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This study reviews methods for detecting fracture closure pressure in both unconventional and conventional reservoirs using mathematical models and fluid flow equations. It evaluates techniques such as the Nolte method, tangent method, and compliance method. The investigation relies on observing changes in fluid flow regimes from preclosure to postclosure using fluid flow equations to examine the postclosure flow regime effect on the G function. Reverse calculations model pressure decline across synthesized flow regimes, facilitating a detailed investigation of the closure process. The analysis reveals that the tangent method is sensitive to postclosure fluid flow, while the compliance method is less effective in reservoirs with significant tortuosity or natural fractures. This paper recommends assessing natural fractures' characteristics and permeability to identify the source of leak-off before selecting a technique. It proposes integrating various methods to comprehensively understand subsurface formations, combining their strengths for accurate fracture closure identification and a better understanding of subsurface formations. The new proposed workflow employs the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) technique for fracture closure detection, avoiding physical model preassumptions or simplifications to confirm the results. This approach offers guidance on selecting appropriate methods by integrating different techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel, compact, monopole apple-shaped, triple-band metamaterial-printed wearable antenna backed by a uniplanar compact electromagnetic bandgap (UC-EBG) structure is introduced in this paper for wearable wireless and medical body area network (WBAN/MBAN) applications. A tri-band UC-EBG structure has been utilized as a ground plane to minimize the impact of antenna radiation on the human body and improve antenna performance for the proposed wearable antenna. Metamaterial triangular complementary split ring resonators (TCSRRs) are incorporated into the antenna and UC-EBG structure, resulting in a compact UC-EBG-backed antenna with an overall size of 39 × 39 × 2.84 mm3 (0.41 λg × 0.41 λg × 0.029 λg). The printed textile antenna operates at 2.45 GHz for the wireless local area network (WLAN), 3.5 GHz for 5G new radio (NR), and 5.8 GHz for the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands with improved gain and high-efficiency values. Furthermore, the performance of the antenna is analyzed on the human body, where three models of curved body parts are considered: a child's arm (worst case) with a 40 mm radius, an adult's arm with a 60 mm radius, and an adult's leg with a 70 mm radius. The results demonstrate that the proposed antenna is an attractive candidate for wearable healthcare and fitness monitoring devices and other WBAN/MBAN applications due to its compact size, high performance, and low SAR values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater electrical shockwave can be used as a waterless, chemical-free, and environmentally friendly fracturing technique. A detailed experimental study was performed to develop a correlation between the optimum energy required to generate a shockwave that could be used in fracturing rock samples with the wire weight and diameter as independent factors. In addition, the effect of the water volume on the Underwater Electrical Wire Explosion (UEWE) was investigated to quantify the effect of the wellbore fluid volume in the fracturing process. The effect of increasing the discharge energy on the current waveform rising rate, peak amplitude, and fracturing geometry was investigated. A baseline for implementing the shockwave fracturing method on cement and limestone samples was defined to be used in future work. The results show that the water volume has a significant effect on the results of the experiment. A correlation was developed that defined the optimum minimum energy required to burn a certain wire weight with consideration to the wire diameter. Using the optimum required energy or higher will increases the current peak amplitude with the same current waveform rise rate, which leads to higher energy deposition into the wire and prevents the premature breakdown of the wire. The generated shockwave was used to successfully fracture cement and limestone cubic samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle restraint systems are vital hardware elements in road safety engineering. The certification process of a vehicle restraint system includes full-scale crash tests, component testing and numerical simulation of these tests. To achieve reliable crash test simulation results, the soil–post interaction must be modelled to capture the behaviour realistically. There is no standardised approach for modelling the soil–post interaction in the praxis. In this study, the finite element method is utilised to investigate the soil–post response under quasi-static and dynamic impact loading. Two different modelling techniques are applied for this purpose. The first technique is the finite element continuum method, with the soil modelled using the advanced hypoplastic constitutive relation and calibrated using laboratory test data. The second technique is a lumped-parameter model, for which a systematic parameters calibration routine using basic soil properties is introduced. The numerical models are validated using a series of full-scale field tests performed by the authors on single posts in standard road shoulder materials. The performance comparison of the investigated modelling techniques shows that the hypoplastic constitutive relation can capture the post behaviour realistically under different loading conditions using the same parameter set. The introduced lumped-parameter model adequately simulates the post behaviour with high computational efficiency, which is very important when simulating several posts. The conducted parametric study elucidates that the soil's relative density, the post's embedment length, and the post-section modulus govern the single post's lateral load-bearing behaviour and energy dissipation capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety and efficacy of hepatic artery embolization (HAE) in treating intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC) was evaluated. Initial treatment response, local tumor progression-free survival (L-PFS), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated in 34 IHC patients treated with HAE. A univariate survival analysis and a multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis to identify independent factors were carried out. Objective response (OR) at 1-month was 79.4%. Median OS and L-PFS from the time of HAE was 13 (CI = 95%, 7.4–18.5) and 4 months (CI = 95%, 2.09–5.9), respectively. Tumor burden < 25% and increased tumor vascularity on preprocedure imaging and surgical resection prior to embolization were associated with longer OS (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that tumor burden < 25% and hypervascular tumors were independent risk factors. Mean post-HAE hospital stay was 4 days. Grade 3 complication rate was 8.5%. In heavily treated patients with IHC, after exhausting all chemotherapy and other locoregional options, HAE as a rescue treatment option appeared to be safe with a mean OS of 13 months. Tumor burden < 25%, increased target tumor vascularity on pre-procedure imaging, and OR on 1 month follow-up images were associated with better OS. Further studies with a control group are required to confirm the effectiveness of HAE in IHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tilmicosin (TIL) is a common macrolide antibiotic in veterinary medicine. High doses of TIL can have adverse cardiovascular effects. This study examined the effects of Rhodiola rosea (RHO) that have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic effects on tilmicosin (TIL)-induced cardiac injury targeting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, apoptotic, and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways with anti-fibrotic outcomes. Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into groups of six rats each. Rats received saline as a negative control, CARV 1 mL orally (10 mg/kg BW), and RHO 1 mL orally at 400 mg/kg BW daily for 12 consecutive days. The TIL group once received a single subcutaneous injection (SC) dose of TIL (75 mg/kg BW) on the sixth day of the experiment to induce cardiac damage. The standard group (CARV + TIL) received CARV daily for 12 consecutive days with a single TIL SC injection 1 h after CARV administration only on the sixth day of study and continued for another six successive days on CARV. The protective group (RHO + TIL) received RHO daily for the same period as in CARV + TIL-treated rats and with the dosage mentioned before. Serum was extracted at the time of the rat's scarification at 13 days of study and examined for biochemical assessments in serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cardiac troponin I (cTI), and creatine phosphokinase (CK-MB). Protein carbonyl (PC) contents, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in cardiac homogenate were used to measure these oxidative stress markers. