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The article presents continued considerations presented in a prior publication on the development of a model for calculating the bending stiffness BS of cellular honeycomb paperboards, applying the strength properties of paper raw materials used for the production of paperboard and the geometric parameters of cellular board. The results of BS calculations obtained by using the analytical model presented in the prior publication were significantly overestimated in relation to the value obtained by measurements. The calculation error in relation to the measurement value for the tested group of paperboards in the case of bending stiffness in the machine direction MD was within the range from 23% to 116%, and the average error was 65%, while in the cross direction CD, it was within the range from 2% to 54%, and the average error was 31%. The calculation model proposed in this work based on the physical properties of cellular paperboard reduces the error values for bending stiffness in both the machine and cross directions. The value of the average error for both main directions in the paperboard plane was 10%. The method enables more accurate determination of BS in the machine direction MD and in the cross direction CD at the paperboard design stage. In order to validate the proposed analytical model, the calculation results were compared with the results of BS laboratory measurements performed using the four-point bending method and, in order to expand the group of tested paperboards, with the measurement results presented in the prior article for cardboards with different raw material composition and different geometric parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to present the results of paper compression under an axial load. Different heights of samples subjected to compression were taken into account. The main goal of the analysis was to determine experimentally the maximum compression load. In addition, numerical models based on the finite element method (FEM) were validated to refer to empirical results. The performed numerical simulations were founded on Green–Lagrangian nonlinear equations for large displacements and strains. The progressive failure of the compressed orthotropic material after exceeding maximum stresses was based on Hill's anisotropy theory. Nonlinear calculations were conducted by using a typical Newton–Raphson algorithm for achieving a sequence convergence. The accuracy of the developed model was confirmed experimentally in compression tests. The technique of analysing the shape of the compressed paper sample on the basis of images recorded during the measurement was used. The obtained test results are directly applicable in practice, especially in the calculation of the mechanical properties of corrugated cardboard and in determining the load capacity of cardboard packaging. Knowing the maximum compressive stress that packaging paper can withstand allows packaging to be properly designed and its strength assessed in the context of the transport and storage of goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a proposal for optimizing the production process of corrugated cardboard based on measurements of process variables as well as the knowledge and skills of the operator conducting production. This technique involves continuous recording and analysis of process quantities that affect the quality of the produced cardboard. For this purpose, a network of temperature sensors with a system of continuous registration and monitoring of the process variables was designed and installed in the industrial environment of the corrugator. The recorded data is analyzed to estimate the desired values of the measured process variables, giving clues to how to control the production line. Unlike existing systems, the proposed algorithm for controlling production parameters allows each operator to use their preferred values for process variables independently of others. The proposed system allows for improving the quality of the produced cardboard and increasing the efficiency of its production by taking into account the individual experience and habits of the operator conducting production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the presented research was to find a model that describes the maximum compressive force of paper in its plane. The research began with crushing tests of a number of packaging paper samples of various lengths. It was shown that due to the specific structure of the paper and the high heterogeneity of its structure, packaging paper is material where it is difficult to determine the maximum compressive stress. Next, three analytical models describing the load capacity of a flat paper web were investigated and an alternative empirical model was proposed. The results of the performed tests are directly applicable in the calculation of the mechanical properties of corrugated cardboard and the determination of the load capacity of cardboard packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents studies on the impact of the significant process parameters of a paper machine with a Yankee cylinder on its production capacity and heat energy consumption for drying the paper web. Parameters such as machine speed, web moisture content before and after pressing, parameters of steam supplied to the cylinder and parameters of hot air flowing from the nozzles of the hood were analyzed. The study's results were used to optimize production to improve the energy efficiency and performance of the machine. In order to use the possible methods of improving the production capacity and heat energy consumption, the parameters of the production process were measured and the basic indicators characterizing the operation of the machine were calculated in the Yankee cylinder–dryer hood system. The correct functioning of the machine components and the possibility of their modernization were also analyzed. Technological and construction changes introduced based on the research results made it possible to increase the production capacity by 10% and to reduce the consumption of heat energy per 1 ton of produced paper by 16.3%. The article presents a description of changes in the technology of paper production and modernization of the tissue machine made in the years 2013–2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a new technique for analyzing phenomena occurring during the measurement of the strength properties of paper in the conditions of compression of the tested samples with forces acting in the paper plane. The technique is based on collecting data on the current distance of the clamps holding the tested sample and the force exerted on the sample using a universal testing machine and on the simultaneous recording of image sequence of the sample during the measurement. Next, the resulting images are subjected to processing and analysis, the purpose of which is to extract information about the shape of the sample edge in all phases of the measurement. Its advantage is the ability to determine the deflection arrow of the sample and describe its shape using the selected function given by the analytical parametric formula. It will be helpful in further research on the development of an analytical model describing the phenomena occurring during paper