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Introduction: The relationship between blood N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels and cardiovascular health is known, but direct evidence that N-3 PUFA levels influence electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters is non-existent. In the study described herein, we investigated the relationship between anthropometric biomarkers and capillary blood PUFAs with ECG outputs in a sample population of healthy pre-menopausal women. Method: Twenty-three consenting females were recruited, with the study power analysis sufficiently demonstrated. Food intake, anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters were obtained. Capillary blood was collected for fatty acid chromatographic analysis. Results: Body mass index, haematocrit, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and ECG readings all fell within healthy ranges. Principal component analysis-mediated correlations were carried out controlling for combined Components 1 (age, body fat % and waist-to-hip ratio) and 2 (height, HR and MAP) as control variables. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) unequivocally decreased the QRS area under the curve (AUC-QRS) regardless of the impact of control variables, with each unit increase in DHA corresponding to a 2.3-unit decrease in AUC-QRS. Mediation analysis revealed a significant overall effect of DHA on AUC-QRS, with the impact of DHA on R wave amplitude accounting for 77% of the total observed effect. Discussion: Our new findings revealed an inverse relationship between AUC-QRS with capillary blood DHA, suggesting that the association between ventricular mass and its QRS depolarising voltage is mediated by DHA. Our findings bridge a knowledge gap on the relationship between ventricular mass and ventricular efficiency. Further research will confirm whether the relationship identified in our study also exists in diseased patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apples are consumed lavishly worldwide, while demand is increasing for the management of the huge apple-waste amounts that lead to significant disposal costs and ecological issues. Additionally, apples represent fruits with several bioactive constituents, which are key factors in a healthy, balanced diet. In the present study, an extensive review is presented regarding the bioactive compounds of an apple processing by-product, namely apple pomace, mentioning their significance as viable ingredients/substances in foods and cosmetics aiming at chronic disease prevention and health promotion. Apple pomace contains several constituents, such as polar lipids, phenolics, vitamins and dietary fibers, with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-aging and skin-protecting properties, and thus, they may contribute to minimizing the risk of various health conditions. Additionally, the mechanisms of action of such functional bioactives from apple pomace exert health benefits that will be examined, while the potential synergistic effects will also be investigated. Moreover, we will present the methods and techniques needed for the utilization of apple pomace in the appropriate form, such as powder, extracts, essential oil and so on, and their several applications in the food and cosmeceutical industry sectors, which summarize that apple pomace represents an ideal alternative to synthetic bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human skeletal muscle contains different types of tissues with skeletal muscle fibers (SMFs) and intermuscular adipose tissues (IMATs) as the main components. We maintained human skeletal muscle tissues from 12 study participants under native conditions in vitro for 11 days to investigate the dynamics of macrophages that reside in adjacent IMATs and SMFs simultaneously. The samples were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for macrophage phenotyping and mitochondrial mass assessment before and after maintenance in vitro. Multiplex protein analysis was used to determine cytokine/chemokine expression in tissue extracts. The results revealed significant correlations between donor age or body mass index (BMI) and distinct phenotypes of resident macrophages in SMFs and IMATs. The dynamics of SMF- and IMAT-resident macrophages differed significantly in vitro and exhibited inverse correlations with chemokine/cytokine expression levels and mitochondrial activity. Moreover, the responses of macrophages to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) differed substantially between SMFs and IMATs. These findings showed the functional diversity of phenotypically identical macrophages in adjacent niches. Thus, the currently available macrophage markers cannot capture the functional diversity of human tissue-resident macrophages. The model used in the present study may help elucidate how macrophages affect muscle homeostasis and disease in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linoleic acid (LA), the primary ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in the epidermis, plays a crucial role in preserving the integrity of the skin's water permeability barrier. Additionally, vegetable oils rich in LA have been shown to notably mitigate ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced effects, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cellular damage, and skin photoaging. These beneficial effects are primarily ascribed to the LA in these oils. Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms through which LA confers protection against damage induced by exposure to UVB radiation remain unclear. This study aimed to examine whether LA can restore redox and metabolic equilibria and to assess its influence on the inflammatory response triggered by UVB radiation in keratinocytes. Flow cytometry analysis unveiled the capacity of LA to diminish UVB-induced ROS levels in HaCaT cells. GC/MS-based metabolomics highlighted significant metabolic changes, especially in carbohydrate, amino acid, and glutathione (GSH) metabolism, with LA restoring depleted GSH levels post-UVB exposure. LA also upregulated PI3K/Akt-dependent GCLC and GSS expression while downregulating COX-2 expression. These results suggest that LA induces metabolic reprogramming, protecting against UVB-induced oxidative damage by enhancing GSH biosynthesis via PI3K/Akt signaling. Moreover, it suppresses UVB-induced COX-2 expression in HaCaT cells, making LA treatment a promising strategy against UVB-induced oxidative and inflammatory damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) differ in aggressiveness, proliferation speed, metastasis propensity, and prognosis. Since tumor cells notably change lipid metabolism, especially phospholipids and fatty acids (FA), this study aimed to identify FA alterations in lung cancer tissues. We detected significant changes in lipid metabolism in both lung cancer types compared to healthy tissues (especially higher levels of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid), and we pointed out differences in FA profiles in tissue between SCLC and NSCLC. Our findings can be useful for further research concerning molecular lung cancer therapies. Background: Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) differ in aggressiveness, proliferation speed, metastasis propensity, and prognosis. Since tumor cells notably change lipid metabolism, especially phospholipids and fatty acids (FA), this study aimed to identify FA alterations in lung cancer tissues. Methods: Our study included patients with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed SCLC (n = 27) and NSCLC (n = 37). Samples were collected from both malignant and healthy tissues from each patient, providing they were within subject design. Results: In both NSCLC and SCLC tumor tissues, FA contents were shifted toward pro-inflammatory profiles, with increased levels of some individual n-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), particularly arachidonic acid, and elevated activity of Δ6 desaturase. Compared to healthy counterparts, lower levels of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and total saturated FA (SFA) were found in NSCLC, while decreased levels of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and all individual n-3 FA were found in SCLC tissue in comparison to the healthy tissue control. When mutually compared, SCLC tissue had higher levels of total SFA, especially stearic acid, while higher levels of linoleic acid, total PUFA, and n-3 and n-6 PUFA were detected in NSCLC. Estimated activities of Δ6 desaturase and elongase were higher in SCLC than in NSCLC. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a notable impairment of lipid metabolism in two types of lung cancer tissues. These type-specific alterations may be associated with differences in their progression and also point out different therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian nuts are native to the Amazon rainforest and are considered a non-timber forest-product of extreme economic importance to local populations. This study evaluated the lipid profile, bioactive compounds, and oxidative stability of semi-defatted Brazilian nut flour oil (BNSDFO) obtained using pressurized fluids (n-propane at 40 °C and 2, 4, and 8 MPa or a CO2/n-propane mixture at 40 °C and 12 MPa). A Brazilian nut kernel oil (BNKO) processed by conventional cold pressing was also obtained. The BNKO showed a higher concentration of total phenolic compounds and saturated fatty acids, higher antioxidant activity, and the presence of gallic acid derivatives. The oils extracted using pressurized fluids showed a higher concentration of linoleic acid, β-sitosterol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The utilization of pressurized n-propane resulted in higher yields (13.7 wt%), and at intermediate pressures (4 MPa), the product showed myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside and higher oxidative stability (OSI, 12 h) than at lower pressures (2 MPa). The CO2/n-propane mixture of pressurized solvents resulted in higher concentrations of squalene (4.5 times), the presence of different phenolic compounds, and a high OSI (12 h) but lower yield (2.2 wt%). In conclusion, oils with better fatty acid profiles (oleic e linoleic acids), phytosterol composition, and suitable radical scavenging activity may be obtained using pressurized fluids and Brazilian nut flour, a byproduct of oil extraction. The mixture of solvents may improve the concentration of squalene, whereas using only n-propane may increase oil yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish provides a low-caloric content, polyunsaturated fatty acids, many essential trace elements and is also a rich source of protein, ranging from 10% to 25%. Therefore, the production of FPH (fish protein hydrolysates) is of great interest, as the resulting products exhibit a variety of important bioactive and technological properties, making them potential ingredients for new functional foods and supplements. The aim of this review was to compile and analyze information on enzymatic hydrolysates, with particular emphasis on those derived from fish by-products, as a potential ingredient in human nutrition. Their nutritional characteristics, food safety aspects, bioactive properties, technological attributes, key influencing factors, and applications in food products were evaluated. The findings revealed that these properties are influenced by several factors, such as the raw material, enzymes used, degree of hydrolysis, and the molecular weight of the peptides, which need to be considered as a whole. In conclusion, the gathered information suggests that it is possible to obtain high-value products through enzymatic hydrolysis, even when using fish by-products. However, although numerous studies focused on FPH derived from fish