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to express interferon-gamma (INF-γ), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), OGG1, BAX, caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes in cardiac tissues, which are correlated with inflammation, antioxidants, and apoptosis. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), calmodulin (CaMKII), and other genes associated with Ca2+ hemostasis and fibrosis were examined using IHC analysis in cardiac cells (myocardium). TIL administration significantly increased the examined cardiac markers, LDH, cTI, and CK-MB. TIL administration also increased ROS, PC, and MDA while decreasing antioxidant activities (TAC and SOD mRNA) in cardiac tissues. Serum inflammatory cytokines and genes of inflammatory markers, DNA damage (INF-γ, COX-2), and apoptotic genes (caspase-3 and BAX) were upregulated with downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 as well as the DNA repair OGG1 in cardiac tissues. Furthermore, CaMKII and α-SMA genes were upregulated at cellular levels using cardiac tissue IHC analysis. On the contrary, pretreatment with RHO and CARV alone significantly decreased the cardiac injury markers induced by TIL, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and tissue oxidative-antioxidant parameters. INF-γ, COX-2, OGG1, BAX, and caspase-3 mRNA were downregulated, as observed by real-time PCR, while SOD and Bcl-2 mRNA were upregulated. Furthermore, the CaMKII and α-SMA genes' immune reactivities were significantly decreased in the RHO-pretreated rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formation fracturing is the method of choice for developing shale oil and gas reservoirs that constitute a gigantic resource in the U.S.A. and many other countries but are characterized by a low permeability in the nano-Darcy range. The oil production of Texas has increased by about 5 million B/D in 15 years as a result of shale exploitation by massive multistage hydraulic fracturing. The mathematical modeling of this fracturing process is complex and can be approached in several ways. This paper first gives a concise description of the fracturing process as carried out in Texas. Included are the ranges of the key reservoir properties, as well as the injection fluid volumes and pressure, the composition of the injected fluid, proppant type, and volume, and other relevant data. Also included are the number of fracture stages, methods of zonal isolation, and diagnostic techniques used. An important variable considered is flowback, in particular, fluid retention and oil and gas production. High-salinity water production is discussed. Given the above variables, the currently used fracture simulators are briefly considered and compared, both the geomechanics-based and fracture-propagation-based. No single simulator can model the complete process. The directions currently being followed are briefly described. Also discussed is the simulation of the re-fracturing process and its range of success in increasing oil recovery from about the original ~5% to ~8%. Future processes such as plasma fracturing are mentioned, and their future applicability is discussed for further increasing oil recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the Jacobi elliptic function method (JEFM) and modified auxiliary equation method (MAEM) are used to investigate the solitary wave solutions of the nonlinear coupled Riemann wave (RW) equation. Nonlinear coupled partial differential equations (NLPDEs) can be transformed into a collection of algebraic equations by utilising a travelling wave transformation. This study's objective is to learn more about the non-linear coupled RW equation, which accounts for tidal waves, tsunamis, and static uniform media. The variance in the governing model's travelling wave behavior is investigated using the conformable, beta, and M-truncated derivatives (M-TD). The aforementioned methods can be used to derive solitary wave solutions for trigonometric, hyperbolic, and jacobi functions. We may produce periodic solutions, bell-form soliton, anti-bell-shape soliton, M-shaped, and W-shaped solitons by altering specific parameter values. The mathematical form of each pair of travelling wave solutions is symmetric. Lastly, in order to emphasise the impact of conformable, beta, and M-TD on the behaviour and symmetric solutions for the presented problem, the 2D and 3D representations of the analytical soliton solutions can be produced using Mathematica 10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symmetric function class interacts heavily with other types of functions. One of these is the convex function class, which is strongly related to symmetry theory. In this study, we define a novel class of convex mappings on planes using a fuzzy inclusion relation, known as coordinated up and down convex fuzzy-number-valued mapping. Several new definitions are introduced by placing some moderate restrictions on the notion of coordinated up and down convex fuzzy-number-valued mapping. Other uncommon examples are also described using these definitions, which can be viewed as applications of the new outcomes. Moreover, Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér inequalities are acquired via fuzzy double Aumann integrals, and the validation of these outcomes is discussed with the help of nontrivial examples and suitable choices of coordinated up and down convex fuzzy-number-valued mappings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symmetric function class interacts heavily with other types of functions. One of these is the pre-invex function class, which is strongly related to symmetry theory. This paper proposes a novel fuzzy fractional extension of the Hermite-Hadamard, Hermite-Hadamard-Fejér, and Pachpatte type inequalities for up and down pre-invex fuzzy-number-valued mappings. Using fuzzy fractional operators, several generalizations have been developed, where well-known results fit as particular cases. Additionally, some non-trivial examples are included to support the discussion and the applicability of the key findings. The approach appears trustworthy and effective for dealing with various nonlinear problems in science and engineering. The findings are general and may constitute contributions to complex waveform theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we provide different variants of the Hermite–Hadamard ( H ⋅ H ) inequality using the concept of a new class of convex mappings, which is referred to as up and down harmonically s -convex fuzzy-number-valued functions ( U D H   s -convex F N V M ) in the second sense based on the up and down fuzzy inclusion relation. The findings are confirmed with certain numerical calculations that take a few appropriate examples into account. The results deal with various integrals of the 2 ρ σ ρ + σ type and are innovative in the setting of up and down harmonically s -convex fuzzy-number-valued functions. Moreover, we acquire classical and new exceptional cases that can be seen as applications of our main outcomes. In our opinion, this will make a significant contribution to encouraging more research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the up and down harmonically convex fuzzy-number-valued mapping which is a novel kind of harmonically convex fuzzy-number-valued mapping is introduced. In addition, it is highlighted that the new idea of up and down harmonically convex fuzzy-number-valued mapping ( U − O − H convex F − N − V − M ), which is a generalization of the previous class, describes a variety of new and classical classes as special cases by employing some mild restrictions. With the help of fuzzy inclusion relation, the new versions of the Hermite–Hadamard-type (HH-type) inequalities for up and down harmonically convex fuzzy-number-valued mappings are established. Then, we introduce a new version of Hermite–Hadamard Fejér-type inequality via fuzzy inclusion relation by using up and down harmonically convex fuzzy-number-valued mapping. Additionally, several instances are given to illustrate our main findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convex bodies are naturally symmetrical. There is also a correlation between the two variables of symmetry and convexity. Their use, in either case, has been feasible in recent years because of their interchangeable and similar properties. The proposed analysis provides information on a new class for a convex function which is known as up and down X 1 , X 2 -convex fuzzy-Number