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Electronic health records (EHRs) are a critical tool in healthcare and capture a wide array of patient information that can inform clinical decision-making. However, the sheer volume and complexity of EHR data present challenges for healthcare providers, particularly in fast-paced environments such as intensive care units (ICUs). To address this problem, the automatic summarization of the main problems of patients from daily progress notes can be extremely helpful. Furthermore, by accurately predicting ICU patients’ lengths of stay (LOSs), resource allocation and management can be optimized, allowing for a more efficient flow of patients within the healthcare system. This work proposes a hybrid method to summarize EHR notes and studies the potential of these summaries together with structured data for the prediction of LOSs of ICU patients. Our investigation demonstrates the effectiveness of combining extractive and abstractive summarization techniques with a concept-based method combined with a text-to-text transfer transformer (T5), which shows the most promising results. By integrating the generated summaries and diagnoses with other features, our study contributes to the accurate prediction of LOSs, with a support vector machine emerging as our best-performing classifier with an accuracy of 77.5%, surpassing existing systems and highlighting the potential for optimal allocation of resources within ICUs.

Extractive summarization, a pivotal task in natural language processing, aims to distill essential content from lengthy documents efficiently. Traditional methods often struggle with capturing the nuanced interdependencies between different document elements, which is crucial to producing coherent and contextually rich summaries. This paper introduces Multi-Element Contextual Hypergraph Extractive Summarizer (MCHES), a novel framework designed to address these challenges through an advanced hypergraph-based approach. MCHES constructs a contextual hypergraph where sentences form nodes interconnected by multiple types of hyperedges, including semantic, narrative, and discourse hyperedges. This structure captures complex relationships and maintains narrative flow, enhancing semantic coherence across the summary. The framework incorporates a Contextual Homogenization Module (CHM), which harmonizes features from diverse hyperedges, and a Hypergraph Contextual Attention Module (HCA), which employs a dual-level attention mechanism to focus on the most salient information. The innovative Extractive Read-out Strategy selects the optimal set of sentences to compose the final summary, ensuring that the latter reflects the core themes and logical structure of the original text. Our extensive evaluations demonstrate significant improvements over existing methods. Specifically, MCHES achieves an average ROUGE-1 score of 44.756, a ROUGE-2 score of 24.963, and a ROUGE-L score of 42.477 on the CNN/DailyMail dataset, surpassing the best-performing baseline by 3.662%, 3.395%, and 2.166% respectively. Furthermore, MCHES achieves BERTScore values of 59.995 on CNN/DailyMail, 88.424 on XSum, and 89.285 on PubMed, indicating superior semantic alignment with human-generated summaries. Additionally, MCHES achieves MoverScore values of 87.432 on CNN/DailyMail, 60.549 on XSum, and 59.739 on PubMed, highlighting its effectiveness in maintaining content movement and ordering. These results confirm that the MCHES framework sets a new standard for extractive summarization by leveraging contextual hypergraphs for better narrative and thematic fidelity.

This study presents a pioneering approach that leverages advanced sensing technologies and data processing techniques to enhance the process of clinical documentation generation during medical consultations. By employing sophisticated sensors to capture and interpret various cues such as speech patterns, intonations, or pauses, the system aims to accurately perceive and understand patient–doctor interactions in real time. This sensing capability allows for the automation of transcription and summarization tasks, facilitating the creation of concise and informative clinical documents. Through the integration of automatic speech recognition sensors, spoken dialogue is seamlessly converted into text, enabling efficient data capture. Additionally, deep models such as Transformer models are utilized to extract and analyze crucial information from the dialogue, ensuring that the generated summaries encapsulate the essence of the consultations accurately. Despite encountering challenges during development, experimentation with these sensing technologies has yielded promising results. The system achieved a maximum ROUGE-1 metric score of 0.57, demonstrating its effectiveness in summarizing complex medical discussions. This sensor-based approach aims to alleviate the administrative burden on healthcare professionals by automating documentation tasks and safeguarding important patient information. Ultimately, by enhancing the efficiency and reliability of clinical documentation, this innovative method contributes to improving overall healthcare outcomes.

Extractive text summarization selects asmall subset of sentences from a document, which gives good “coverage” of a document. When given a set of term weights indicating the importance of the terms, the concept of coverage may be formalized into a combinatorial optimization problem known as the budgeted maximum coverage problem. Extractive methods in this class are known to beamong the best of classic extractive summarization systems. This paper gives a synopsis of thesoftware package occams, which is a multilingual extractive single and multi-document summarization package based on an algorithm giving an optimal approximation to the budgeted maximum coverage problem. The occams package is written in Python and provides an easy-to-use modular interface, allowing it to work in conjunction with popular Python NLP packages, such as nltk, stanza or spacy.