muscle, research on by-products remains limited. Further investigation is needed to determine whether the behavior of FPH from by-products differs from that of muscle-derived FPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) seeds are rich in diverse bioactive compounds, including galactomannan, β-sitosterol, unsaturated fatty acids and proteins with bioactive peptides in their sequence. This study delineates the compositional characterization of six carob seed flour types derived from different production processes, providing valuable insights for designing tailored nutraceutical products based on desired bioactive compound profiles. Our analysis indicated that a higher purity of galactomannan resulted in a greater mannose/galactose ratio, which increased the linearity of the galactomannan polymer and could enhance interchain interaction, thereby increasing aggregation capacity. A higher viscosity could potentially increase the capacity of galactomannan to create satiety and lower cholesterol levels. Among the different tested flours, those whose main compound was the endosperm were optimal for containing high galactomannan content, whereas those derived from the germ were ideal for having high concentrations of fatty acids (i.e., oleic and linoleic acids) and β-sitosterol. The presence of these lipids in carob flours could offer cardiovascular and metabolic health benefits, contributing synergistically. Additionally, flours that contain the germ have beneficial peptides included in proteins like glycinin and conglutin with potential anticholesterolemic and antidiabetic properties. This work provides different methods for obtaining carob flours rich in bioactive compounds, offering the nutraceutical industry a framework to select the best option for industrial-scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent important toxic compounds formed in meat products during processing. This study aims to analyze 22 PAHs by QuEChERS coupled with GC–MS/MS in canned minced chicken and pork during processing. After marinating raw minced chicken and pork separately with a standard flavoring formula used for canning meat in Taiwan, they were subjected to different processing conditions including stir-frying, degassing and sterilizing at 115 °C/60 min (low-temperature–long-time, LTLT) and 125 °C/25 min (high-temperature–short-time, HTST). The quantitation of PAHs in these meat products revealed the formation of only three PAHs including acenaphthylene (AcPy), acenaphthene (AcP) and pyrene (Pyr) in canned minced chicken and pork during processing with no significant difference in total PAHs between the meat types. Analysis of PAH precursors showed the presence of benzaldehyde at the highest level, followed by 2-cyclohexene-1-one and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal in canned minced chicken and pork, suggesting PAH formation through the reaction of benzaldehyde with linoleic acid degradation products and of 2-cyclohexene-1-one with C4 compounds through the Diels–Alder reaction, as well as the reaction of trans,trans-2,4-decadienal with 2-butene. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were present in the largest proportion in LTLT-sterilized chicken/pork, followed by HTST-sterilized chicken/pork and raw chicken/pork, and their levels did not show a high impact on PAH formation, probably due to an insufficient heating temperature and length of time. A two-factorial analysis suggested that PAH formation was not significantly affected by the sterilization condition or meat type. Principal component analysis corroborated the observed results implying the formation of PAHs in canned minced chicken/pork under different processing conditions with an insignificant difference (p > 0.05) between them, with the individual PAH content following the order of Pyr > AcPy > AcP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Numerous risk factors associated with development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been unfavorably altered in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Low omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and vitamin D deficiency are potential cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with CKD. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary intake and status of omega-3 PUFA and vitamin D in pre-dialysis and hemodialysis patients and to examine the association of dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) and fish consumption with blood pressure and carotid intima–media thickness (C-IMT), representing a non-invasive marker of atherosclerosis in CKD patients. Methods: All 77 selected patients (36 pre-dialysis, 41 on hemodialysis) underwent standardized clinical, nutritional, and laboratory assessments. Repeated 24 h recalls were performed to assess dietary intake. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas–liquid chromatography. Results: Inadequate vitamin D intake and vitamin D status were found in 95% of patients. PUFA profiles did not differ between hemodialysis and pre-dialysis participants. Dietary intake of ALA was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.013), C-IMT (p = 0.002), serum CRP (p = 0.044), iPTH (p = 0.01), and 25(OH)D3 (p = 0.006). ALA intake of more than 0.23 g daily was linked with lower SBP (p = 0.001), serum 25(OH)D3 (p = 0.004), and C-IMT (p = 0.002). Conclusions: This study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between dietary ALA intake and C-IMT in CKD. The results of this study could emphasize the significant role of the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and inadequate omega-3 PUFA intake and status regarding CVD health in CKD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to prevent initial changes in Drosophila melanogaster oocytes under simulated weightlessness and hypergravity at the 2 g level. Phospholipids with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the tail groups (essential phospholipids) at a concentration of 500 mg/kg of nutrient medium were used as a protective agent. Cell stiffness was determined using atomic force microscopy, the change in the oocytes' area was assessed as a mark of deformation, and the contents of cholesterol and neutral lipids were determined using fluorescence microscopy. The results indicate that the administration of essential phospholipids leads to a decrease in the cholesterol content in the oocytes' membranes by 13% (p < 0.05). The stiffness of oocytes from flies that received essential phospholipids was 14% higher (p < 0.05) and did not change during 6 h of simulated weightlessness or hypergravity, and neither did the area, which indicates their resistance to deformation. Moreover, the exposure to simulated weightlessness and hypergravity of oocytes from flies that received a standard nutrient medium led to a more intense loss of cholesterol from cell membranes after 30 min by 13% and 18% (p < 0.05), respectively, compared to the control, but essential phospholipids prevented this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Tibetan yellow cattle and dzo are important meat sources for people living on the Tibetan Plateau. As a hybrid offspring of Tibetan yellow cattle and yaks, dzo inherit the advantages of their parent generations. However, the differences in the blood metabolites and ecological adaptability of Tibetan yellow cattle and dzo remain unclear. In this study, we have explored the potential difference in environmental adaptability between these two breeds of animals by analyzing their blood-based physiological and biochemical parameters, serum metabolites, and fecal microorganisms. The results revealed that dzo showed better adaptation to the high-altitude and low-temperature environment of the Tibetan Plateau, as compared to Tibetan yellow cattle. This study provides a basis for understanding the adaptive mechanism of dzo in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This study aimed to investigate the differences in environmental adaptability between dzo and Tibetan yellow cattle by using corresponding assay kits to analyze blood indices, utilizing mass spectrometry for blood metabolite profiling, and performing 16S rDNA sequencing of fecal microbiota. Forty female cattle were randomly divided into a dzomo (female dzo) group (MG, n = 20) and a Tibetan-yellow-cattle group (HG, n = 20). After 150 days of uniform feeding, six cattle from each group were randomly picked for jugular blood sampling and collection of fecal microorganisms. The results showed that the serum albumin, creatinine, total protein, superoxide dismutase, IgG, and IgM concentrations in the MG group were higher (p < 0.05), whereas the serum triglyceride concentration was lower, compared to the HG group (p < 0.05). The higher level of phospholipids containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (PC (18:5e/2:0), PC (20:5e/2:0), LPC 18:2, LPC 20:5) observed in the serum of the dzo suggests that they have an advantage in adapting to the challenging conditions of the plateau environment. The fecal microbiota analysis showed that Akkermansia was significantly enriched in the MG group; this might be the key bacterial genus leading to the strong adaptability of dzo. Our findings indicated the dzo's superior adaptation to the Tibetan Plateau's harsh environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) has proven potential to promote growth and immunity in aquaculture. This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding amorphous Halomonas-PHB to the diet for grouper culture. The findings revealed that supplementation with amorphous Halomonas-PHB did not significantly improve fish growth performance, but it increased the content of fatty acids, including long-chain unsaturated fatty acids C18:1n9, EPA, and DHA in fish muscle. Additionally, it enhanced the resistance of the fish to Vibrio anguillarum possibly by regulating immune-related gene expression in different tissues and organs. These results will contribute valuable insights for the practical application of amorphous Halomonas-PHB in aquaculture. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a bacterial metabolite produced by bacteria such as Halomonas sp. that serves as a carbon and energy storage compound for bacteria under nutrient-limited conditions. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Halomonas-PHB on hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatu ♂). In experiment I, juvenile groupers were fed basal diets supplemented with 3% Halomonas-PHB (3% HM-PHB) containing 1.4% PHB and 3% Halomonas (3% HM) without PHB, as well as a control diet, for seven weeks. The results showed no significant difference in survival rate, weight gain, and crude fat content between the 3% HM-PHB group and the control group; however, the crude protein of the 3% HM-PHB group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Furthermore, supplementation with 3% HM-PHB increased the fatty acids content in fish muscles, including long-chain unsaturated fatty acids C18:1n9, EPA, and DHA. In experiment II, groupers were fed a basal diet supplemented with 6.5% Halomonas-PHB (6.5% HM-PHB) containing 3% PHB and 6.5% Halomonas (6.5% HM) containing no PHB, as well as a basal diet (Control). After seven weeks of rearing, the fish were challenged with Vibrio anguillarum for 48 h. Although no significant difference in survival rate and growth was observed among different groups, the dietary supplement of 6.5% Halomonas-PHB improved the survival rate of V. anguillarum challenged grouper and significantly increased the gene expressions of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in blood, interleukin 1 (IL1) and interleukin 10 (IL10) in the liver, spleen, head kidney, and blood (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Halomonas-PHB had no significantly positive effect on fish growth performance but increased the content of fatty acids, including long-chain unsaturated fatty acids C18:1n9, EPA, and DHA in fish muscle; it also improved the V. anguillarum resistance, possibly through increasing immune-related gene expression in different tissues and organs. Our findings offer compelling evidence that Halomonas-PHB can be utilized as a feed additive in intensive grouper farming to enhance the groupers' resistance to Vibrio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) exert multiple cardioprotective effects, influencing inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial function and lipid metabolism, besides their well-established triglyceride lowering properties. It is not uncommon for omega-3 PUFAs to be prescribed for hypertriglyceridemia, alongside antiplatelet therapy in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. In this regard, we studied the effect of EPA and DHA, in combination with antiplatelet drugs, in platelet aggregation and P-selectin and αIIbβ3 membrane expression. The antiplatelet drugs aspirin and triflusal, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1); ticagrelor, an inhibitor of the receptor P2Y12; vorapaxar, an inhibitor of the PAR-1 receptor, were combined with DHA or EPA and evaluated against in vitro platelet aggregation induced by agonists arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and TRAP-6. We further investigated procaspase-activating compound 1 (PAC-1) binding and P-selectin membrane expression in platelets stimulated with ADP and TRAP-6. Both DHA and EPA displayed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by AA, ADP and TRAP-6. In platelet aggregation induced by AA, DHA significantly improved acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and triflusal's inhibitory activity, while EPA enhanced the inhibitory effect of ASA. In combination with EPA, ASA and ticagrelor expressed an increased inhibitory effect towards ADP-induced platelet activation. Both fatty acids could not improve the inhibitory effect of vorapaxar on AA- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation. In the presence of EPA, all antiplatelet drugs displayed a stronger inhibitory effect towards TRAP-6-induced platelet activation. Both omega-3 PUFAs inhibited the membrane expression of αIIbβ3, though they had no effect on P-selectin expression induced by ADP or TRAP-6. The antiplatelet drugs exhibited heterogeneity regarding their effect on P-selectin and αIIbβ3 membrane expression, while both omega-3 PUFAs inhibited the membrane expression of αIIbβ3, though had no effect on P-selectin expression induced by ADP or TRAP-6. The combinatory effect of DHA and EPA with the antiplatelet drugs did not result in enhanced inhibitory activity compared to the sum of the individual effects of each component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxylipins and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are mediators that coordinate an active process of inflammation resolution. While these mediators have potential as circulating biomarkers for several disease states with inflammatory components, the source of plasma oxylipins/SPMs remains a matter of debate but may involve white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, we aimed to investigate to what extent high or low omega (n)-3 PUFA enrichment affects the production of cytokines and adipokines (RT-PCR), as well as oxylipins/SPMs (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) in the WAT of mice during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation (intraperitoneal injection, 2.5 mg/kg, 24 h). For this purpose, n-3 PUFA genetically enriched mice (FAT-1), which endogenously synthesize n-3 PUFAs, were compared to wild-type mice (WT) and combined with n-3 PUFA-sufficient or deficient diets. LPS-induced systemic inflammation resulted in the decreased expression of most adipokines and interleukin-6 in WAT, whereas the n-3-sufficient diet increased them compared to the deficient diet. The n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid was decreased in WAT of FAT-1 mice, while n-3 derived PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid) and their metabolites (oxylipins/SPMs) were increased in WAT by genetic and nutritional n-3 enrichment. Several oxylipins/SPMs were increased by LPS treatment in WAT compared to PBS-treated controls in genetically n-3 enriched FAT-1 mice. Overall, we show that WAT may significantly contribute to circulating oxylipin production. Moreover, n-3-sufficient or n-3-deficient diets alter adipokine production. The precise interplay between cytokines, adipokines, and oxylipins remains to be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of feeding type on selected quality parameters and the nutritional characteristics of pork fat. Fats were extracted by using the modified Folch method from the groin, jowl and trimming shoulder of pigs fed two types of diets: liquid and dry. The peroxide values and fatty acid profiles, as well as their distribution, in the triacylglycerol molecules were determined. Additionally, nutritional indexes and thermal properties, including the oxidative stability of pork fat, were assessed. Among the tested fats, the groin fat was characterized by the best oxidative stability which did not depend on the diet type used. In the case of jowl and trimming shoulder, a higher share of monounsaturated fatty acids was determined in fats of pigs fed a liquid diet, whereas in the groin, jowl and trimming shoulder fats of pigs fed dry feed, a higher share of polyunsaturated fatty acids was found. Fats extracted from the groin, jowl and trimming shoulder of pigs fed a liquid diet showed a more favorable ratio of n-6 to n-3 acids. Despite the different feeding systems used, tested fats were characterized by a similar distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerol molecules with a positive effect on fat digestibility. It is worth emphasizing that especially in the case of trimming shoulder fat, the influence of a diet used in pigs' nutrition on quality parameters was noticeable. The trimming shoulder fat of pigs fed a liquid diet was characterized by a longer induction time of oxidation, contained less saturated fatty acids and presented a more favorable fatty acid profile with a beneficial distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerol molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesame seeds and their edible oil are highly nutritious and rich in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bioactive compounds such as sterols, tocopherols, and sesamol provide significant medicinal benefits. The high oil content (50%) and favorable mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid balance, as well as resilience to water stress, make sesame a promising candidate crop for global agricultural expansion. However, sesame production faces challenges such as low yields, poor response to agricultural inputs, and losses due to capsule dehiscence. To enhance yield, traits like determinate growth, dwarfism, a high harvest index, non-shattering capsules, disease resistance, and photoperiod sensitivity are needed. These traits can be achieved through variation or induced mutation breeding. Crossbreeding methods often result in unwanted genetic changes. The gene editing CRISPR/Cas9 technology has the potential to suppress detrimental alleles and improve the fatty acid profile by inhibiting polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Even though sesame is an orphan crop, it has entered the genomic era, with available sequences assisting molecular breeding efforts. This progress aids in associating single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) with key economic traits, as well as identifying genes related to adaptability, oil production, fatty acid synthesis, and photosynthesis. Additionally, transcriptomic research can reveal genes involved in abiotic stress responses and adaptation to diverse climates. The mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) can identify loci linked to key traits such as capsule size, seed count per capsule, and capsule number per plant. This article reviews recent advances in sesame breeding, discusses ongoing challenges, and explores potential strategies for future improvement. Hence, integrating advanced genomic tools and breeding strategies provides promising ways to enhance sesame production to meet global demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the thermal stability of omega fatty acid-enriched vegetable oils, focusing on their behavior under high-temperature conditions commonly encountered during frying. This research aims to evaluate changes in fatty acid composition, particularly the degradation of essential omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids, and the formation of harmful compounds such as trans fatty acids (TFAs). Various commercially available vegetable oils labeled as containing omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9, including refined sunflower, high-oleic sunflower, rapeseed, and blends, were analyzed under temperatures from 180 °C to 230 °C for varying durations. The fatty acid profiles were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated a significant degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and an increase in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and TFAs with prolonged heating. The findings highlight the varying degrees of thermal stability among different oils, with high-oleic sunflower and blended oils exhibiting greater resistance to thermal degradation compared to conventional sunflower oils. This study underscores the importance of selecting oils with favorable fatty acid compositions for high-temperature cooking to minimize adverse health effects associated with degraded oil consumption. Furthermore, it provides insights into optimizing oil blends to enhance thermal stability and maintain nutritional quality, crucial for consumer health and food industry practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of horse and donkey meat in the production of kaddid—a traditional dish typically not made with these meats—from a physical and chemical perspective. The results showed that both meats exhibit similar water retention during cooking, contributing to comparable tenderness and juiciness, with no significant differences in pH values, indicating similar quality (p > 0.05). However, their amino acid profiles differ: horse meat contains lower levels of glutamate (p < 0.05), methionine (p < 0.01), isoleucine (p < 0.05), and leucine (p < 0.05), but higher levels of proline (p < 0.05), histidine (p < 0.01), and lysine (p < 0.001) compared to donkey meat. Both meats provide essential amino acids. Horse meat is richer in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (32.44% and 39.58%, respectively), while donkey meat has a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (31.51%), with a more favorable PUFA/SFA ratio, suggesting better cardiovascular health benefits. In terms of dried meat, donkey kaddid has a higher protein (17.45 g/100 g) and lower fat content (2.1 g/100 g) compared to horse kaddid (16.7 g/100 g, and 3.5 g/100 g, respectively) (p < 0.05). These findings inform consumer choices and production practices, promoting the use of horse and donkey meat for kaddid production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of different varieties of camellia oils and their diacylglycerol (DAG)-enriched derivatives in terms of triacylglycerol (TAG) species, bioactive components, volatile compounds, and antioxidant activity. Six types of camellia oils, including C. oleifera (C.O), C. semiserrata (C.S), C. gauchowensis (C.G), along with commercially refined C. oleifera oil (C-C.O) and its DAG-enriched counterparts (at 40% and 80% enrichment), were analyzed and compared. Unique patterns of TAG