valued mappings ( U D - X 1 , X 2 -convex F N V M ). Using this class, we disclosed a number of new versions of integral inequalities. Additionally, we give a number of new related integral inequalities connected to the well-known Hermite-Hadamard-type inequalities. In conclusion, some examples are given to back up and show the value of these new results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the new technique for fracture closure pressure detection using continuous wavelet transform (CWT). The study focuses on calibrating the CWT technique and comparing it with different techniques for closure detection. According to the article, traditional methods for identifying the closure of hydraulic fracturing operations are based on assumptions that can conflict with one another, resulting in greatly varying approximations of closure pressure and duration. To address this issue, the article employs a set of diagnostic fracture injection tests that utilize the Step-Rate Injection Method for Fracture In-Situ Properties tool (SIMFIP). By directly observing wellbore deformation, the SIMFIP tool determines the minimum principal stress, while strain gauges monitor the opening and closing of fractures during multiple tests. The publicly accessible data are used to evaluate the accuracy of the new closure detection technique using CWT. The findings indicate that the CWT method aligns with measurements of deformation and can identify the impact of intricate closure events and pre-existing natural fractures. In conclusion, the article suggests that the CWT technique shows great potential as an alternative to traditional approaches for detecting closure pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's main goal is to introduce left and right exponential trigonometric convex interval-valued mappings and to go over some of their important characteristics. Additionally, we demonstrate the Hermite–Hadamard inequality for interval-valued functions by utilizing fractional integrals with exponential kernels. Moreover, we use the idea of left and right exponential trigonometric convex interval-valued mappings to show various findings for midpoint- and Pachpatte-type inequalities. Additionally, we show that the results provided in this paper are expansions of several of the results already demonstrated in prior publications The suggested research generates variants that are applicable for conducting in-depth analyses of fractal theory, optimization, and research challenges in several practical domains, such as computer science, quantum mechanics, and quantum physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automated brain tumor segmentation from reconstructed microwave (RMW) brain images and image classification is essential for the investigation and monitoring of the progression of brain disease. The manual detection, classification, and segmentation of tumors are extremely time-consuming but crucial tasks due to the tumor's pattern. In this paper, we propose a new lightweight segmentation model called MicrowaveSegNet (MSegNet), which segments the brain tumor, and a new classifier called the BrainImageNet (BINet) model to classify the RMW images. Initially, three hundred (300) RMW brain image samples were obtained from our sensors-based microwave brain imaging (SMBI) system to create an original dataset. Then, image preprocessing and augmentation techniques were applied to make 6000 training images per fold for a 5-fold cross-validation. Later, the MSegNet and BINet were compared to state-of-the-art segmentation and classification models to verify their performance. The MSegNet has achieved an Intersection-over-Union (IoU) and Dice score of 86.92% and 93.10%, respectively, for tumor segmentation. The BINet has achieved an accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and specificity of 89.33%, 88.74%, 88.67%, 88.61%, and 94.33%, respectively, for three-class classification using raw RMW images, whereas it achieved 98.33%, 98.35%, 98.33%, 98.33%, and 99.17%, respectively, for segmented RMW images. Therefore, the proposed cascaded model can be used in the SMBI system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an analytical model for estimating minimum horizontal stress in hydraulic fracturing stimulations. The conventional Diagnostic Fracture Injection Test (DFIT) is not practical in ultra-tight formations, leading to the need for pump-in/flowback tests. However, ambiguities in the results of these tests have limited their application. The proposed model is based on the linear diffusivity equation and material balance, which is analytically solved and verified using a commercially available numerical simulator. The model generates a linear graph in which the pressure drop and its derivative are plotted versus the developed solution time function. The closure pressure is determined when the slope of the derivative deviates from linearity. The model was applied to several cycles of field flowback tests and found to eliminate the ambiguity associated with identifying the fracture closure. Furthermore, the minimum In-situ stresses estimated using this approach are verified via downhole strain measurement and synthetic data from a fully 3D commercial fracturing simulator. The proposed technique outperformed other conventional methods in analyzing challenging injection/shut-in tests, showing improved results and reducing uncertainty in estimated fracture parameters. This model is expected to scale down the need for multiple field trials and provide a reliable estimation of minimum stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates a compact wideband four-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system integrated with a wideband metamaterial (MM) to reach high gain for sub-6 GHz new radio (NR) 5G communication. The four antennas of the proposed MIMO system are orthogonally positioned to the adjacent antennas with a short interelement edge-to-edge distance (0.19λmin at 3.25 GHz), confirming compact size and wideband characteristics 55.2% (3.25–5.6 GHz). Each MIMO system component consists of a fractal slotted unique patch with a transmission feed line and a metal post-encased defected ground structure (DGS). The designed MIMO system is realized on a low-cost FR-4 printed material with a miniature size of 0.65λmin × 0.65λmin × 0.02λmin. A 6 × 6 array of double U-shaped resonator-based unique mu-near-zero (MNZ) wideband metamaterial reflector (MMR) is employed below the MIMO antenna with a 0.14λmin air gap, improving the gain by 2.8 dBi and manipulating the MIMO beam direction by 60°. The designed petite MIMO system with a MM reflector proposes a high peak gain of 7.1 dBi in comparison to recent relevant antennas with high isolation of 35 dB in the n77/n78/n79 bands. In addition, the proposed wideband MMR improves the MIMO diversity and radiation characteristics with an average total efficiency of 68% over the desired bands. The stated MIMO antenna system has an outstanding envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of <0.045, a greater diversity gain (DG) of near 10 dB (>9.96 dB), a low channel capacity loss (CCL) of <0.35 b/s/Hz and excellent multiplexing efficiency (ME) of higher than −1.4 dB. The proposed MIMO concept is confirmed by fabricating and testing the developed MIMO structure. In contrast to the recent relevant works, the proposed antenna is compact in size, while maintaining high gain and wideband characteristics, with strong MIMO performance. Thus, the proposed concept could be a potential approach to the 5G MIMO antenna system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An oblique angle and polarization insensitive metamaterial absorber (MA) are highly desired for the visible and infrared optical applications like, wave energy harvesting, optical filters, and detecting thermal leaks and electrical defects. In this paper, a multi-layered MA consisting of two layers of tungsten resonators on a silicon dioxide substrate, coated with additional SiO2 materials is investigated. The unit cell size of the MA is 0.5λ × 0.5λ × 0.8λ, at the lowest wavelength. The proposed MA offers an average absorption of 92% from 400 nm to 2400 nm with stable oblique incident angles up to 45°. The structure also achieves polarization insensitivity at the entire visible and near-infrared spectrum. Moreover, the MA is found highly compatible for solar absorber applications with high y AAM1.5. The structure is also compatible for filter application in optical communication system by modifying the plasmonic nano structure. The modified structure can block the wavelengths of the visible band (450 nm to 800 nm) and transmit optical communication bands (800 to 1675 nm). These versatile absorption and filtering performance make the proposed design highly potential for solar energy harvesting, photodetection, thermal imaging, photo-trapping, and optical