Fine-tuning a pre-trained sequence-to-sequence-based language model has significantly advanced the field of abstractive summarization. However, the early models of abstractive summarization were limited by the gap between training and inference, and they did not fully utilize the potential of the language model. Recent studies have introduced a two-stage framework that allows the second-stage model to re-rank the candidate summary generated by the first-stage model, to resolve these limitations. In this study, we point out that the supervision method performed in the existing re-ranking model of the two-stage abstractive summarization framework cannot learn detailed and complex information of the data. In addition, we present the problem of positional bias in the existing encoder–decoder-based re-ranking model. To address these two limitations, this study proposes a hierarchical supervision method that jointly performs summary and sentence-level supervision. For sentence-level supervision, we designed two sentence-level loss functions: intra- and inter-intra-sentence ranking losses. Compared to the existing abstractive summarization model, the proposed method exhibited a performance improvement for both the CNN/DM and XSum datasets. The proposed model outperformed the baseline model under a few-shot setting.

Persuasive content in online news contains elements that aim to persuade its readers and may not necessarily include factual information. Since a news article only has some sentences that indicate persuasiveness, it would be quite challenging to differentiate news with or without the persuasive content. Recognizing persuasive sentences with a text summarization and classification approach is important to understand persuasive messages effectively. Text summarization identifies arguments and key points, while classification separates persuasive sentences based on the linguistic and semantic features used. Our proposed architecture includes text summarization approaches to shorten sentences without persuasive content and then using classifiers model to detect those with persuasive indication. In this paper, we compare the performance of latent semantic analysis (LSA) and TextRank in text summarization methods, the latter of which has outperformed in all trials, and also two classifiers of convolutional neural network (CNN) and bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM). We have prepared a dataset (±1700 data and manually persuasiveness-labeled) consisting of news articles written in the Indonesian language collected from a nationwide electronic news portal. Comparative studies in our experimental results show that the TextRank–BERT–BiLSTM model achieved the highest accuracy of 95% in detecting persuasive news. The text summarization methods were able to generate detailed and precise summaries of the news articles and the deep learning models were able to effectively differentiate between persuasive news and real news.

The rapid expansion of social media platforms has resulted in an unprecedented surge of short text content being generated on a daily basis. Extracting valuable insights and patterns from this vast volume of textual data necessitates specialized techniques that can effectively condense information while preserving its core essence. In response to this challenge, automatic short text summarization (ASTS) techniques have emerged as a compelling solution, gaining significant importance in their development. This paper delves into the domain of summarizing short text on social media, exploring various types of short text and the associated challenges they present. It also investigates the approaches employed to generate concise and meaningful summaries. By providing a survey of the latest methods and potential avenues for future research, this paper contributes to the advancement of ASTS in the ever-evolving landscape of social media communication.

Text summarization is a subtask of natural language processing referring to the automatic creation of a concise and fluent summary that captures the main ideas and topics from one or multiple documents. Earlier literature surveys focus on extractive approaches, which rank the top-n most important sentences in the input document and then combine them to form a summary. As argued in the literature, the summaries of these approaches do not have the same lexical flow or coherence as summaries that are manually produced by humans. Newer surveys elaborate abstractive approaches, which generate a summary with potentially new phrases and sentences compared to the input document. Generally speaking, contrary to the extractive approaches, the abstractive ones create summaries that are more similar to those produced by humans. However, these approaches still lack the contextual representation needed to form fluent summaries. Recent advancements in deep learning and pretrained language models led to the improvement of many natural language processing tasks, including abstractive summarization. Overall, these surveys do not present a comprehensive evaluation framework that assesses the aforementioned approaches. Taking the above into account, the contribution of this survey is fourfold: (i) we provide a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art approaches in text summarization; (ii) we conduct a comparative evaluation of these approaches, using well-known datasets from the related literature, as well as popular evaluation scores such as ROUGE-1, ROUGE-2, ROUGE-L, ROUGE-LSUM, BLEU-1, BLEU-2 and SACREBLEU; (iii) we report on insights gained on various aspects of the text summarization process, including existing approaches, datasets and evaluation methods, and we outline a set of open issues and future research directions; (iv) we upload the datasets and the code used in our experiments in a public repository, aiming to increase the reproducibility of this work and facilitate future research in the field.