profiles, fatty acid distributions on different glycerol backbones, tocopherol, squalene, total polyphenols, and volatile compounds were observed, suggesting that these characteristics can be utilized as a criterion to differentiate them. DAG-enriched oils exhibited increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) compared to C-C.O, albeit with decreased contents of tocopherol, squalene, and total polyphenols. Moreover, diverse volatile compounds were identified across all types of camellia oils, among which the DAG-enriched oils had distinct distribution characteristics compared with their crude oils, indicating the influence of the enrichment process on volatile compounds. Furthermore, DAG-enriched oils demonstrated reduced antioxidant activity abilities compared to their counterparts, with the highest activity observed in C.O, followed by C.G. Additionally, strong correlations were observed between antioxidant activity and tocopherol, as well as squalene content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeria are Gram-negative intracellular foodborne pathogens that can cause invasive infections with high mortality rates. In this work, the antibacterial activity of ten essential oils, infusion extracts, and decoction extracts of some medicinal plants was tested against Listeria monocytogenes and listeria ivanovii strains. The effects of different physical conditions including temperature, pH, sodium chloride, and some organic acids were studied. The results showed that the water extracts gave the maximum bacterial inhibition, while ethanolic extract was inactive against the tested Listeria spp. The antibiotic sensitivity of L. monocytogenes LMG10470 and L. ivanovii LMZ11352 was tested against five antibiotics including imipenem, levofloxacin, amikacin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin. Imipenem was the most effective antibiotic, resulting in inhibition zones of 40 mm and 31 mm for L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii, respectively. When imipenem mixed with Syzygium aromaticum oil, Salvia officinalis oil, Pimpinella anisum infusion, and Mentha piperita infusion each, the water extract of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds against LMG10470 and LMZ11352 resulted in broader antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial activity of both Pimpinella anisum and Mentha piperita plant extracts is related to a variety of bioactive compounds indicated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of these two plant extracts. These two plant extracts seemed to contain many chemical compounds elucidated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and infrared radiation spectra. These compounds could be classified into different chemical groups such as ethers, heterocyclic compounds, aromatic aldehydes, condensed heterocyclic compounds, ketones, alicyclic compounds, aromatics, esters, herbicides, saturated fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acids. The use of these natural compounds seems to be a useful technological adjuvant for the control of Listeria spp. in foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nigella sativa, also known as black cumin, is esteemed for its rich reservoir of health-benefitting phytoconstituents nestled within its seeds. The composition of its seeds can be influenced by factors such as genotype diversity and agricultural practices. Understanding these dynamics is important for maximizing the nutritional and medicinal attributes of the seeds. This study investigated how different genotypes, growing densities, and sowing times affect oil yield and phytoconstituents of Nigella seeds in Northern Australia. The aim was to find the optimal combination of these factors to maximize desirable compounds. Our findings revealed variability in oil yield and phytoconstituents among different genotypes, growing densities, and sowing times. No single genotype stood out as having elevated levels of all desired compounds. For instance, genotype AVTKS#5 had high total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity, while AVTKS#8 and AVTKS#7 excelled in thymoquinone (TQ) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), respectively. Planting density had a nuanced impact, with no significant effect on oil yield and CUPRAC values, but higher densities decreased TPC, FRAP, and TQ. Interestingly, seeds cultivated at 20 and 30 plants/m2 had higher ratios of MUFAs/SFAs, PUFAs/SFAs, and (MUFAs + PUFAs)/SFAs, indicating the importance of planting density in shaping fatty acid profiles. Sowing times also had a noticeable effect, with late sowing leading to a decrease in oil yield from 19% to 14%. May-sown seeds had higher TPC, FRAP, CUPRAC, and fatty acid ratios, while TQ levels peaked in June-sown seeds. Our study highlighted positive correlations among TPC, FRAP, CUPRAC, and TQ, emphasizing their collective contribution to the nutritional and medicinal potency of Nigella seeds. Fatty acids, on the other hand, showed no significant correlation with these parameters, indicating independent regulation. In summary, our comprehensive analysis provides insights into the factors (genotype and agronomic practice) that shape the phytochemical profile of Nigella seeds, and suggests better genotype, planting density, and time of sowing for the cultivation and quality production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almond cultivation has a long-standing tradition on the island of Majorca, traditionally practiced under rainfed conditions. Currently, new plantations are established with irrigation; however, due to present conditions and the impacts of climate change, water availability is limited. The Government of the Balearic Islands permits a maximum water supply of 3000 m3 ha−1 per year for almond cultivation. In this study, a 6-year field trial was conducted to investigate the adaptation of fourteen almond cultivars obtained from different research centers under deficit irrigation practices in the soil and climatic conditions of Majorca Island. The cultivars had a significant effect on trunk cross-sectional area TCSA, cumulative almond in-shell yield, cumulative kernel yield, yield efficiency, and shelling percentage. The 'Marta' and 'Tarraco' cultivars exhibited the highest TCSA values. Regarding cumulative almond in-shell yield, 'Glorieta' and 'Constantí' produced the highest yields, whereas the lowest yields were observed in 'Mardía' and 'Tarraco'. In terms of shelling percentage, 'Ferragnès' exhibited the highest value. Kernel quality parameters were cultivar-specific. Additionally, oleic acid content was strongly negatively correlated with linoleic acid content. All cultivars exhibited an unsaturated fatty acid content exceeding 90%, with 'Masbovera' showing the highest value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the biosynthetic pathway of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) of Sinonovacula constricta is essential for utilizing its LC-PUFA resources. Methyl-end (or "ωx") desaturases are the rate-limiting enzymes in LC-PUFA biosynthesis, catalyzing the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid (LA) or LA to α-linolenic acid. However, their presence in S. constricta remains uncertain. Herein, we identified two ωx desaturase-like genes within the S. constricta genome, both located on the ninth chromosome possibly due to genome duplication. These genes exhibited nearly identical sequences, differing by only one amino acid, and each encodes a 354-residue peptide with typical ωx desaturase characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these putative ωx desaturases with similar enzymes from other invertebrates. However, when heterologously expressed in yeast, they exhibited no detectable desaturation activity. This suggests either non-functionality in yeast or extremely subtle desaturation abilities. Additionally, both genes displayed the highest expression in the inhalant siphon rather than in digestive tissues and exhibited relatively high expression throughout the development stages of S. constricta, except in zygotes. These findings suggest potential in vivo functional roles for these ωx desaturases in S. constricta. Collectively, these results significantly enrich our understanding of the repertoire of LC-PUFA biosynthetic enzymes in this important bivalve species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food industry is intensifying its effort to enrich food composition in various nutrients through animal feeding, but these challenges can be limited by the costly feed resources, water scarcity, and pesticide pollution, making it crucial to explore alternative feedstuffs with fewer requirements. Blackthorns and hawthorns are characterized by their rich phytochemical and antioxidant profiles, suggesting their potential to enhance the performance of ruminants though the supply of bioactive substances. Our study revealed their rich composition of micronutrients; hawthorns showed a remarkable amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (57.23 g FAME/100 g total FAME), particularly omega-3 and omega-6, while blackthorn presented higher concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids, specifically oleic acid (56.99 g FAME/100 g total FAME). In terms of lipo-soluble antioxidants, blackthorn exhibited higher levels of xanthophyll and vitamin E (123.83 mg/kg DM), including its isomers (alpha, gamma, and delta). Concerning the water-soluble antioxidants, hawthorns showed elevated composition of the total content of flavonoids and polyphenols, comparing with blackthorn. Moreover, hawthorns showed a high antioxidant capacity, as assessed through DPPH, ABTS, and TAC analyses. In terms of the scavenging capacity of blackthorn and hawthorn against superoxide radicals, blackthorn had higher radical scavenging potential against superoxide radicals, compared to hawthorn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin condition with significant metabolic complications. Although lipid metabolism is linked to its pathogenesis, reliable biomarkers and the impact of modifiable factors remain underexplored. The aim of the present study was to identify potential biomarkers, study the affected metabolic networks, and assess the role of dietary and lifestyle factors in psoriasis. Plasma samples from 56 patients with psoriasis and 49 healthy controls were analyzed, as part of the Metabolic Biomarkers in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Psoriasis (METHAP) clinical trial. Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 23 fatty acids and their ratios were quantified, revealing significant changes in psoriasis. Specifically, lower levels of α-linoleic acid (C18:3n3), linoleic acid (C18:2n6), and gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3n6) were observed along with higher levels of eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n3), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3), and erucic acid (C22:1n9). Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were significantly decreased, and the ratio of saturated to total fatty acids (SFA/Total) was increased in psoriasis (p-values < 0.0001). Linear regression identified α-linoleic acid, linoleic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid as potential biomarkers for psoriasis, adjusting for demographic, dietary, and lifestyle confounders. Network analysis revealed key contributors in the metabolic reprogramming of psoriasis. These findings highlight the association between psoriasis and fatty acid biomarkers of inflammation, insulin resistance and micronutrients deficiency, suggesting their potency in disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Membrane lipid composition is crucial for growth and adaptation in organisms. This study examines the changes in membrane lipids during the development of the moss Physcomitrium patens. We found that during vegetative stages, especially in the protonema, the moss exhibits high lipid content and a significant presence of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, like arachidonic acid (C20:4). These lipids, not found in vascular plants, likely help mosses adapt to cold climates and other stresses by maintaining membrane fluidity. Additionally, galactolipids such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol are abundant, supporting chloroplast formation. As the moss transitions to the sporophyte stage, lipid composition shifts. Galactolipids decrease, while phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidic acid increase. These changes are linked to stress protection and gametangia formation. The increased PC relative to phosphatidylethanolamine in sporophytes suggests a protective mechanism against environmental stresses. Our findings highlight the importance of membrane lipids in moss development and adaptation. Future research should explore the role of lipids in stress responses and evolutionary adaptations in bryophytes, offering insights into plant lipid biology and evolution. Membrane lipid composition is critical for an organism's growth, adaptation, and functionality. Mosses, as early non-vascular land colonizers, show significant adaptations and changes, but their dynamic membrane lipid alterations remain unexplored. Here, we investigated the temporal changes in membrane lipid composition of the moss Physcomitrium patens during five developmental stages and analyzed the acyl content and composition of the lipids. We observed a gradual decrease in total lipid content from the filamentous protonema stage to the reproductive sporophytes. Notably, we found significant levels of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid (C20:4), which are not reported in vascular plants and may aid mosses in cold and abiotic stress adaptation. During vegetative stages, we noted high levels of galactolipids, especially monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, associated with chloroplast biogenesis. In contrast, sporophytes displayed reduced galactolipids and elevated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid, which are linked to membrane integrity and environmental stress protection. Additionally, we observed a gradual decline in the average double bond index across all lipid classes from the protonema stage to the gametophyte stage. Overall, our findings highlight the dynamic nature of membrane lipid composition during moss development, which might contribute to its adaptation to diverse growth conditions, reproductive processes, and environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Poplar forests are significantly threatened by Hyphantria cunea in China. Although previous studies have identified variations in resistance among the different poplar clones to this pest, the induced mechanisms behind the resistance are not yet well understood. This research investigated the dynamic changes in the defensive enzymes and metabolic profiles in resistant '2KEN8' and susceptible 'Nankang' with or without feeding by H. cunea. The findings suggested that the resistant poplar clone initiated an earlier and stronger accumulation of defensive enzymes, and metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and unsaturated fatty acids than the susceptible one after infestation. These changes might contribute to inhibition of larva development in '2KEN8'. The present results are helpful for revealing the mechanisms of poplar resistance to H. cunea and breeding resistant varieties. Poplar trees are significant for both economic and ecological purposes, and the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) poses a major threat to their plantation in China. The preliminary resistance assessment in the previous research indicated that there were differences in resistance to the insect among these varieties, with '2KEN8' being more resistant and 'Nankang' being more susceptible. The present study analyzed the dynamic changes in the defensive enzymes and metabolic profiles of '2KEN8' and 'Nankang' at 24 hours post-infestation (hpi), 48 hpi, and 96 hpi. The results demonstrated that at the same time points, compared to susceptible 'Nankang', the leaf consumption by H. cunea in '2KEN8' was smaller, and the larval weight gain was slower, exhibiting clear resistance to the insect. Biochemical analysis revealed that the increased activity of the defensive enzymes in '2KEN8' triggered by the feeding of H. cunea was significantly higher than that of 'Nankang'. Metabolomics analysis indicated that '2KEN8' initiated an earlier and more intense reprogramming of the metabolic profile post-infestation. In the early stages of infestation, the differential metabolites induced in '2KEN8' primarily included phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and unsaturated fatty acids, which are related to the biosynthesis pathways of phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, unsaturated fatty acids, and jasmonates. The present study is helpful for identifying the metabolic biomarkers for inductive resistance to H. cunea and lays a foundation for the further elucidation of the chemical resistance mechanism of poplar trees against this insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanogenesis, essential for skin photoprotection and pigmentation, can lead to disorders like melasma and hyperpigmentation, which are challenging to treat and affect quality of life. Docosatrienoic acid (DTA), a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid, has been identified as a potential regulator of skin aging. This study investigates DTA's effects on melanogenesis and its underlying molecular mechanisms using in silico and in vitro analyses. SwissSimilarity analysis revealed that DTA shares close structural similarities with known anti-melanogenic lipids, suggesting it may inhibit melanogenesis in similar manners. Our results demonstrated that DTA reduces melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells, significantly downregulating the mRNA expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 by inhibiting MITF translocation to the nucleus. While DTA exhibited mild inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase activity and antioxidant properties at higher concentrations, direct inhibition of tyrosinase is likely not the primary mechanism, as the observed anti-melanogenic effects occurred at much lower concentrations compared to those required for direct tyrosinase inhibition. Together, DTA-mediated modulation of MITF and tyrosinase mRNA expression offers a novel approach to treating hyperpigmentation. DTA's potential extends into the cosmetic industry, enhancing product stability, functionality, and aesthetics. Further research is needed to explore DTA's broader applications in skincare and cosmetic formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triglycerides are the main storage form of oil in plant seeds. Both fatty acids and triglycerides possess important functions in the process of plant growth and development. To improve the seed oil content and improve its fatty acid composition, this paper analyzed the research progress on the oil regulation and synthesis metabolism process of plant seeds and summarized the strategies for the improvement of plant seed oil: (a) To regulate carbon distribution by inhibiting the expression of genes encoding key enzymes, allocating carbon sources into the protein synthesis pathway, and enhancing the expression of key genes encoding key enzymes, leading carbon sources into the synthesis pathway of fatty acids; (b) To intervene in lipid synthesis by promoting the biosynthesis of fatty acids and improving the expression level of key genes encoding enzymes in the triacylglycerol (TAG) assembly process; (c) To improve seed oil quality by altering the plant fatty acid composition and regulating the gene expression of fatty acid desaturase, as well as introducing an exogenous synthesis pathway of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; (d) To regulate the expression of transcription factors for lipid synthesis metabolism to increase the seed oil content. In addition, this article reviews the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant fatty acids, the synthesis of triacylglycerol, and the regulation process. It also summarizes the regulatory roles of transcription factors such as WRI, LEC, and Dof on the key enzymes during the synthesis process. This review holds significant implications for research on the genetic engineering applications in plant seed lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the fatty acid composition of five strains from the genera Chlorella, Micractinium, and Meyerella and conduct an initial assessment of their biotechnological potential. It was found that the strain C. vulgaris VKM Al-335 is a good producer of palmitic acid, the Micractinium strains VKM Al-332 and VKM Al-343 are rich in ω-3 fatty acids, whereas the Meyerella strains VKM Al-346 and VKM Al-428 are producers of ω-6 fatty acids. A comparison of the biotechnological potential of algae with that of higher plant leaves (wheat) demonstrates that algal fatty acids exhibit greater diversity, although it is inferior to wheat leaves in terms of polyunsaturated and ω-3 fatty acids. Correlation analysis showed that when only straight-chain fatty acids were considered, the strains were distributed on the principal component analysis plot in accordance with their genetic relationships. However, when the entire fatty acid profile, inclusive of minor branched-chain and cyclic fatty acids, was analyzed, the algae distribution was in accordance with the environmental conditions in the original habitat, suggesting a possible connection between branched-chain and cyclic fatty acids and microalgae adaptability to environmental temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algal lipidomics is a new field of research that is gaining increasing popularity. The use of high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) has made it possible to accurately determine the structure of each lipid molecule in a sample. Since algae are considered as a promising source of various compounds with pharmacological and biotechnological potential, including bioactive lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipidomics research of this group of organisms are of particular interest. The algae lipidome has high plasticity, which is due to the influence of abiotic and biotic environmental factors, and the observed changes in lipid composition are, as a rule, adaptive reactions. This review examines current research in the field of algal lipidomics, discusses the results of studying the influence of various environmental factors, such as temperature, light intensity, nutrient concentration, epi- and endophytic infections on the algae lipidome, and seasonal and geographical plasticity of algae lipidome; questions about the adaptation mechanisms of algae at the level of individual lipid molecular species are considered, and gaps in this area of research are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB methylated cyclodextrin derivative displays less methylated group substitution than randomly methylated cyclodextrin. It has demonstrated an impact on atherosclerosis and neurological diseases, linked in part to cholesterol complexation and immune response, however, its impact on inflammatory cascade pathways is not clear. Thus, the impact of KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB on various pharmacological targets was assessed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells under physiological and inflammatory conditions, followed by screening against twelve human primary cell-based systems designed to model complex human tissue