compression, and a method to determine the mechanism of paper destruction and the corresponding maximum force that destroys a paper sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the influence of the initial deflection of the flat layers on the bending stiffness (BS) of honeycomb paperboards and presents two methods for its calculation. Both methods allow for the determination of BS in the main directions in the plane of the paperboard, i.e., the machine direction (MD) and the cross direction (CD). In addition, they have been verified by comparing the calculation results with the results of the BS measurements. The first method allowed for the calculation of the BS of cellular paperboard based on the mechanical properties of the paper used for its production. The second method allowed for the estimation of the BS of cellular paperboard based on the bending stiffness of other honeycomb paperboards with the same raw material composition and the same core cell size but with different thicknesses. In the first analytical method for the calculation of the bending stiffness of cellular paperboard, which does not include the deflections of the flat layers, the calculation results significantly differ from the measurement results, and they are overestimated. The second of the presented BS calculation methods allowed for a much more accurate assessment of paperboard's bending stiffness depending on its thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the analysis of five-layer corrugated paperboard subjected to a four-point bending test. The segment of paperboard was tested to determine the bending stiffness. The investigations were conducted experimentally and numerically. The non-damaging tests of bending were carried out in an elastic range of samples. The detailed layers of paperboard were modelled as an orthotropic material. The simulation of flexure was based on a finite element method using Ansys® software. Several material properties and thicknesses of papers in the samples were taken into account to analyse the influence on general stiffness. Two different discrete models based on two geometries of paperboard were considered in this study to validate the experimental stiffness. The present analysis shows the possibility of numerical modelling to achieve a good correlation with experimental results. Moreover, the results of numerical estimations indicate that modelling of the perfect structure gives a lower bending stiffness and some corrections of geometry should be implemented. The discrepancy in stiffness between both methods ranged from 3.04 to 32.88% depending on the analysed variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental and numerical analysis using the finite element method (FEM) of the bending of honeycomb-core panel. Segments of honeycomb paperboard of several thicknesses were subjected to four-point flexure tests to determine their bending stiffness and maximum load. Several mechanical properties of orthotropic materials were taken into account to account for the experimental results. The numerical analysis of the damage prediction was conducted by using well-known failure criteria such as maximum stress, maximum strain and Tsai-Wu. The present study revealed how to model the honeycomb panel to obtain curves close to experimental ones. This approach can be useful for modelling more complex structures made of honeycomb paperboard. Moreover, thanks to the use of variously shaped cells in numerical models, i.e., the shape of a regular hexagon and models with a real shape of the core cell, results of the calculation were comparable with the results of the measurements. It turned out that the increase of maximum loads and rise in stiffness for studied samples were almost either linearly proportional or quadratically proportional as a function of the panel thickness, respectively. On the basis of failure criteria, slightly lower maximum loads were attained in a comparison to empiric maximum loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work concerns the analysis of egg packages subjected to compression. Experimental investigations were carried out to determine the curves of compression and maximum loads. To compare packages accessible on the market, several different shapes of egg packages were tested after being conditioned in air with a relative humidity of 50%. Several paper structures in stock were compressed. By validating the experiment results, numerical computations based on the finite element method (FEM) were executed. The estimations of a numerical model were performed with the use of the perfect plasticity of paper and with the assumption of large strains and deflections. Our own two structures of egg packaging were taken into account: basic and modified. The material of the packages was composed of 90% recovered paper and 10% coconut fibres. This paper involved the numerical modelling of such complex packaging. Moreover, our research showed that introducing several features into the structures of the packaging can improve the stiffness and raise the maximum load. Thanks to the application of ribs and grooves, the strength ratio and compression stiffness, in comparison to the basic tray, increased by approximately 23.4% and 36%, respectively. Moreover, the obtained indexes of modified trays were higher than the majority of the studied market trays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the method of calculating the edge crush test (ECT) of honeycomb paperboard. Calculations were made on the basis of mechanical properties of paper raw materials used for the production of cellular paperboard and geometrical parameters describing cellular paperboard. The presented method allows ECT calculation of honeycomb paperboard in the main directions in the paperboard plane; i.e., machine direction (MD) and cross direction (CD). The proposed method was verified by comparing the results of calculations with the results of ECT measurements of paperboard with different geometrical parameters made of different fibrous materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the influence of the initial deflection of the flat layers on the bending stiffness ( BS ) of honeycomb paperboards and presents two methods for its calculation. Both methods allow for the determination of BS in the main directions in the plane of the paperboard, i.e., the machine direction ( MD ) and the cross direction ( CD ). In addition, they have been verified by comparing the calculation results with the results of the BS measurements. The first method allowed for the calculation of the BS of cellular paperboard based on the mechanical properties of the paper used for its production. The second method allowed for the estimation of the BS of cellular paperboard based on the bending stiffness of other honeycomb paperboards with the same raw material composition and the same core cell size but with different thicknesses. In the first analytical method for the calculation of the bending stiffness of cellular paperboard, which does not include the deflections of the flat layers, the calculation results significantly differ from the measurement results, and they are overestimated. The second of the presented BS calculation methods allowed for a much more accurate assessment of paperboard's bending stiffness depending on its thickness.