The tremendous increase in documents available on the Web has turned finding the relevant pieces of information into a challenging, tedious, and time-consuming activity. Text summarization is an important natural language processing (NLP) task used to reduce the reading requirements of text. Automatic text summarization is an NLP task that consists of creating a shorter version of a text document which is coherent and maintains the most relevant information of the original text. In recent years, automatic text summarization has received significant attention, as it can be applied to a wide range of applications such as the extraction of highlights from scientific papers or the generation of summaries of news articles. In this research project, we are focused mainly on abstractive text summarization that extracts the most important contents from a text in a rephrased form. The main purpose of this project is to summarize texts in German. Unfortunately, most pretrained models are only available for English. We therefore focused on the German BERT multilingual model and the BART monolingual model for English, with a consideration of translation possibilities. As the source of the experiment setup, took the German Wikipedia article dataset and compared how well the multilingual model performed for German text summarization when compared to using machine-translated text summaries from monolingual English language models. We used the ROUGE-1 metric to analyze the quality of the text summarization.

Legal judgments are generally very long, and relevant information is often scattered throughout the text. To complete a legal judgment summarization, capturing important, relevant information comprehensively from a lengthy text is crucial. The existing abstractive-summarization models based on pre-trained language have restrictions on the length of an input text. Another concern is that the generated summaries have not been well integrated with the legal judgment’s technical terms and specific topics. In this paper, we used raw legal judgments as information of different granularities and proposed a two-stage text-summarization model to handle different granularities of information. Specifically, we treated the legal judgments as a sequence of sentences and selected key sentence sets from the full texts as an input corpus for summary generation. In addition, we extracted keywords related to technical terms and specific topics in the legal texts and introduced them into the summary-generation model as an attention mechanism. The experimental results on the CAIL2020 and the LCRD datasets showed that our model achieved an overall 0.19–0.41 improvement in its ROUGE score, as compared to the baseline models. Further analysis also showed that our method could comprehensively capture essential and relevant information from lengthy legal texts and generate better legal judgment summaries.

In the last decade, the techniques of news aggregation and summarization have been increasingly gaining relevance for providing users on the web with condensed and unbiased information. Indeed, the recent development of successful machine learning algorithms, such as those based on the transformers architecture, have made it possible to create effective tools for capturing and elaborating news from the Internet. In this regard, this work proposes, for the first time in the literature to the best of the authors’ knowledge, a methodology for the application of such techniques in news related to cryptocurrencies and the blockchain, whose quick reading can be deemed as extremely useful to operators in the financial sector. Specifically, cutting-edge solutions in the field of natural language processing were employed to cluster news by topic and summarize the corresponding articles published by different newspapers. The results achieved on 22,282 news articles show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in most of the cases, with 86.8% of the examined summaries being considered as coherent and 95.7% of the corresponding articles correctly aggregated. This methodology was implemented in a freely accessible web application.

The emergence of attention-based architectures has led to significant improvements in the performance of neural sequence-to-sequence models for text summarization. Although these models have proved to be effective in summarizing English-written documents, their portability to other languages is limited thus leaving plenty of room for improvement. In this paper, we present BART-IT, a sequence-to-sequence model, based on the BART architecture that is specifically tailored to the Italian language. The model is pre-trained on a large corpus of Italian-written pieces of text to learn language-specific features and then fine-tuned on several benchmark datasets established for abstractive summarization. The experimental results show that BART-IT outperforms other state-of-the-art models in terms of ROUGE scores in spite of a significantly smaller number of parameters. The use of BART-IT can foster the development of interesting NLP applications for the Italian language. Beyond releasing the model to the research community to foster further research and applications, we also discuss the ethical implications behind the use of abstractive summarization models.

In recent years, the evolution of technology has led to an increase in text data obtained from many sources. In the biomedical domain, text information has also evidenced this accelerated growth, and automatic text summarization systems play an essential role in optimizing physicians’ time resources and identifying relevant information. In this paper, we present a systematic review in recent research of text summarization for biomedical textual data, focusing mainly on the methods employed, type of input data text, areas of application, and evaluation metrics used to assess systems. The survey was limited to the period between 1st January 2014 and 15th March 2022. The data collected was obtained from WoS, IEEE, and ACM digital libraries, while the search strategies were developed with the help of experts in NLP techniques and previous systematic reviews. The four phases of a systematic review by PRISMA methodology were conducted, and five summarization factors were determined to assess the studies included: Input, Purpose, Output, Method, and Evaluation metric. Results showed that 3.5% of 801 studies met the inclusion criteria. Moreover, Single-document, Biomedical Literature, Generic, and Extractive summarization proved to be the most common approaches employed, while techniques based on Machine Learning were performed in 16 studies and Rouge (Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation) was reported as the evaluation metric in 26 studies. This review found that in recent years, more transformer-based methodologies for summarization purposes have been implemented compared to a previous survey. Additionally, there are still some challenges in text summarization in different domains, especially in the biomedical field in terms of demand for further research.

