyst (SDC) is a true cyst representing 10% of all salivary gland cysts. The risk of malignant transformation of SDC’s epithelium is extremely rare. In the literature, only three cases of carcinoma ex SDC of the parotid gland are described. This report presents the first in the literature case of myoepithelial carcinoma (MECA) arising from a parotid SDC. A 75-year-old male patient was referred to the Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland due to a cystic tumor arising from the right parotid gland. Superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation was performed. Histological examination confirmed a rare case of MECA emerging from the SDC. The immunohistochemical profile of MECA ex SDC was presented. During 6 months of the follow-up, local recurrence or distant metastasis was not observed.

Prosthetic rehabilitation has hardly changed since the 1970s, and it is a time-consuming process that requires great skill and precision. This article presents the workflow related to the prosthetic reconstruction of patients with extensive maxillofacial defects using digital technologies such as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), Zbrush software and three-dimensional (3D) printing. The use of CBCT captures a 3D image of a patient’s face in a few seconds, thus shortening the time to prepare an impression and increasing the patient’s comfort. Zbrush digital sculpting software enables one to quickly and efficiently design a prosthetic restoration. Printing a trial version for a try-on, as well as designing and printing pre-cast forms, improves workflow and eliminates the chances of an error. As shown in the example of a patient after a nasal resection, CBCT, digital sculpting, and 3D printing accelerate and improve the workflow of an anaplastologist when designing the epithesis. New technologies reduce costs and save time, while helping to overcome the technical obstacles that limit access to a facial prosthesis.

Introduction. Diabetes mellitus contributes to the development of microvascular complications in the eye. Moreover, it affects multiple end organs, including brain damage, leading to premature death. The use of adaptive optics technique allows to perform non-invasive in vivo assessment of retinal vessels and to identify changes in arterioles about 100 μm in diameter. The retinal vasculature may be a model of the cerebral vessels both morphologically and functionally. Aim. To evaluate morphological parameters of retinal arterioles in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). Material and methods. The study included 22 DM1 patients (13 females) aged 43.00 ± 9.45 years with a mean diabetes duration of 22.55 ± 10.05 years, and 23 healthy volunteers (10 females) aged 41.09 ± 10.99 years. Blood pressure, BMI, waist circumference, and metabolic control markers of diabetes were measured in both groups. Vascular examinations were performed using an rtx1 adaptive optics retinal camera (Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France); the vessel wall thickness (WT), lumen diameter (LD), wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR), and vascular wall cross-sectional area (WCSA) were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed with the application of IMB SPSS version 23 software. Results. The DM1 group did not differ significantly in age, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, or axial length of the eye compared to the control group. Intraocular pressure (IOP) in both groups was normal, but in the DM1 group it was significantly higher. The DM1 group had significantly higher WT, WLR, and WCSA. These parameters correlated significantly with the duration of diabetes, but not with IOP. Conclusions. The presented study demonstrates the presence of significant morphological changes in retinal vessels in DM1 patients without previously diagnosed diabetic retinopathy. Similar changes may occur in the brain and may be early indicators of cardiovascular risk, but further investigation is required to confirm that.

Background and Objectives: Ankyloglossia is a functional term describing limitations of motor activity of the tongue due to the embryological malformation of the lingual frenulum. The lingual frenulum has a complex, three-dimensional structure, it is not only a mucosal fold, which connects the ventral surface of the tongue and the floor of the mouth. Such knowledge forced us to develop more advanced techniques for tongue release in ankyloglossia. The aim of this study is to describe a novel, precise surgical technique for tongue release. Materials and Methods: Miofrenuloplasty was performed in six patients with impaired tongue movements due to anatomical limitations. All of them were prepared for surgery and evaluated after the procedure by a speech therapist. Results: The healing process was uneventful in all patients. We did not observe any major complications. Tongue mobility and neck muscle tension improved significantly in all cases. In one case, the speech improvement was minor. Conclusions: Miofrenuloplasty is an advanced, but effective and highly predictable procedure for full functional tongue release in cases caused by MFGG complex. It should be done by experienced surgeon.

Backgroundand Objectives: The reconstruction of tongue defects after cancer resection is challenging for reconstructive surgeons. The facial artery musculomucosal (FAMM) flap and the myomucosal buccinator flap (Bozola flap) are important tools in the reconstruction of intraoral defects. In this study, we describe the combination of both flaps—the extended, double-pedicled FAMM (dpFAMM) flap—and present clinical results of the reconstruction of moderate tongue defects in edentulous patients. Materials and Methods: a tongue defect, after squamous cell carcinoma excision, was reconstructed with the dpFAMM flap in 5 patients. Most of them received postoperative radiotherapy. Results: the healing process was uneventful in all patients. We did not observe flap necrosis or venous congestion. Tongue mobility, speech and swallowing were satisfactory. Conclusions: In conclusion, the dpFAMM flap is a good alternative in the reconstruction of moderate defects of the lateral part of the tongue. The flap is easy to harvest and has a good vascularity. This is a predictable method of reconstruction, especially for elderly patients with numerous comorbidities.

The article compares the results of experimental and modelling research of switched reluctance motor at two different operational states: one proper and one with mechanical fault, i.e., with dynamic eccentricity of the rotor. The experiments were carried out on a test bench and then the results were compared with mathematical modelling of quasi-static and dynamic analysis of 2D geometry model. Finally, it was examined how the operation with dynamic eccentricity fault of the motor affected its main physical parameter—the phase current. The analysis was presented in the frequency domain using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT); however, individual current waveforms in the time domain are also shown for comparison. Applying results of the research could increase reliability of the maintenance of SRM and enhance its application in vehicles for special purposes as well as its military and industrial applications.