communications applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we apply a recently developed idea of up and down fuzzy-ordered relations between two fuzzy numbers. Here, we consider fuzzy Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals to establish the Hermite–Hadamard-, Fejér-, and Pachpatte-type inequalities. We estimate fuzzy fractional inequalities for a newly introduced class of ℏ-preinvexity over fuzzy-number valued settings. For the first time, such inequalities involving up and down fuzzy-ordered functions are proven using the fuzzy fractional operator. The stated inequalities are supported by a few numerical examples that will be helpful to validate our main results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with ZnS and ZnS-Ag nanoparticles are successfully prepared via a facile one-step chemical approach consisting of reducing the metal precursors on a rGO surface. Prepared rGO-ZnS nanocomposite is employed as an adsorbent material against two model dyes: malachite green (MG) and ethyl violet (EV). The adsorptive behavior of the nanocomposite was tuned by monitoring some parameters, such as the time of contact between the dye and the adsorbent, and the adsorbent dose. Experimental data were also simulated with kinetic models to evaluate the adsorption behavior, and the results confirmed that the adsorption of both dyes followed a pseudo 2nd order kinetic mode. Moreover, the adsorbent was also regenerated in a suitable media for both dyes (HCl for MG and ethanol for EV), without any significant loss in removal efficiency. Ag doped rGO-ZnS nanocomposite was also utilized as a photocatalyst for the degradation of the selected organic contaminant, resorcinol. The complete degradation of the phenolic compound was achieved after 60 min with 200 mg of rGO-ZnS-Ag nanocomposite under natural sunlight irradiation. The photocatalytic activity was studied considering some parameters, such as the initial phenol concentration, the photocatalyst loading, and the pH of the solution. The degradation kinetics of resorcinol was carefully studied and found to follow a linear Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. An additional advantage of rGO-ZnS and rGO-ZnS-Ag nanocomposites was antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacterium, E. coli, and the results confirmed the significant performance of the nanocomposites in destroying harmful pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a central spiral split-rectangular-shaped metamaterial absorber surrounded by a polarization-insensitive ring resonator for s-band applications. The rated absorption is 99.9% at 3.1 GHz when using a three-layer structure where the top and ground are made of copper and the center dielectric material is a commonly used FR-4 substrate. The central split gaps have an impact on the unit cell by increasing high absorption, and an adequate electric field is apparent in the outer split ring gap. At 3.1 GHz, the permittivity and permeability are negative and positive, respectively, so the proposed unit cell acts as an epsilon negative (ENG) metamaterial absorber. In a further analysis, Roger4450B was used as a substrate and obtained excellent absorption rates of 99.382%, 99.383%, 99.91%, and 95.17% at 1.44, 3.96, 4.205, and 5.025 GHz, respectively, in the S- and C-band regions. This unit cell acts as a single negative metamaterial (SNG) absorber at all resonance frequencies. The S11 and S21 parameters for FR-4 and Rogers4450B were simulated while keeping the polarization angle (θ and φ) at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 degrees to measure, permittivity, permeability, reflective index, absorption, and reflection. The values of the reflective index are near zero. Near-zero reflective indexes (NZRI) are widely used in antenna gain propagation. The unit cell fabricated for the FR-4 substrate attained 99.9% absorption. S-band values in the range of (2–4) GHz can be applied for low-frequency radar detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose the concept of up and down harmonically convex mapping for fuzzy-number-valued mapping as our main goal in this work. With the help of up and down harmonically fuzzy-number convexity and the fuzzy fractional integral operator, we also show the results for the Hermite–Hadamard ( H – H ) inequality, the Fejér type inequality, and some other related versions of inequalities. Moreover, some examples are also presented to discuss the validity of the main results. The results from the new technique show how the suggested scheme is accurate, adaptable, efficient, and user-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic materials have witnessed substantial developments over the past two decades. Recent research findings suggest that certain high-entropy alloys exhibit notably improved strength-to-weight ratios, enhanced fracture resistance, superior tensile strength, and greater resistance to corrosion and oxidation compared to traditional alloy alloys [[2]]. Within the field of the newly developed metallic materials, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) stand out as an exceptionally promising group, offering a wealth of potential for future advancements in metal alloys. [Extracted from the article]

The concept of nanosatellite technology becomes a viable platform for earth and space observation research to minimize cost and build time for the payload. The communication approach is the essential fundamental attribute of a satellite, of which the antenna is a crucial component for forming a communication link between the nanosatellite and the earth. The nanosatellite antenna must comply with some special requirements like compact size, lightweight, and high gain with a space-compatible structure. This paper proposes a compact metamaterial-based Ku-band antenna with circular polarization for the nanosatellite communication system. The designed antenna obtained an impedance bandwidth of 2.275 GHz with a realized gain of 6.74 dBi and 3 dB axial beamwidth of 165° at 12.10 GHz. The overall antenna size of the designed is 0.51λ × 0.51λ × 0.17λ, which is fabricated on Rogers 5880 substrate material. The antenna results performance has been examined with a 1 U nanosatellite structure and found suitable to integrate with metallic and nonmetallic surfaces of any miniature nanosatellite structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a square split-ring resonator (SSRR) metamaterial absorber (MMA) for sub-6 GHz application. The unit cell of the MMA was designed and fabricated on commercially available low-cost FR-4 substrate material with a dielectric constant o 4.3. The higher effective medium ratio (EMR) of the designed unit cell shows the compactness of the MMA. The dimension of the unit cell is 9.5 × 9.5 × 1.6 mm3, which consists of two split rings and two arms with outer SSRR. The proposed MMA operates at 2.5 GHz, 4.9 GHz, and 6 GHz frequency bands with a 90% absorption peak and shows a single negative metamaterial property. The E-field, H-field, and surface current are also explored in support of absorption analysis. Moreover, the equivalent circuit model of the proposed MMA is modelled and simulated to validate the resonance behavior of the MMA structure. Finally, the proposed MMA can be used for the specific frequency bands of 5G applications such as signal absorption, crowdsensing, SAR reduction, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnostic fracture injection test (DFIT) is widely used to obtain the fracture closure pressure, reservoir permeability, and reservoir pressure. Conventional methods for analyzing DFIT are based on the assumption that a vertical well is drilled in ultra-low permeability reservoirs with potential multiple closures but fails to consider horizontal wells. There is still significant debate about the rigorousness and validity of these techniques due to the complexity of the hydraulic fracture opening and closure process and assumptions of conventional fracture detection methods. The paper introduces a new method for detecting fracture closure pressure using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). The new method aims to decompose the pressure fall-off signal into multiple levels with different frequencies using the CWT. This "short wavy" function is stretched or compressed and placed at many positions along the signal to be analyzed. The wavelet then convoluted the signal yielding a wavelet coefficient value. The signal energy is observed during the fracture closure process (pressure fall-off) and the fracture closure event is identified when the signal energy stabilizes to a minimum level. A predefined simple commercial fracture simulation case with known fracture closure, flow regime modeling, and actual field cases was used to validate the new methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current paper is to incorporate