During the maintenance phase of software development, bug reports provide important information for software developers. Developers share information, discuss bugs, and fix associated bugs through bug reports; however, bug reports often include complex and long discussions, and developers have difficulty obtaining the desired information. To address this issue, researchers proposed methods for summarizing bug reports; however, to select relevant sentences, existing methods rely solely on word frequencies or other factors that are dependent on the characteristics of a bug report, failing to produce high-quality summaries or resulting in limited applicability. In this paper, we propose a deep-learning-based bug report summarization method using sentence significance factors. When conducting experiments over a public dataset using believability, sentence-to-sentence cohesion, and topic association as sentence significance factors, the results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art method BugSum with respect to precision, recall, and F-score and that the application scope of the proposed method is wider than that of BugSum.

Text summarization is a technique for shortening down or exacting a long text or document. It becomes critical when someone needs a quick and accurate summary of very long content. Manual text summarization can be expensive and time-consuming. While summarizing, some important content, such as information, concepts, and features of the document, can be lost; therefore, the retention ratio, which contains informative sentences, is lost, and if more information is added, then lengthy texts can be produced, increasing the compression ratio. Therefore, there is a tradeoff between two ratios (compression and retention). The model preserves or collects all the informative sentences by taking only the long sentences and removing the short sentences with less of a compression ratio. It tries to balance the retention ratio by avoiding text redundancies and also filters irrelevant information from the text by removing outliers. It generates sentences in chronological order as the sentences are mentioned in the original document. It also uses a heuristic approach for selecting the best cluster or group, which contains more meaningful sentences that are present in the topmost sentences of the summary. Our proposed model extractive summarizer overcomes these deficiencies and tries to balance between compression and retention ratios.

Recently, an emerging application field through Twitter messages and algorithmic computation to detect real-time world events has become a new paradigm in the field of data science applications. During a high-impact event, people may want to know the latest information about the development of the event because they want to better understand the situation and possible trends of the event for making decisions. However, often in emergencies, the government or enterprises are usually unable to notify people in time for early warning and avoiding risks. A sensible solution is to integrate real-time event monitoring and intelligence gathering functions into their decision support system. Such a system can provide real-time event summaries, which are updated whenever important new events are detected. Therefore, in this work, we combine a developed Twitter-based real-time event detection algorithm with pre-trained language models for summarizing emergent events. We used an online text-stream clustering algorithm and self-adaptive method developed to gather the Twitter data for detection of emerging events. Subsequently we used the Xsum data set with a pre-trained language model, namely T5 model, to train the summarization model. The Rouge metrics were used to compare the summary performance of various models. Subsequently, we started to use the trained model to summarize the incoming Twitter data set for experimentation. In particular, in this work, we provide a real-world case study, namely the COVID-19 pandemic event, to verify the applicability of the proposed method. Finally, we conducted a survey on the example resulting summaries with human judges for quality assessment of generated summaries. From the case study and experimental results, we have demonstrated that our summarization method provides users with a feasible method to quickly understand the updates in the specific event intelligence based on the real-time summary of the event story.

Text summarization remains a challenging task in the natural language processing field despite the plethora of applications in enterprises and daily life. One of the common use cases is the summarization of web pages which has the potential to provide an overview of web pages to devices with limited features. In fact, despite the increasing penetration rate of mobile devices in rural areas, the bulk of those devices offer limited features in addition to the fact that these areas are covered with limited connectivity such as the GSM network. Summarizing web pages into SMS becomes, therefore, an important task to provide information to limited devices. This work introduces WATS-SMS, a T5-based French Wikipedia Abstractive Text Summarizer for SMS. It is built through a transfer learning approach. The T5 English pre-trained model is used to generate a French text summarization model by retraining the model on 25,000 Wikipedia pages then compared with different approaches in the literature. The objective is twofold: (1) to check the assumption made in the literature that abstractive models provide better results compared to extractive ones; and (2) to evaluate the performance of our model compared to other existing abstractive models. A score based on ROUGE metrics gave us a value of 52% for articles with length up to 500 characters against 34.2% for transformer-ED and 12.7% for seq-2seq-attention; and a value of 77% for articles with larger size against 37% for transformers-DMCA. Moreover, an architecture including a software SMS-gateway has been developed to allow owners of mobile devices with limited features to send requests and to receive summaries through the GSM network.