and disease biology of the vasculature, skin, lung, and inflammatory tissues using the BioMAP® Diversity PLUS® panel. Finally, its anti-inflammatory mechanism was investigated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells to evaluate anti-inflammatory or pro-resolving properties. The results showed that KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB can modulate the immune system in vitro and potentially manage vascular issues by stimulating the expression of molecules involved in the crosstalk between immune cells and other cell types. It showed anti-inflammatory effects that were driven by the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and could have different impacts on different tissue types. Moreover, this cyclodextrin showed no clear impact on pro-resolving lipid mediators. Additionally, it appeared that the mechanism of action of KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB seems to not be shared by other well-known anti-inflammatory molecules. Finally, KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB may have an anti-inflammatory impact, which could be due to its effect on receptors such as TLR or direct complexation with LPS or PGE2, and conversely, this methylated cyclodextrin could stimulate a pro-inflammatory response involving lipid mediators and on proteins involved in communication with immune cells, probably via interaction with membrane cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity-related metabolic disorders, including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease, increasingly threaten global health. Uncontrolled inflammation is a key pathophysiological factor in many of these conditions. In the human body, inflammatory responses generate specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which are crucial for resolving inflammation and restoring tissue balance. SPMs derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) such as resolvins, protectins, and maresins hold promise in attenuating the chronic inflammatory diseases associated with lipid metabolism disorders. Recent research has highlighted the therapeutic potential of n-3 PUFA-derived metabolites in addressing these metabolic disorders. However, the understanding of the pharmacological aspects of SPMs, particularly in obesity-related metabolic disorders, remains limited. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of SPMs in resolving metabolic disorders, based on studies in animal models and humans. These studies indicate that SPMs have potential as therapeutic targets for combating obesity, as well as offering insights into their mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major factor limiting the development of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology is the low success rate of pregnancy, mainly due to placental abnormalities disrupting the maternal-fetal balance during pregnancy. Although there has been some progress in research on the abnormal enlargement of cloned bovine placenta, there are still few reports on the direct regulatory mechanisms of enlarged cloned bovine placenta tissue. In this study, we conducted sequencing and analysis of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics of placental tissues from SCNT cattle (n = 3) and control (CON) cattle (n = 3). The omics analysis results indicate abnormalities in biological functions such as protein digestion and absorption, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the regulation of lipid breakdown, as well as glycerolipid metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism in the placenta of SCNT cattle. Integrating these analyses highlights critical metabolic pathways affecting SCNT cattle placenta, including choline metabolism and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. These findings suggest that aberrant expressions of genes, proteins, and metabolites in SCNT placentas affect key pathways in protein digestion, growth hormone function, and energy metabolism. Our results suggest that abnormal protein synthesis, growth hormone function, and energy metabolism in SCNT bovine placental tissues contribute to placental hypertrophy. These findings offer valuable insights for further investigation into the mechanisms underlying SCNT bovine placental abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nutritional approach could be a promising strategy to prevent or decrease the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuroprotective role of walnut oil (WO) was investigated in Drosophila melanogaster treated with rotenone (Rot), as a PD model, WO, or their combination, and compared to controls. WO reduced mortality and improved locomotor activity impairment after 3 and 7 days, induced by Rot. LC-MS analyses of fatty acid levels in Drosophila heads showed a significant increase in linolenic (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) both in flies fed with the WO-enriched diet and in those treated with the association of WO with Rot. Flies supplemented with the WO diet showed an increase in brain dopamine (DA) level, while Rot treatment significantly depleted dopamine content; conversely, the association of Rot with WO did not modify DA content compared to controls. The greater intake of ALA and LA in the enriched diet enhanced their levels in Drosophila brain, suggesting a neuroprotective role of polyunsaturated fatty acids against Rot-induced neurotoxicity. The involvement of the dopaminergic system in the improvement of behavioral and biochemical parameters in Drosophila fed with WO is also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the mechanism of oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters and presents the effect of temperature as one of the factors accelerating this process. The consequences of aging for ester-based biofuels are discussed extensively. The article presents the results of aging of FAMEs obtained from frying oil and of FAMEs derived from unrefined rapeseed oil to examine the influence of temperature as a factor accelerating aging. Acid, peroxide and anisidine values were determined for each sample; additionally, IR spectra were measured. Based on the results, it was confirmed that temperature has a significant effect on the degradation of FAMEs. These changes are best represented by the anisidine value and the change in IR spectra. The paper presents the relationship between acid, peroxide and anisidine values. This paper also highlights the beneficial effect of natural antioxidants in the form of β–carotene, which is found in FAMEs derived from unrefined rapeseed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pericyte coverage of microvessels is altered in metabolic diseases, but the mechanisms regulating pericyte–endothelial cell communication remain unclear. This study investigated the formation and function of pericyte tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) and their impact on endothelial cell metabolism. TNTs were analyzed in vitro in retinas and co-cultures of pericytes and endothelial cells. Using mass spectrometry, the influence of pericytes on endothelial cell metabolism was examined. TNTs were present in the murine retina, and although diabetes was associated with a decrease in pericyte coverage, TNTs were longer. In vitro, pericytes formed TNTs in the presence of PDGF, extending toward endothelial cells and facilitating mitochondrial transport from pericytes to endothelial cells. In experiments with mitochondria-depleted endothelial cells displaying defective TCA cycle metabolism, pericytes restored the mitochondrial network and metabolism. 19,20-Dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid (19,20-DHDP), known to disrupt pericyte–endothelial cell junctions, prevented TNT formation and metabolic rescue in mitochondria-depleted endothelial cells. 19,20-DHDP also caused significant changes in the protein composition of pericyte-endothelial cell junctions and involved pathways related to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PDGF receptor, and RhoA signaling. Pericyte TNTs contact endothelial cells and support mitochondrial transfer, influencing metabolism. This protective mechanism is disrupted by 19,20-DHDP, a fatty acid mediator linked to diabetic retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural derivative of amino acids. They are acted upon by enzymes in the liver and transformed into essential components of the energy metabolism of muscle and nervous tissue. Although the animal synthesizes creatine, the amount is less than necessary for high growth rates, according to researchers. GAA consumed by cattle reduces fat between muscle fibers and serum cholesterol. It has a mild but positive effect on the fatty acid profile of meat—i.e., it increases myristoleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids. We also concluded that GAA consumption increases the amount of volatile fatty acids in the rumen, especially acetic, propionic, and butyric acid. We draw attention to the acetic acid related to lipid synthesis. With the increase in population, it is increasingly necessary to produce food more efficiently. This has expanded the market for additives, which are products that directly (nutritional effect) or indirectly (effect on animal health) favor productivity. Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural precursor of creatine. It acts as an energy reserve in skeletal muscle. In addition to being a compound with more significant bioavailability, it is more thermally stable and less expensive than creatine. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether adding GAA to the cattle diet would alter the meat's composition and fatty acid profile. We used 24 Holstein cattle males (409 ± 5.6 kg), approximately 15 months old, and separated them into four homogeneous groups, one being the control group and three groups with various dosages of GAA in the diets (3.3; 6.6, and 9.9 g/animal/day), for an experimental period of 60 days. Blood, rumen fluid, and animal weighing were performed at three points (days 1, 30, and 60), and daily feed consumption was measured. Steers fed with GAA (9.9 g/d) showed a 16.9% increase in average daily gain (ADG) compared to the control group. These same animals (T-9.9 group) fed with GAA showed a 20% increase in fed efficiency compared to the control group. Lower leukocyte, lymphocyte, and granulocyte counts and lower cholesterol levels were observed in animals that consumed 6.6 g and 9.9 g/d GAA compared to the control group. Animals from the T-6.6 and T-9.9 groups showed 30% and 27.6% reduced bacterial activity in the rumen compared to the control group, respectively. Steers from the T-6.6 and T-9.9 groups fed with GAA showed a 20% and 37% increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) compared to the control group, respectively. A higher concentration of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids in the ruminal fluid of cattle T-9.9 group was observed at day 60. The two highest doses of GAA showed lower fat levels in the meat, just as the cattle that received 9.9 g/d showed higher levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Complementary data results draw attention to the dose of 9.9 g/d GAA in cattle diets, as anti-inflammatory action can be seen and combined with a higher concentration of SCFAs, consequently increases weight gain. We concluded that consuming this GAA increases the concentration of some unsaturated fatty acids (omegas) in the meat, which adds quality to the product for the consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dietary lipids are the main source of energy for the development of fish larvae, and an adequate supply of essential fatty acids is essential for rapidly growing larvae. Mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) has been cultivated widely because of its advantages of a fast