the new class and concepts of convexity and Hermite–Hadamard inequality with the fuzzy Riemann integral operators because almost all classical single-valued and interval-valued convex functions are special cases of fuzzy-number valued convex mappings. Therefore, a new class of nonconvex mapping in the fuzzy environment has been defined; up and down h -pre-invex fuzzy-number valued mappings (U.D  h -pre-invex F-N∙V∙Ms). With the help of this newly defined class, some new versions of Hermite–Hadamard (HH) type inequalities have been also presented. Moreover, some related inequalities such as HH Fejér- and Pachpatte-type inequalities for U∙D  h -pre-invex F-N∙V∙Ms are also introduced. Some exceptional cases have been discussed, which can be seen as applications of the main results. We have provided some nontrivial examples. Finally, we also discuss some future scopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solenostemma argel is a desert medicinal plant indigenous to African countries. This research aims to study the pharmacological properties of Solenostemma argel plant. Aerial parts (leaves and flowers) of Solenostemma argel (Delile) Hayane were tested for antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activity. Phenolic and flavonoid contents of the plant were characterized. There was an increase in the antioxidant activity of Solenostemma argel extract from 12.16% to 94.37% by increasing concentration from10 µg/mL to 1280 µg/mL. The most sensitive organism was S. epidermidis with chloroform extract. The MTT assay revealed that methanolic extracts of Solenostemma argel showed potent cytotoxic effects on the A549, Caco-2, and MDAMB-231 cell lines, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity increased by increasing the concentration of methanolic extract of Solenostemma argel, using indomethacin as a standard. Gallic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid, followed by synergic acid and p-coumaric acid, respectively. Catechin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and rutin flavonoids were also found in the methanolic extract. GC-mass analysis showed that aerial parts of Solenostemma argel were rich in 2-(5-methyl-5 vinyl tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-2-propanol (11.63%), hexanoic acid methyl ester (10.93%), 3-dioxolane,4-methyl-2-pentadecyl (9.69%), phenol, 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl) (8.50%). It can be concluded that Solenostemma argel methanolic extract contain natural bioactive constituents with potential medicinal importance such as antioxidants, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods are one of the most dangerous water-related risks. Numerous sources of uncertainty affect flood modeling. High-resolution land-cover maps along with appropriate Manning's roughness values are the most significant parameters for building an accurate 2D flood model. Two land-cover datasets are available: the National Land Cover Database (NLCD 2019) and the Land Use/Land Cover for Environmental Systems Research Institute (LULC 2020-ESRI). The NLCD 2019 dataset has national coverage but includes references to Manning's roughness values for each class obtained from earlier studies, in contrast to the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset, which has global coverage but without an identified reference to Manning's roughness values yet. The main objectives of this study are to assess the accuracy of using the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset compared with the NLCD 2019 dataset and propose a standard reference to Manning's roughness values for the classes in the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset. To achieve the research objectives, a confusion matrix using 548,117 test points in the conterminous United States was prepared to assess the accuracy by quantifying the cross-correspondence between the two datasets. Then statistical analyses were applied to the global maps to detect the appropriate Manning's roughness values associated with the LULC 2020-ESRI map. Compared to the NLCD 2019 dataset, the proposed Manning's roughness values for the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset were calibrated and validated using 2D flood modeling software (HEC-RAS V6.2) on nine randomly chosen catchments in the conterminous United States. This research's main results show that the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset achieves an overall accuracy of 72% compared to the NLCD 2019 dataset. The findings demonstrate that, when determining the appropriate Manning's roughness values for the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset, the weighted average technique performs better than the average method. The calibration and validation results of the proposed Manning's roughness values show that the overall Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) in depth was 2.7 cm, and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) in depth was 5.32 cm. The accuracy of the computed peak flow value using LULC 2020-ESRI was with an average error of 5.22% (2.0% min. to 8.8% max.) compared to the computed peak flow values using the NLCD 2019 dataset. Finally, a reference to Manning's roughness values for the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset was developed to help use the globally available land-use/land-cover dataset to build 2D flood models with an acceptable accuracy worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convex and non-convex fuzzy mappings are well known to be important in the research of fuzzy optimization. Symmetry and the idea of convexity are closely related. Therefore, the concept of symmetry and convexity is important in the discussion of inequalities because of how its definition behaves. This study aims to consider new class of generalized fuzzy variational-like inequality for fuzzy mapping which is known as perturbed fuzzy mixed variational-like inequality. We also introduce strongly fuzzy mixed variational inequality, as a particular case of perturbed fuzzy mixed variational-like inequality which is also a new one. Furthermore, by using the generalized auxiliary principle technique and some new analytic techniques, some existence results and efficient numerical techniques of perturbed fuzzy mixed variational-like inequality are established. As exceptional cases, some known and new results are obtained. Results obtained in this paper can be viewed as refinement and improvement of previously known results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convexity performs the appropriate role in the theoretical study of inequalities according to the nature and behaviour. There is a strong relation between symmetry and convexity. In this article, we consider a new parameterized quantum fractional integral identity. Following that, our main results are established, which consist of some integral inequalities of Ostrowski and midpoint type pertaining to n-polynomial convex functions. From our main results, we discuss in detail several special cases. Finally, an example and an application to special means of positive real numbers are presented to support our theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In modern aquaculture, fish have been subjected to intensive stressful conditions, which threaten their growth rate and increase their susceptibility to bacterial diseases. Innovative and sustainable production strategies in aquaculture have encouraged the utilization of plant-derived bioactive molecules (phytogenics) in fish diets, especially when they were used in a unique blend offering enumerable growth and health benefits. Therefore, our research was conducted to uncover the potential nutritional and immunological impacts of thymol (Thy) and/or thymoquinone (ThQ) with a disease shielding effect against Aeromonas sobria. Herein, the integration of dietary Thy and ThQ provided an efficient way to improve fish growth-related parameters and muscle antioxidant capacity. Moreover, we presented evidence for the unique immune-stimulating role of a Thy and ThQ combination with a successful forefront defense against A. sobria experimental infection in Nile tilapia. Our key findings motived the application of a dietary blend comprising Thy and ThQ as a functional feed that fights the challenges facing the aquaculture industry with maximized fish productivity. Plant-derived bioactive compounds with promising nutritional and therapeutic attributes (phytogenics) are among the top priorities in the aquaculture sector. Therefore, the impact of thymol (Thy) and/or thymoquinone (ThQ) on the growth, immune response antioxidant capacity, and Aeromonas sobria (A. sobria) resistance of Nile tilapia was investigated. Four fish groups were fed a control diet and three basal diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg diet of Thy or ThQ and a blend