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The rapid advancement of technology and innovation is also impacting education across different levels. The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is beginning to transform education in various areas, from course materials to assessment systems. This requires educators to reconsider how they evaluate students' knowledge. It is crucial to understand if and to what extent assignments can be completed using AI tools. This study explores two hypotheses about the risks of using code-based 3D modeling software in education and the potential for students to delegate their work to AI when completing assignments. We selected two tasks that students were able to successfully complete independently and provided the same amount of information (both textual and image) to AI in order to generate the necessary code. We tested the widely used ChatGPT and Gemini AI bots to assess their current performance in generating code based on text prompts or image-based information for the two models. Our findings indicate that students are not yet able to entirely delegate their work to these AI tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, several devices (such as laser scanners, Kinect, time of flight cameras, medical imaging equipment (CT, MRI, intraoral scanners)), and technologies (e.g., photogrammetry) are capable of generating 3D point clouds. Each point cloud type has its unique structure or characteristics, but they have a common point: they may be loaded with errors. Before further data processing, these unwanted portions of the data must be removed with filtering and outlier detection. There are several algorithms for detecting outliers, but their performances decrease when the size of the point cloud increases. The industry has a high demand for efficient algorithms to deal with large point clouds. The most commonly used algorithm is the radius outlier filter (ROL or ROR), which has several improvements (e.g., statistical outlier removal, SOR). Unfortunately, this algorithm is also limited since it is slow on a large number of points. This paper introduces a novel algorithm, based on the idea of the ROL filter, that finds outliers in huge point clouds while its time complexity is not exponential. As a result of the linear complexity, the algorithm can handle extra large point clouds, and the effectiveness of this is demonstrated in several tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, various mobile applications have been developed to improve and measure spatial abilities using different spatial tests and tasks through augmented reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), or embedded 3D viewers. The Mental Cutting Test (MCT) is one of the most well-known and popular tests for this purpose, but it needs a vast number of tasks (scenarios) for effective practice and measurement. We have recently developed a script-aided method that automatically generates and permutes Mental Cutting Test scenarios and exports them to an appropriate file format (to GLB (glTF 2.0) assets) representing the scenarios. However, the significant number of permutations results in more than 1,000,000 assets, requiring more than 6 GB of storage space. This paper introduces an encoding scheme consisting of four stages to handle this issue through significantly reducing the storage space, making the app suitable for everyday individual use, even on a mobile phone. The proposed method encodes a subset of assets from which it can decode the whole dataset with 3% time complexity compared to classical Blender's computations, exceeding the compression ratio of 10,000 and storage space saving 99.99%. This paper explains the features of the original assets, introduces the encoding and decoding functions with the format of documents, and then measures the solution's efficiency based on our dataset of MCT scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of online map services and frameworks (e.g., KML, QGIS) has increased the possibilities to easily, quickly and—in many cases—cost-effectively publish spatial data stored in databases. The aim of this study is to present the geovisualization of spatial databases of a Hungarian settlement on the web, using the open source webGIS system and Google application programming interfaces (APIs). The interactive point and interpolated distribution maps available online provide a detailed picture of the level of contamination, the spatial distribution of the ground water supply of the investigated settlement, and the changes which have occurred following the establishment of the sewage system. In the case of PO43− we determined that in the year before the sewage system was constructed, most of the area of the settlement could be considered contaminated, with the highest level of contamination measured in the central area of the settlement. Five years after the construction of the sewage system, the ratio of the contaminated areas had significantly decreased. In the case of NO3− we found a high level of contamination before the construction of the sewage system with a concentration increase in a North–West direction. After the establishment of the sewage system, the increase in concentration was the most intense in the central parts of the settlement, while the characteristic spatial distribution could no longer be observed. The geovisualization techniques developed are able to provide information about the different spatial data for users in a visual way, and also help to understand better the spatial information using a cognitive approach. The advantage of interactive web maps created with the technologies applied over traditional static maps is a new approach, which allows the user to manipulate the temporal and spatial data directly in the most appropriate way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provision of webGIS-based water quality data services has become a priority area for both the public and administrative sectors in the context of the pandemic emergency associated with the global spread of COVID-19. Current geographic, monitoring and decision supporting systems, typically based on web-based geospatial information, greatly facilitate the sharing of spatial and temporal data from environmental databases and real-time analyses. In the present study, different water quality indices are determined, compared and geovisualized, during which the changes in the quality of the shallow groundwater resources of a settlement are examined in the period (2011–2019) in an eastern Hungarian settlement. Another objective of the research is to determine three water quality indices (Water Quality Index, CCME Water Quality Index, Contamination degree) and categorize water samples based on the same input spatial and temporal data using self-developed freely available geovisualization tools. Groundwater quality was assessed by using different water quality indices. Significant pollution of the groundwater in the time period before the installation of a sewage network was shown. Regarding water quality, significant positive changes were shown based on all three water quality indices in the years after installing a sewage network (2015–2019). The presence of pollution apart from the positive changes suggests that the purification processes will last for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaginal drug delivery systems can provide a long-term and constant liberation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient even for months. For our experiment, FDM 3D printing was used to manufacture the vaginal ring samples from thermoplastic polyurethane filament, which enables fast manufacturing of complex, personalized medications. 3D printing can be an excellent alternative instead of industrial manufacturing, which is complicated and time-consuming. In our work, the 3D printed vaginal rings were filled manually with jellified metronidazole or chloramphenicol for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. The need for manual filling was certified by the thermogravimetric and heatflow assay results. The manufactured samples were analyzed by an Erweka USP type II Dissolution Apparatus, and the dissolution profile can be distinguished based on the applied jellifying agents and the API's. All samples were considered non-similar based on the pairwise comparison. The biocompatibility properties were determined by prolonged MTT assay on HeLa cells, and the polymer could be considered non-toxic. Based on the microbiological assay on E. coli metronidazole and chitosan containing samples had bactericidal effects while just metronidazole or just chitosan containing samples bacteriostatic effect. None of these samples showed a fungistatic or fungicide effect against C. albicans. Based on our results, we successfully manufactured 3D printed vaginal rings filled with jellified metronidazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most promising emerging innovations in personalized medication is based on 3D printing technology. For use as authorized medications, 3D-printed products require different in vitro tests, including dissolution and biocompatibility investigations. Our objective was to manufacture implantable drug delivery systems using fused deposition modeling, and in vitro tests were performed for the assessment of these products. Polylactic acid, antibacterial polylactic acid, polyethylene terephthalate glycol, and poly(methyl methacrylate) filaments were selected, and samples with 16, 19, or 22 mm diameters and 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% infill percentages were produced. The dissolution test was performed by a USP dissolution apparatus 1. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide dye (MTT)-based prolonged cytotoxicity test was performed on Caco-2 cells to certify the cytocompatibility properties. The implantable drug delivery systems were characterized by thermogravimetric and heatflow assay, contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscopy, microcomputed tomography, and Raman spectroscopy. Based on our results, it can be stated that the samples are considered nontoxic. The dissolution profiles are influenced by the material properties of the polymers, the diameter, and the infill percentage. Our results confirm the potential of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing for the manufacturing of different implantable drug delivery systems in personalized medicine and may be applied during surgical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]