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State-of-charge balance is vital for allowing multiple energy storage units (ESUs) to make the most of stored energy and ensure safe operation. Concerning scenarios wherein boost converters are used as the interfaces between ESUs and loads, this paper proposes a balancing strategy for realizing consistent state-of-charge (SoC) levels and equal currents among different ESUs. This strategy is valid for both parallel and series applications. Its advantages also include its high precision of SoC equalization without extra sensors and fast convergence. A common outer voltage loop is used to accomplish tight voltage regulation, while multiple inner current loops are utilized to achieve current control and SoC balance simultaneously. Firstly, by introducing SoC-based current distribution ratios (CDRs) to modify current references online, the currents are gradually adjusted to eliminate SoC deviations. Secondly, to expedite the balancing process, current saturations are further adopted. Thirdly, the influences of accelerating factor and current limits in CDR expressions are analyzed, and their selection guidelines are subsequently provided. Fourthly, the controller design, consisting of a dual loop, is illustrated to guarantee sufficient stability margins. Fifthly, an experimental platform consisting of three battery ESUs is developed to verify the proposed strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modular multilevel converter with an integrated battery energy storage system (MMC-BESS) has been proposed for high-voltage applications for large-scale renewable energy resources. As capacitor voltage balance is key to the normal operation of the system, the conventional control strategy for the MMC can be significantly simplified by controlling the individual capacitor voltage through a battery side converter in the MMC-BESS. However, the control strategy of the MMC-BESS under rectifier mode operation has not yet been addressed, where the conventional control strategy cannot be directly employed due to the additional power flow of batteries. For this defect, the rectifier mode operation of the MMC-BESS based on a battery side capacitor voltage control was analyzed in this paper, proposing a control strategy for this application scenario according to the equivalent circuit of MMC-BESS, avoiding passive impact on the state-of-charge (SOC) equalization of batteries. Furthermore, the implementation of a battery side converter control is proposed by simplifying the capacitor voltage filter scheme within phase arm, which enhances its performance and facilitates the realization of control strategy. Finally, simulation and experimental results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]