of both Thy and ThQ at a level of 200 mg/kg diet each. At the end of the feeding trial (12 weeks), the tilapias were challenged intraperitoneally with virulent A. sobria (2.5 × 108 CFU/mL) harboring aerolysin (aero) and hemolysin (hly) genes. The results revealed that tilapias fed diets fortified with a combination of Thy and ThQ displayed significantly enhanced growth rate and feed conversion ratio. Notably, the expression of the genes encoding digestive enzymes (pepsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, α-amylase and lipase) and muscle and intestinal antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) was significantly upregulated in Thy/ThQ-fed fish. An excessive inflammatory response was subsided more prominently in the group administrated Thy/ThQ as supported by the downregulation of il-β, il-6 and il-8 genes and in contrast, the upregulation of the anti-inflammatory il-10 gene. Remarkably, dietary inclusion of Thy/ThQ augmented the expression of autophagy-related genes, whilst it downregulated that of mtor gene improving the autophagy process. Furthermore, Thy/ThQ protective effect against A. sobria was evidenced via downregulating the expression of its aero and hly virulence genes with higher fish survival rates. Overall, the current study encouraged the inclusion of Thy/ThQ in fish diets to boost their growth rates, promote digestive and antioxidant genes expression, improve their immune responses and provide defense against A. sorbia infections with great economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to create new variations of the well-known Hermite–Hadamard inequality (HH-inequality) for preinvex interval-valued functions (preinvex I-V-Fs). We develop several additional inequalities for the class of functions whose product is preinvex I-V-Fs. The findings described here would be generalizations of those found in previous studies. Finally, we obtain the Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér inequality with the support of preinvex interval-valued functions. Some new and classical special cases are also obtained. Moreover, some nontrivial examples are given to check the validity of our main results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to consider new kinds of generalized convex fuzzy mappings (convex-), which are called strongly α -preinvex fuzzy mappings. We investigated the characterization of preinvex-s using α -preinvex-s, which can be viewed as a novel and innovative application. Some different types of strongly α -preinvex-s are introduced, and their properties are investigated. Under appropriate conditions, we establish the relationship between strongly α -invex-s and strongly α -monotone fuzzy operators. Then, the minimum of strongly α -preinvex-s are characterized by strongly fuzzy α -variational-like inequalities. Results obtained in this paper can be viewed as a refinement and improvement of previously known results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

99Mo/99mTc generators are mainly produced from 99Mo of high specific activity generated from the fission of 235U. Such a method raises proliferation concerns. Alternative methods suggested the use of low specific activity (LSA) 99Mo to produce 99mTc generators. However, its applicability is limited due to the low adsorptive capacity of conventional adsorbent materials. This study attempts to investigate the effectiveness of some commercial metal oxides nanoparticles as adsorbents for LSA 99Mo. In a batch equilibration system, we studied the influence of solution pH (from 1–8), contact time, initial Mo concentration (from 50–500 mg∙L−1), and temperature (from 298–333 K). Moreover, equilibrium isotherms and thermodynamic parameters (changes in free energy ΔG0, enthalpy change ΔH0, and entropy ΔS0) were evaluated. The results showed that the optimum pH of adsorption ranges between 2 and 4, and that the equilibrium was attained within the first two minutes. In addition, the adsorption data fit well with the Freundlich isotherm model. The thermodynamic parameters prove that the adsorption of molybdate ions is spontaneous. Furthermore, some investigated adsorbents showed maximum adsorption capacity ranging from 40 ± 2 to 73 ± 1 mg Mo∙g−1. Therefore, this work demonstrates that the materials used exhibit rapid adsorption reactions with LSA 99Mo and higher capacity than conventional alumina (2–20 mg Mo∙g−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells have the potential to reduce our energy consumption, pollutant emissions, and dependence on fossil fuels. To achieve a wide range of commercial PEMs, many efforts have been made to create novel polymer-based materials that can transport protons under anhydrous conditions. In this study, cross-linked poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA)/poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) membranes with varying alumina (Al2O3) content were synthesized using the solvent solution method. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), water uptake, ion exchange capacity (IEC), and proton conductivity were then used to characterize the membranes. XRD results showed that the concentration of Al2O3 affected the degree of crystallinity of the membranes, with 0.7 wt.% Al2O3 providing the lowest crystallinity. Water uptake was discovered to be dependent not only on the Al2O3 group concentration (SSA content) but also on SSA, which influenced the hole volume size in the membranes. The ionic conductivity measurements provided that the samples were increased by SSA to a high value (0.13 S/m) at 0.7 wt.% Al2O3. Furthermore, the ionic conductivity of polymers devoid of SSA tended to increase as the Al2O3 concentration increased. The positron annihilation lifetimes revealed that as the Al2O3 concentration increased, the hole volume content of the polymer without SSA also increased. However, it was densified with SSA for the membrane. According to the findings of the study, PVA/PEG/SSA/0.7 wt.% Al2O3 might be employed as a PEM with high proton conductivity for fuel cell applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclosporine A (CSA) is an immunosuppressive drug that has improved transplant survival rates. However, its use is often limited because it is thought to be linked to the development of chronic kidney disease after kidney transplants. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of physiological unconjugated (UC) hyperbilirubinemia mediated by UGT1A1 antisense oligonucleotide in a mouse model of CsA-induced chronic kidney disease, and match these with that of chitosan (CH) as a natural chelator against kidney injury. In the current study, CsA-treated mice were given an intravenous injection of UGT1A1 antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (16 µg/kg) every third day for 14 days. In serum samples, bilirubin, creatinine, and urea were determined. Markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant activities, and mRNA expression of target genes PPAR-α, cFn, eNOS, NF-B, AT1-R, ETA-R, Kim-1, and NGAL were measured in the kidney tissues. Moreover, histopathological examinations were carried out on the kidney tissue. Physiological UC hyperbilirubinemia could be a promising protective strategy against CsA-induced kidney disease in transplant recipients. UGT1A1 antisense oligonucleotide-induced physiological UC hyperbilirubinemia serum significantly protected against CsA-induced kidney dysfunction. UCB acts as a signaling molecule that protects against kidney disease through different mechanisms, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hormonal action, by activating nuclear hormone receptors (PPAR-α). Moreover, it significantly downregulated mRNA expression of NF-kB, ETA-R, iNOS, AT1-R, cFn, Kim-1, and NGAL in the kidney tissue and alleviated CsA-induced kidney histological changes in CsA-treated mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat germ oil (WGO) is a well-known product with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to investigate the impacts of WGO against ethanol-induced liver and kidney dysfunction at the serum, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. Rats received saline orally as a negative control or WGO in a dose of 1.5 mL/kg (1400 mg/kg body weight orally) for 15 days. The affected group received ethanol 50% v/v 10 mL/kg (5 g/kg) body weight orally once a day for consecutive 15 days to induce hepatorenal injuries in ethanolic non-treated group. The protective group received WGO daily 1 h before ethanol administration. Serum (1.5 mL) from blood was extracted and examined for the changes in biochemical assessments in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total protein, serum albumin, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), urea, creatinine, uric acid, potassium (K+), Beta-2 microglobulin (β2M), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Kidney and liver homogenate was used to measure MDA, GSH and catalase activities. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to express Nrf2 and HO-1 in liver, and NF-kB and kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) in kidneys, which are correlated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Capase-3 and Bcl2 genes were examined using immunohistochemical analysis in the kidney and liver. Ethanol administration induced significant alteration in examined liver and kidney markers (AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, total proteins, urea, creatinine and uric acid). Moreover, alcohol administration decreased antioxidant activities at serum and hepatorenal tissues (GSH, catalase and SOD), while MDA was increased as a tissue degradation marker. Inflammatory cytokines, together with genes of oxidative stress markers (Nrf2 and HO-1), were all affected. At cellular levels, apoptotic marker caspase-3 was upregulated, while antiapoptotic marker B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), was down regulated using immunohistochemical analysis. Of interest, pretreatment with WGO improved the side effects induced by ethanol on hepatic, renal biomarkers and reversed its impact on serum and tissue antioxidant parameters. Nrf2/HO-1 were upregulated, while NFk-B and KIM-1 were downregulated using real time PCR. Immune reactivities of caspase-3 and Bcl2 genes were restored in the protective group. In conclusion, WGO ameliorated ethanol-induced hepatic and renal dysfunction at the biochemical, molecular and cellular levels by regulating some mechanisms that controls oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and anti-apoptotic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses fuzzy order relations to examine Hermite–Hadamard inequalities (-inequalities) for convex fuzzy-number-valued mappings (FNVMs). The Kulisch–Miranker order relation, which is based on interval space, is used to define this fuzzy order relation which is defined level-wise. By utilizing this idea, several novel - and -Fejér-type inequalities are established in the fuzzy environment via convex FNVMs. Additional novel -type inequalities for the product of convex FNVMs are also found and proven with the use of practical examples. Additionally, certain unique situations that can be seen as applications of fuzzy -inequalities are presented. The ideas and methods presented in this work might serve as a springboard for more study in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to connect the idea of inequalities with Riemann integral operators, which are of interest because of their characteristics and widespread use. We create a new Hermite–Hadamard type integral inequality for an -preinvex interval-valued function using an interval integral operator. In the context of pseudo-order relations, we also establish new variations of the Fejér type inequalities and the Pachpatte type inequalities. We further verify the veracity of the conclusions we draw in this study by providing a number of numerical examples. The findings given in this work, in our opinion, are innovative and will help spur more study in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli (E.coli) found in retail chicken meat could be causing a wide range of infections in humans and constitute a potential risk. This study aimed to evaluate 60 E. coli isolates from retail chicken meat (n = 34) and human urinary tract infections (UTIs, n = 26) for phylogenetic diversity, presence of pathogenicity island (PAI) markers, antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes, and antimicrobial resistance genes, and to evaluate their biofilm formation capacity. In that context, confirmed E.coli isolates were subjected to phylogrouping analysis using triplex PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method; PAI distribution was investigated by using two multiplex PCRs. Most of the chicken isolates (22/34, 64.7%) were identified as commensal E. coli (A and B1), while 12 isolates (35.3%) were classified as pathogenic virulent E. coli (B2 and D). Similarly, the commensal group dominated in human isolates. Overall, 23 PAIs were detected in the chicken isolates; among them, 39.1% (9/23) were assigned to group B1, 34.8% (8/23) to group A, 4.34% (1/23) to group B2, and 21.7% (5/23) to group D. However, 25 PAIs were identified from the human isolates. PAI IV536 was the most prevalent (55.9%, 69.2%) PAI detected in both sources. In total, 37 (61.7%) isolates of the chicken and human isolates were biofilm producers. Noticeably, 100% of E. coli isolates were resistant to penicillin and rifamycin. Markedly, all E. coli isolates displayed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) among E. coli isolates ranged between 0.5 and 1. Several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were identified by a PCR assay; the sul2 gene was the most prevalent (38/60, 63.3%) from both sources. Interestingly, a significant positive association (r = 0.31) between biofilm production and resistance to quinolones by the qnr gene was found by the correlation analysis. These findings were suggestive of the transmission of PAI markers and antibiotic resistance genes from poultry to humans or humans to humans through the food chain. To avoid the spread of virulent and multidrug-resistant E. coli, intensive surveillance of retail chicken meat markets is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A symmetric engineered high polarization-insensitive double negative (DNG) metamaterial (MM) reflector with frequency tunable features for fifth-generation (5G) antenna gain and directivity enhancement is proposed in this paper. Four identical unique quartiles connected by a metal strip are introduced in this symmetric resonator that substantially tunes the resonance frequency. The proposed design is distinguished by its unique symmetric architecture, high polarization insensitivity, DNG, and frequency tunable features while retaining a high effective medium ratio (EMR). Moreover, the suggested patch offers excellent reflectance in the antenna system for enhancing the antenna gain and directivity. The MM is designed on a Rogers RO3010 low loss substrate, covering the 5G sub-6GHz band with near-zero permeability and refractive index. The performance of the proposed MM is investigated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST), Advanced Design Software (ADS), and measurements. Furthermore, polarization insensitivity is investigated up to 180° angles of incidence, confirming the identical response. The 4 × 4 array of the MM has been utilized on the backside of the 5G antenna as a reflector, generating additional resonances that enhance the antenna gain and directivity by 1.5 and 1.84 dBi, respectively. Thus, the proposed prototype outperforms recent relevant studies, demonstrating its suitability for enhancing antenna gain and directivity in the 5G network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents numerical analysis of an ultrathin concentric hexagonal ring resonator (CHRR) metamaterial absorber (MMA) for ultrawideband visible and infrared optical window applications. The proposed MMA exhibits an absorption of above 90% from 380 to 2500 nm and an average absorbance of 96.64% at entire operational bandwidth with a compact unit cell size of 66 × 66 nm2. The designed MMA shows maximum absorption of 99% at 618 nm. The absorption bandwidth of the MMA covers the entire visible and infrared optical windows. The nickel material has been used to design the top and bottom layer of MMA, where aluminium nitride (AlN) has been used as the substrate. The designed hexagonal MMA shows polarization-independent properties due to the symmetry of the design and a stable absorption label is also achieved for oblique incident angles up to 70 °C. The absorption property of hexagonal ring resonator MMA has been analyzed by design evaluation, parametric and various material investigations. The metamaterial property, surface current allocation, magnetic field and electric field have also been analyzed to explore the absorption properties. The proposed MMA has promising prospects in numerous applications like infrared detection, solar cells, gas detection sensors, imaging, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An antenna assumes a significant role in expanding the levels of communication to meet the demands of contemporary technologically based industry and private data services. In this paper, a printed compact meander line patch antenna array for wireless local-area network (WLAN) applications in the frequency span of 2.3685–2.4643 GHz is presented. The impedance matching of the antenna is generated by applying a partial rectangular-shaped ground plane backside of the meander line antenna. The proposed antenna evolved on the Rogers RT5880 substrate with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2, and