growth rate, strong disease resistance, and high feed conversion rate. In this study, mirror carp larvae were fed iso-nitrogen (approximately 33% dietary protein) diets with different lipid levels (3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 11%, and 13%), and the weight gain rate, serum lipid-related indices, muscle amino acid and fatty acid contents, liver lipid deposition, antioxidant enzyme activity, and expression of genes related to growth and fat metabolism were determined in different experimental groups. The optimal dietary lipid requirement of the mirror carp cultivar (6.86 ± 0.95 g) was 9%. This study provides data for improving the breeding of new common carp varieties with unsaturated fatty acids. In fish, increasing the crude lipid level of feed can save protein and improve feed utilization. Mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most widely farmed fish species in the world. In this study, mirror carp larvae were fed isonitrogenous diets with different lipid levels (3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 11%, and 13%). The rearing trial lasted for eight weeks. The results revealed that when the fat content was 9%, the AWGR, WGR, and FCR were highest, whereas FCR was lowest. The AWGR was correlated with the dietary lipid level, and the regression equation was y = −2.312x2 + 45.01x + 214.49. Compared with those in the control group, the T-CHO and TG contents were significantly greater in the 13% lipid content groups and significantly lower in the 9% lipid content groups (p < 0.05). In terms of muscle quality, the contents of MUFAs, PUFAs, and DHA + EPA were significantly greater than those in the other experimental groups (p < 0.05). Oil red O staining revealed a lipid content of 13% with severe fat deposition. In addition, the results of the analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity revealed that the activities of GSH, CAT and T-AOC were significantly greater at the 9% lipid content, and that the MDA content was significantly greater at the 13% lipid content (p < 0.05). Similarly, the mRNA levels of GH, IGF-I, FAS, and LPL were significantly highest at a lipid level of 9% (p < 0.05). The above results revealed that the optimal dietary lipid requirement for the fast growth of mirror carp (6.86 ± 0.95 g) was 9.74% on the basis of nonlinear regression analysis of the AWGR. The dietary lipid level (9%) improved the growth, stress resistance, and lipid utilization of mirror carp to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The use of alternative feed sources such as Chlorella vulgaris in diets for birds, particularly for laying hens, has been gaining attention due to its potential benefits. This study evaluates how different dietary levels of Chlorella vulgaris affect the productive performance and physical quality of eggs from laying hens. The results indicated that the incorporation of Chlorella vulgaris in the diets of the hens had a limited impact on performance parameters and positively influenced egg quality and yolk color. Chlorella vulgaris (CV) is a microalga with considerable nutritional value, containing high levels of protein, carotenoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have the potential to positively influence the productive performance and egg quality of laying hens. CV emerges as a more sustainable ingredient than soybean meal (SBM) as it can be produced locally and with fewer inputs. In this regard, a study was conducted with 48 H&N Brown Nick strain laying hens, at 19 weeks of age, over a period of 16 weeks. The hens were divided into four treatments, with 12 replicates each. The treatments consisted of providing four different diets: a control diet based on corn and SBM without the inclusion of CV, and three other diets with partial substitution of SBM by 2.5, 5, and 10% of CV. The results showed that the inclusion of CV in the diets did not significantly affect feed intake, feed conversion ratio, or egg production (p > 0.05). In addition, moderate CV levels increased egg weight, while higher levels reduced it. Haugh units, yolk index, albumen index, egg surface area, specific density, and translucency were not affected (p > 0.05), while shell index and shell thickness were lower in the groups that received the CV (p < 0.0001). Yolk color improved significantly with increasing CV levels (p < 0.0001), with darker, more intensely colored yolks at higher CV concentrations. The results of this study suggest that the incorporation of CV in the diet of laying hens had a limited impact on performance parameters. In addition, CV supplementation can positively influence egg quality and yolk color, although careful consideration of optimal levels is necessary to avoid negative effects on other parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study aimed to compare and analyze the metabolic differences in perirenal adipose tissue between Angus cattle and Chinese Simmental cattle. The results showed that the perirenal fat of Angus cattle had a larger cell area and stronger lipid deposition ability than that of Chinese Simmental cattle. Subsequently, 12 metabolites that may cause differences were screened out by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technology. This study provides some basic data for further understanding the metabolic pattern of perirenal fat. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the differences in metabolites in perirenal fat (PF) between Chinese Simmental cattle and Angus cattle. Six healthy 18-month-old male Angus cattle and Chinese Simmental cattle were selected, and the perirenal adipose tissue was collected after slaughtering. HE staining, a triglyceride assay kit, and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology were used to compare and analyze the differences in the cell morphology, lipid accumulation, and metabolites of the two types of PF. The results showed that the PF of Angus cattle had a larger cell area and stronger lipid deposition ability than that of Simmental cattle. A total of 567 metabolites were detected by LC-MS/MS technology, of which 119 were significantly upregulated in Angus cattle PF and 129 were significantly upregulated in Simmental cattle PF. Differential metabolites were enriched in pathways such as fatty acid biosynthesis, polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, regulation of adipocyte lipolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation. Finally, 12 metabolites that may cause phenotypic differences between the two types of perirenal adipose tissue were screened out from these pathways. This study has preliminarily screened out biomarkers that may affect lipid metabolism in PF, providing basic data for the further exploration of the metabolic characteristics of PF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Adding the phytoactive mixture to the dairy cows' diet positively affected animal nutrition and health, improving Jersey production efficiency. The intake of phytogenics improved milk quality, reduced somatic cell counts, and increased unsaturated fatty acids. The intake of phytogenics per cow protected the mammary gland from bacteria Streptococcus spp. The phytoactive mixture directly affected the digestibility and modulation of the volatile fatty acid profile. The phytoactive mixture positively affected immune and antioxidant responses and anti-inflammatory action. This study's objective was to evaluate whether adding a combination of phytoactive (microencapsulated essential oils, minerals, turmeric extract, tannin, prebiotic, and probiotic) to the feed of lactating Jersey cows positively affects the production, composition, and quality of milk, rumen environment, and animal health. Fourteen Jersey cows were divided into two groups (control and phytogenic) for an experiment with two lactation phases of 45 days each (early lactation and mid-lactation). During the experiment, milk production was higher at various times in cows that consumed phytoactive, and these animals had the best feed efficiency. In mid-lactation, phytoactive intake increased nutrient digestibility. The number of lymphocytes in the blood is reduced when cows consume phytoactive substances. Globulin levels increased in these cows fed with the additive, which may be related to a higher concentration of immunoglobulins, especially IgA. Cows fed phytoactives had lower ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin concentrations. Lower serum lipid peroxidation, associated with greater glutathione S-transferase activity, is a good health indicator in cows that consume phytoactive substances. The higher concentration of volatile fatty acids was due to the higher proportion of acetic acid in the ruminal fluid combined with lower butyric acid. Somatic cell counts in milk were lower in cows that consumed phytoactives during mid-lactation, as well as the effect of the treatment on Streptococcus spp. (lower in cows that consumed the additive). We conclude that consuming the additive benefits cows' health modulates rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility, and positively affects milk production and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Protein and energy supplementation increases the performance of pasture-finished cattle. Three low-intake supplementation strategies (restricted, low, and moderate) were tested during the post-weaning and finishing steers on pasture for 310 days. The moderate supplementation strategy (use of 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg of body weight of concentrated supplementation during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively) increased the weight and fat content of the steers' carcass and the intramuscular fat of the beef. However, steers consuming the moderate supplementation strategy produced meat with lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids. We recommend the use of 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg of body weight of concentrated supplementation during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively, in the post-weaning and finishing steers on tropical pastures. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of three supplementation strategies on intake, apparent digestibility, feeding behavior, performance, carcass traits, proximate composition, and the fatty acid profile of meat from steers on tropical pasture during the post-weaning and finishing stages. The experiment involved 33 1/2 Holstein × 1/2 castrated Zebu steers weighing 335 ± 42.90 kg, aged 22 ± 2 m. The animals were managed on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu using an intermittent grazing system with continuous stocking and variable stocking rates for 310 days. The supplementation strategies were as follows: MS/US (mineral salt/urea supplementation): mineral salt in the rainy season and mineral salt with urea in the dry season; US/PS1 (urea supplementation/protein supplementation): mineral salt with urea in the rainy season and protein supplement at 1 g/kg body weight (BW) in the dry season; and PS1/PS2 (protein supplementation 1/protein supplementation 2): protein supplement at 1 g/kg BW in the rainy season and 2 g/kg BW in the dry season. The dry matter intake did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between strategies. However, the post-weaning PS1/PS2 strategy resulted in higher (p < 0.05) crude protein intake. The final body weight did not differ (p > 0.05) between the strategies, but the average daily gain in post-weaning and finishing was higher (p < 0.05) for MS/US (restricted) animals. Carcass weight, subcutaneous fat thickness, and lipid content in meat were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for steers in the PS1/PS2 group. Steers finished on MS/US produced meat with a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and ω-3 fatty acids (p < 0.05). Concentrate supplementation at 1 g/kg BW during the rainy season and 2 g/kg BW during the dry season is recommended for post-weaning and finishing steers on tropical pasture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Intermittent and chronic hypoxia are common and harmful to marine animals. The tiger puffer is a representative species of the family Tetraodontidae, which has only slit-like gill openings and is susceptible to hypoxia stress. Both intermittent and chronic hypoxia decrease the growth and visceral weight of tiger puffer but increase the feed conversion ratio and blood hemoglobin content. Chronic hypoxia but not intermittent hypoxia promoted protein synthesis and the glycolysis pathway. Intermittent hypoxia but not chronic hypoxia decreased lipid synthesis and monounsaturated fatty acids content but increased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. These changes promoted the adaption of tiger puffer to intermittent and chronic hypoxia. Intermittent and chronic hypoxia are common stresses to marine fish, but the different responses of fish to intermittent and chronic hypoxia have not been well-known. In this study, tiger puffers were farmed in normoxia conditions (NO, 6.5 ± 0.5 mg/L), intermittent hypoxia (IH, 6.5 ± 0.5 mg/L in the day and 3.5 ± 0.5 mg/L in the night), or choric hypoxia (CH, 3.5 ± 0.5 mg/L) conditions for 4 weeks, after which the growth, nutrient metabolism and three hifα isoforms expression were measured. Both intermittent and chronic hypoxia decreased the fish growth and visceral weight but increased the feed conversion ratio and blood hemoglobin content. Chronic hypoxia but not intermittent hypoxia promoted protein synthesis and whole-fish protein content by activating mtor gene expression and promoted the glycolysis pathway by activating gene expression of hif1α and hif2α. Intermittent hypoxia but not chronic hypoxia decreased the hepatic lipid synthesis by inhibiting fasn and srebf1 gene expression. Meanwhile, intermittent hypoxia reduced the monounsaturated fatty acid content but increased the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids percentage. The results of this study clarified the adaptive mechanism of tiger puffer to intermittent and chronic hypoxia, which provides important information about mechanisms of hypoxia adaption in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive growing is undergoing a transition from traditional cultivation systems to a more technological model characterized by increased mechanization and a higher density of plants per hectare. This shift implies the use of less vigorous varieties that can adapt to the new system. Most traditional varieties are highly vigorous, and breeding programs can provide solutions to this challenge. This study investigates the parental effect on different agronomic and olive oil characteristics and its role in breeding programs. The objectives were to evaluate and characterize different agronomic and olive oil traits in the progenies from 'Arbosana' × 'Sikitita' cross and its reciprocal cross 'Sikitita' × 'Arbosana'. The results showed a high variability of the characters evaluated in the progenitors of the reciprocal crosses. The highest coefficients of variation were observed in traits related to ripening index, phenolic compounds, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and Δ5-avenasterol, with phenolic content exhibiting the greatest variability. No statistically significant maternal effect was detected for any of the evaluated traits, although a slight positive maternal effect was systematically observed in the mean values of the evaluated traits. These results suggest that the maternal effect on olive is quite subtle, although due to a slight tendency of the maternal effect in the descriptive analyses, future studies are suggested to understand in depth the possible maternal effect on olive breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Ephedra Tourn. ex L. (Ephedraceae) still exhibits taxonomic complexity that has not yet been resolved. This study aimed to determine the taxonomic identity of the Ephedra species in Egypt and identify the fatty acid profile and its diversity at the gender level as a taxonomic tool for specimens lacking reproductive cones. The current study provides a pioneering approach that distinguishes Ephedra species at the gender level. A total of 120 fresh individuals were collected from 20 locations representing different habitats where Ephedra plants grow in Egypt. In addition, herbarium specimens were deposited in Egyptian herbaria. The studied morphological traits included 30 vegetative characteristics and 72 traits of the reproductive organs of both genders. The fatty acid content was measured using gas–mass chromatography (GC-Mass). The taxonomic revision revealed that the Genus Ephedra was represented in the Egyptian flora by five species, Ephedra alata in section Alatae and E. aphylla, E. ciliata, E. foemina, and E. pachyclada in section Ephedra. South Sinai hosts these five species and represents the center of diversity for this genus in Egypt. The vegetative characteristics were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), which revealed a distinct separation of the five studied species. Similarly, the cone traits treated by hierarchical clustering revealed intra-gender variations. The taxonomic key was developed based on the morphological traits to distinguish the studied species at the gender level. In total, 51 fatty acids were identified from the studied species and grouped as 18 saturated, 16 monounsaturated, and 17 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the absence of reproductive cones, the lipid content and fatty acid composition of the vegetative parts displayed significant interspecific and intra-gender variations. Therefore, fatty acids can be used to efficiently identify the studied species when they lack reproductive cones. This study proved the efficacy of a multidisciplinary approach to identify Ephedra species at the gender level and recommends this trend for future studies of this genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the current work was to assess the nutritional profile and phytochemical properties of cucurbit (Cucurbita maxima L.) seeds, seed oils and oil extraction by-products (e.g., seed-cakes). Our results suggest a high nutritional value for both cucurbit seeds and cucurbit cake, while γ-tocopherol was the richest compound, with traces of α, β and δ-tocopherol compounds also detected. Regarding the free sugars composition, there were recorded significant statistical differences between seeds and cucurbit seed-cake, although sucrose content was the highest for both matrices (1.97 and 2.9 g/100 g dw, respectively) followed by trehalose (0.26 and 0.25 g/100 g dw, respectively), fructose (0.20 and 0.34 g/100 g dw, respectively) and glucose (0.21 and 0.19 g/100 g dw, respectively). In terms of organic acids, oxalic was the only compound detected in seed cake (0.006 g/100 g dw), while in seeds only traces of oxalic and malic acid were detected. In relation to fatty acid composition, linolenic acid was the most abundant compound in both seeds and seed-cake (43.9% and 41.5%, respectively), while oleic acid (37.0% and 36.3%, respectively), palmitic acid (12.2% and 14.0%, respectively) and stearic acid (4.83% and 5.46%, respectively) were detected in lesser amounts. Moreover, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were the major fatty acids class (44.5% and 42.3% in seeds and seed cake, respectively) compared to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 37.4% and 36.7% in seeds and seed cake, respectively) and saturated fatty acids (SFA; 18.1% and 21.0% in seeds and seed cake, respectively) which were detected in lower amounts. Furthermore, the tested extracts did not present any cytotoxic or hepatoxic activity at the maximum tested concentration (GI50 > 400 μg/mL), while seed oils presented satisfactory antimicrobial properties with inhibitory activity against the studied bacterial strains and fungi. Our findings provide valuable knowledge regarding the exploitation of pumpkin seeds and seed by-products as valuable natural sources of nutrients and phytochemicals in the food industry sector within the context of a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pig processing industries have produced large quantities of by-products, which have either been discarded or used to make low-value products. This study aimed to provide recommendations for manufacturing edible oil from pig brains, thereby increasing the value of pork by-products. The experiment compared non-solvent extraction methods, specifically wet rendering and aqueous saline, to a standard solvent extraction method, the Bligh and Dyer method, for extracting oil from pig brains. The yield, color, fatty acid profile, a number of lipid classes, and lipid stability against lipolysis and oxidation of the pig brain oil were comprehensively compared, and the results revealed that these parameters varied depending on the extraction method. The wet rendering process provided the highest extracted oil yield (~13%), followed by the Bligh and Dyer method (~7%) and the aqueous saline method (~2.5%). The Bligh and Dyer method and wet rendering techniques produced a translucent yellow oil; however, an opaque light-brown-red oil was found in the aqueous saline method. The Bligh and Dyer method yielded the oil with the highest phospholipid, cholesterol, carotenoid, tocopherol, and free fatty acid contents (p < 0.05). Although the Bligh and Dyer method recovered the most unsaturated fatty acids, it also recovered more trans-fatty acids. Aqueous saline and wet rendering procedures yielded oil with low FFA levels (<1 g/100 g). The PV of the oil extracted using all methods was <1 meq/kg; however, the Bligh and Dyer method had a significant TBARS content (7.85 mg MDA equivalent/kg) compared to aqueous saline (1.75 mg MDA equivalent/kg) and wet rendering (1.14 mg MDA equivalent/kg) (p < 0.05). FTIR spectra of the pig brain oil revealed the presence of multiple components in varying quantities, as determined by chemical analysis experiments. Given the higher yield and lipid stability and the lower cholesterol and trans-fatty acid content, wet rendering can be regarded as a simple and environmentally friendly method for safely extracting quality edible oil from pig brains, which may play an important role in obtaining financial benefits, nutrition, the zero-waste approach, and increasing the utilization of by-products in the meat industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are extremely important fatty acids for brain development in the fetus and early childhood. Premature infants face challenges obtaining these two fatty acids from their mothers. It has been reported that supplementation with triacylglycerols (TAGs) with an ARA:DHA (w/w) ratio of 2:1 may be optimal for preterm infants, as presented in commercial formulas such as Formulaid™. This study explored methods to produce TAGs with a 2:1 ratio (ARA:DHA), particularly at the more bioavailable sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. Blending and enzymatic acidolysis of microalgae oil (rich in DHA) and ARA-rich oil yielded products with the desired ARA:DHA ratio, enhancing sn-2 composition compared to Formulaid™ (1.6 for blending and 2.3 for acidolysis versus 0.9 in Formulaid™). Optimal acidolysis conditions were 45 °C, a 1:3 substrate molar ratio, 10% Candida antarctica lipase, and 4 h. The process was reproducible, and scalable, and the lipase could be reused. In vitro digestion showed that 75.5% of the final product mixture was bio-accessible, comprising 19.1% monoacylglycerols, ~50% free fatty acids, 14.6% TAGs, and 10.1% diacylglycerols, indicating better bio-accessibility than precursor oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]