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This paper verified through experiments that change in ambient temperature are the main cause of dark output noise drift. Additionally, the impact of dark output noise drift in fiber optic spectrometers on emissivity measurements has been investigated in this work. Based on an improved fiber optic spectrometer, two methods were proposed for characterizing and correcting the dark output noise offset in fiber optic spectrometers: the mean correction scheme and the linear fitting correction scheme. Compared to the mean correction scheme, the linear fitting correction scheme is more effective in solving the problem of dark output noise drift. When the wavelength is greater than 1600 nm, the calibration relative error of silicon carbide (SIC) emissivity is less than 0.8% by the mean correction scheme, while the calibration relative error of silicon carbide emissivity is less than 0.62% by the linear fitting correction scheme. This work solves the problem of dark output noise drift in prolonged measurement based on fiber optic spectrometers, improving the accuracy and reliability of emissivity and quantitative radiation measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The VILLIN (VLN) protein is an important regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, which orchestrates many developmental processes and participates in various biotic and abiotic responses in plants. Although the VLN gene family and their potential functions have been analyzed in several plants, knowledge of VLN genes in soybeans and legumes remains rather limited. In this study, a total of 35 VLNs were characterized from soybean and five related legumes. Combining with the VLN sequences from other nine land plants, we categorized the VLN gene family into three groups according to phylogenetic relationships. Further detailed analysis of the soybean VLNs indicated that the ten GmVLNs were distributed on 10 of the 20 chromosomes, and their gene structures and protein motifs showed high group specificities. The expression pattern analysis suggested that most GmVLNs are widely expressed in various tissues, but three members have a very high level in seeds. Moreover, we observed that the cis−elements enriched in the promoters of GmVLNs are mainly related to abiotic stresses, hormone signals, and developmental processes. The largest number of cis−elements were associated with light responses, and two GmVLNs, GmVLN5a, and GmVLN5b were significantly increased under the long light condition. This study not only provides some basic information about the VLN gene family but also provides a good reference for further characterizing the diverse functions of VLN genes in soybeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nyctinastic leaf movement of Fabaceae is driven by the tiny motor organ pulvinus located at the base of the leaf or leaflet. Despite the increased understanding of the essential role of ELONGATED PETIOLULE1 (ELP1)/PETIOLE LIKE PULVINUS (PLP) orthologs in determining pulvinus identity in legumes, key regulatory components and molecular mechanisms underlying this movement remain largely unclear. Here, we used WT pulvinus and the equivalent tissue in the elp1 mutant to carry out transcriptome and proteome experiments. The omics data indicated that there are multiple cell biological processes altered at the gene expression and protein abundance level during the pulvinus development. In addition, comparative analysis of different leaf tissues provided clues to illuminate the possible common primordium between pulvinus and petiole, as well as the function of ELP1. Furthermore, the auxin pathway, cell wall composition and chloroplast distribution were altered in elp1 mutants, verifying their important roles in pulvinus development. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the motor organ of the model legume Medicago truncatula and further supplies a rich dataset to facilitate the identification of novel players involved in nyctinastic movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant height is a vital agronomic trait that greatly determines crop yields because of the close relationship between plant height and lodging resistance. Legumes play a unique role in the worldwide agriculture; however, little attention has been given to the molecular basis of their height. Here, we characterized the first dwarf mutant mini plant 1 (mnp1) of the model legume plant Medicago truncatula. Our study found that both cell length and the cell number of internodes were reduced in a mnp1 mutant. Using the forward genetic screening and subsequent whole-genome resequencing approach, we cloned the MNP1 gene and found that it encodes a putative copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) implicated in the first step of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. MNP1 was highly homologous to Pisum sativum LS. The subcellular localization showed that MNP1 was located in the chloroplast. Further analysis indicated that GA3 could significantly restore the plant height of mnp1-1, and expression of MNP1 in a cps1 mutant of Arabidopsis partially rescued its mini-plant phenotype, indicating the conservation function of MNP1 in GA biosynthesis. Our results provide valuable information for understanding the genetic regulation of plant height in M. truncatula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel multi-objective parameter optimization method based on the genetic algorithm (GA) and adaptive moment estimation (Adam) algorithm for the design of a closed-loop control system for the sense mode of a Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscope. The proposed method can improve the immunity of the control system to fabrication tolerances and external noise. The design procedure starts by deriving a parameterized model of the closed-loop of the sense mode. The loop parameters are then optimized by the GA. Finally, the ensemble of optimized loop parameters is tested by Monte Carlo analysis to obtain a robust optimal solution. Simultaneously, the Adam-least mean square (LMS) demodulator, which is appropriate for the demodulation of very noisy signals, is also presented. Compared with the traditional method, the time consumption of the design process is reduced significantly. The digital control system is implemented by the print circuit board based on embedded Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The experimental results show that the optimized control loop has achieved a better performance, the system bandwidth in open-loop and optimal closed-loop control system is about 23 Hz and 101 Hz, respectively. Compared to a non-optimized closed-loop system, the bias instability reduced from 0.0015°/s to 7.52 × 10−4°/s, the scale factor increased from 17.7 mV/(°/s) to 23 mV/(°/s) and the non-linearity of the scale factor reduced from 0.008452% to 0.006156%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a bias drift self-calibration method for micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes based on noise-suppressed mode reversal without the modeling of bias drift signal. At first, the bias drift cancellation is accomplished by periodic switching between operation mode of two collinear gyroscopes and subtracting the bias error which is estimated by the rate outputs from a consecutive period interval; then a novel filtering algorithm based on improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition (improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise—CEEMDAN) is applied to eliminate the noise in the calibrated signal. A set of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) is obtained by the decomposition of the calibrated signal using improved CEEMDAN method, and the threshold denoising method is utilized; finally, the de-noised IMFs are reconstructed into the desired signal. To verify the proposed method, the hardware circuit with an embedded field-programmable gate array (FPGA) was implemented and applied in bias drift calibration for the two MEMS gyroscopes manufactured in our laboratory. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method is feasible, and it achieved a better performance than the typical mode reversal. The bias instability of the two gyroscopes decreased from 0.0066 ° / s and 0.0055 ° / s to 0.0011 ° / s ; and, benefiting from the threshold denoising based on improved CEEMDAN, the angle random walks decreased from 1.18 × 10 − 4 ° / s 1 / 2 and 2.04 × 10 − 4 ° / s 1 / 2 to 2.19 × 10 − 5 ° / s 1 / 2 , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]