The paper describes a convex optimization formulation of the extractive text summarization problem and a simple and scalable algorithm to solve it. The optimization program is constructed as a convex relaxation of an intuitive but computationally hard integer programming problem. The objective function is highly symmetric, being invariant under unitary transformations of the text representations. Another key idea is to replace the constraint on the number of sentences in the summary with a convex surrogate. For solving the program we have designed a specific projected gradient descent algorithm and analyzed its performance in terms of execution time and quality of the approximation. Using the datasets DUC 2005 and Cornell Newsroom Summarization Dataset, we have shown empirically that the algorithm can provide competitive results for single document summarization and multi-document query-based summarization. On the Cornell Newsroom Summarization Dataset, it ranked second among the unsupervised methods tested. For the more challenging task of multi-document query-based summarization, the method was tested on the DUC 2005 Dataset. Our algorithm surpassed the other reported methods with respect to the ROUGE-SU4 metric, and it was at less than 0.01 from the top performing algorithms with respect to ROUGE-1 and ROUGE-2 metrics.

We present an extractive summarization model based on the Bert and dynamic memory network. The model based on Bert uses the transformer to extract text features and uses the pre-trained model to construct the sentence embeddings. The model based on Bert labels the sentences automatically without using any hand-crafted features and the datasets are symmetry labeled. We also present a dynamic memory network method for extractive summarization. Experiments are conducted on several summarization benchmark datasets. Our model shows comparable performance compared with other extractive summarization methods.

The advent of the sequence-to-sequence model and the attention mechanism has increased the comprehension and readability of automatically generated summaries. However, most previous studies on text summarization have focused on generating or extracting sentences only from an original text, even though every text has a latent topic category. That is, even if a topic category helps improve the summarization quality, there have been no efforts to utilize such information in text summarization. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel topical category-aware neural text summarizer which is differentiated from legacy neural summarizers in that it reflects the topic category of an original text into generating a summary. The proposed summarizer adopts the class activation map (CAM) as topical influence of the words in the original text. Since the CAM excerpts the words relevant to a specific category from the text, it allows the attention mechanism to be influenced by the topic category. As a result, the proposed neural summarizer reflects the topical information of a text as well as the content information into a summary by combining the attention mechanism and CAM. The experiments on The New York Times Annotated Corpus show that the proposed model outperforms the legacy attention-based sequence-to-sequence model, which proves that it is effective at reflecting a topic category into automatic summarization.

In an age overflowing with information, the task of converting unstructured data into structured data are a vital task of great need. Currently, most relation extraction modules are more focused on the extraction of local mention-level relations—usually from short volumes of text. However, in most cases, the most vital and important relations are those that are described in length and detail. In this research, we propose GREG: A Global level Relation Extractor model using knowledge graph embeddings for document-level inputs. The model uses vector representations of mention-level ‘local’ relation’s to construct knowledge graphs that can represent the input document. The knowledge graph is then used to predict global level relations from documents or large bodies of text. The proposed model is largely divided into two modules which are synchronized during their training. Thus, each of the model’s modules is designed to deal with local relations and global relations separately. This allows the model to avoid the problem of struggling against loss of information due to too much information crunched into smaller sized representations when attempting global level relation extraction. Through evaluation, we have shown that the proposed model yields high performances in both predicting global level relations and local level relations consistently.

Text summarization is a process of producing a concise version of text (summary) from one or more information sources. If the generated summary preserves meaning of the original text, it will help the users to make fast and effective decision. However, how much meaning of the source text can be preserved is becoming harder to evaluate. The most commonly used automatic evaluation metrics like Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation (ROUGE) strictly rely on the overlapping n-gram units between reference and candidate summaries, which are not suitable to measure the quality of abstractive summaries. Another major challenge to evaluate text summarization systems is lack of consistent ideal reference summaries. Studies show that human summarizers can produce variable reference summaries of the same source that can significantly affect automatic evaluation metrics scores of summarization systems. Humans are biased to certain situation while producing summary, even the same person perhaps produces substantially different summaries of the same source at different time. This paper proposes a word embedding based automatic text summarization and evaluation framework, which can successfully determine salient top-n sentences of a source text as a reference summary, and evaluate the quality of systems summaries against it. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework is effective and able to outperform several baseline methods with regard to both text summarization systems and automatic evaluation metrics when tested on a publicly available dataset.