the height of the substrate was 1.575 mm to accomplish the lowest possible return loss. The proposed antenna was developed to achieve particular outcomes, for example, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) 1.32, reflection coefficient 20 dB with a bandwidth of 94.2 MHz, a gain of 2.8 dBi, and an efficacy measurement of 97%. This antenna is appropriate for WLAN applications that utilize a 2.4 GHz resonance frequency. The overall dimensions of the antenna are 15 mm × 90.86 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many fields of mathematics rely on convexity and nonconvexity, especially when studying optimization issues, where it stands out for a variety of practical aspects. Owing to the behavior of its definition, the idea of convexity also contributes significantly to the discussion of inequalities. The concepts of symmetry and convexity are related and we can apply this because of the close link that has grown between the two in recent years. In this study, harmonic convexity, also known as harmonic s-convexity for fuzzy number valued functions (F-NV-Fs), is defined in a more thorough manner. In this paper, we extend harmonically convex F-NV-Fs and demonstrate Hermite–Hadamard (H.H) and Hermite–Hadamard Fejér (H.H. Fejér) inequalities. The findings presented here are summaries of a variety of previously published studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn 2+ Supplementation through the Seed Priming Effect on As-Induced Oxidative Stress in... The rice seedlings were exposed to As stress and showed a sharp rise in stress-induced biomarkers in both the roots and shoots as compared to the controls. The reduction in total chlorophyll content of both the tested varieties upon exposure to As stress was non-significant; however, the leaves of the rice seedlings primed with Zn exhibited an upward trend over those unprimed seedlings grown in the presence of As stress. Conversely, the reduction in the As content was not of a significant type, i.e., variety x seed priming, yet the drop in the As content among the Zn SP 2+ sp -primed seedlings might be credited to the electrostatic interactions among the As and Zn, which in turn enabled a comparatively less soluble compound (As-Zn) formation; therefore, lessening the phyto-availability of As to the rice seedlings. The responses of both the varieties of rice grown under As stress clearly revealed its susceptibility to metalloids; however, the Zn SP 2+ sp primed rice seedlings responded by rejuvenating their morpho-physiological traits along with a stimulation of their biochemical defense mechanisms. [Extracted from the article]

Wastewater disinfection is one of the most critical issues in protecting human health against exposure to waterborne pathogenies. Chlorine is among the most commonly used disinfectants in many wastewaters' treatment plants. Nevertheless, disquiets regarding chlorine's disinfection by-products (DBPs) have grown recently. One of the most effective ways to reduce DBPs generation is to reduce chlorine dosage by increasing disinfectant efficiency. Using magnetic field (MF) in wastewater treatment is one of the promising research topics with significant progression. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of using a magnetic field and/or sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) disinfection on secondary slaughterhouse wastewater effluent quality and by-products. Three groups of secondary slaughterhouse wastewater effluents were used: G1 was treated with NaClO only at 0, 2, 4, and 6 mg/L; G2 was treated with exposure to MF at 14,500 gausses, and G3 was pretreated with MF, then NaClO at the exact chlorine dosages and MF strength. The results showed an augmented effect when using a magnetic field as a pre-treatment step before NaClO treatment in the remediation of slaughterhouse wastewater over the use of any of them solely. The removal rate of COD and BOD increased by up to 26 and 20%, respectively, when pre-treatment with MF was employed as a mean percentage at all chlorine dosages, while TSS, TDS, and EC increased by 23.5 and 5.5%, respectively. Over and above, the removal rate for each TN and TP increased by 12 and 6.5% as a mean percentage at all chlorine dosages when using a combination of the two. In addition, pre-treatment by MF reduced the required concentration of NaClO from 6 to 4 mg/L, resulting in an 11% increase in the reduction rate of total coliform count, 8% increase in the reduction rate of fecal coliforms, and 10% increase in the reduction rate of E. coli and 5% in Salmonella via increasing the disinfection efficiency of NaClO. Finally, it decreased the concentration of Chloroform produced by more than 77.2% by using the higher concentration of NaClO (6 mg/L). The issue that approved the promising approach of using MF as a pre-treatment step in the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater provides the advantage of using smaller dosages of disinfection, lowering the cost of the procedure process, and reducing the harmful concentration of DBPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are a universal public health alarm frequently identified among humans, animals, and poultry. Livestock and poultry production are a possible source of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, including ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, which confer antimicrobial resistance to different β-lactam antimicrobial agents. From January to May 2020, a cross-sectional study was carried out in three dairy cattle farms and four poultry farms in different districts of northern Egypt to assess the prevalence of ESBLs, AmpC beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella in livestock, poultry, and human contacts, and to investigate the genetic relatedness of the recovered isolates. In total, 140 samples were collected, including human fecal samples (n = 20) of workers with intimate livestock contact, cattle rectal swabs (n = 34), milk (n = 14), milking machine swabs (n = 8), rations (n = 2), and water (n = 2) from different cattle farms, as well as cloacal swabs (n = 45), rations (n = 5), water (n = 5) and litter (n = 5) from poultry farms. The specimens were investigated for ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella using HiCrome ESBL media agar. The agar disk diffusion method characterized the isolated strains for their phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was 30.0%, 20.0%, and 25.0% in humans, cattle, and poultry, respectively. Further genotypic characterization was performed using conventional and multiplex PCR assays for the molecular identification of ESBL and AmpC genes. The majority of the ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae showed a multi-drug resistant phenotype. Additionally, blaSHV was the predominant ESBL genotype (n = 31; 93.94%), and was mainly identified in humans (n = 6), cattle (n = 11), and poultry (14); its existence in various reservoirs is a concern, and highlights the necessity of the development of definite control strategies to limit the abuse of antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the impact of drought stress on pearl millet during the early seedling stage and its survival mechanism. Drought stress imposed for a period of 7, 14 and 21 days showed considerable changes in morphophysiological attributes, which were evident by a decline in seedling elongation, fresh and dry biomass, and relative water content (RWC) and degradation of chlorophyll pigment. Besides this, visible chlorosis lesions were observed in leaves as compared to the control. As compared to the respective controls, a nearly 60% decline in chlorophyll content was recorded after 14 and 21 days of drought stress. In both root and shoot, drought stress raised the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Both H2O2 and O2●− levels were significantly elevated along with a significant increase in lipid peroxidation in both roots and shoots, which clearly indicated ROS-induced oxidative stress. Concomitant with the increase in ROS levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in roots, membrane integrity was also lost, which clearly indicated ROS-induced peroxidation of membrane lipids. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants were significant (p ≤ 0.001). After 7, 14 and 21 days of drought stress, activities of all the antioxidant enzymes viz., catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) were inhibited, clearly indicating a loss of antioxidant defense machinery. Likewise, the levels of ascorbate (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels declined significantly (p ≤ 0.01). Our results reveal that, being tolerant to arid climatic conditions, pearl millet is highly susceptible to drought stress at the early seedling stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]