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The present review is related to the novel approach for improvement of the optical properties of wide bandgap metal oxides, in particular TiO2, based on the formation of the inorganic–organic hybrids that display absorption in the visible spectral range due to the formation of interfacial charge transfer (ICT) complexes. We outlined the property requirements of TiO2-based ICT complexes for efficient photo-induced catalytic reactions, emphasizing the simplicity of the synthetic procedure, the possibility of the fine-tuning of the optical properties supported by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and the formation of a covalent linkage between the inorganic and organic components of hybrids, i.e., the nature of the interface. In addition, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the potential applications of TiO2-based ICT complexes in photo-driven catalytic reactions (water splitting and degradation of organic molecules), including the identification of the reactive species that participate in photocatalytic reactions by the spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. Considering the practically limitless number of combinations between the inorganic and organic components capable of forming oxide-based ICT complexes and with the knowledge that this research area is unexplored, we are confident it is worth studying, and we emphasized some further perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar-driven CO2 conversion into high-value-added chemicals, powered by photovoltaics, is a promising technology for alleviating the global energy crisis and achieving carbon neutrality. However, most of these endeavors focus on CO2 electroreduction to small-molecule fuels such as CO and ethanol. In this paper, inspired by the photosynthesis of green plants and artificial photosynthesis for the electroreduction of CO2 into value-added fuel, CO2 artificial photosynthesis for the electrocarboxylation of bromobenzene (BB) with CO2 to generate the value-added carboxylation product methyl benzoate (MB) is demonstrated. Using two series-connected dye-sensitized photovoltaics and high-performance catalyst Ag electrodes, our artificial photosynthesis system achieves a 61.1% Faraday efficiency (FE) for carboxylation product MB and stability of the whole artificial photosynthesis for up to 4 h. In addition, this work provides a promising approach for the artificial photosynthesis of CO2 electrocarboxylation into high-value chemicals using renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singlet fission (SF), as an effective way to break through the Shockley–Queisser limit, can dramatically improve energy conversion efficiency in solar cell areas. The formation, separation, and relaxation of triplet-pair excitons directly affect the triplet yield, especially triplet-pair separation; thus, how to enhance the triplet-pair separation rate becomes one of the key points to improve SF efficiency; the decay mechanism where the singlet state is converted into two triplet states is significant for the study of the SF mechanism. Herein, we employ ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy to study the singlet-fission process of nano-amorphous 6, 13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-Pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) films in a diamond anvil cell (DAC). A kinetics model related to the structural geometric details, as well as an evaluation of the pressure manipulation impacts, is demonstrated based on the experimental results. The results indicate that pressure manipulation enhanced the triplet-pair separation rates of SF-based materials according to their structural micro-environmental improvement when compressed in DAC, while the triplet-exciton transportation lifetime is prolonged. This work shows that pressure may effectively optimize the structural disorder of SF materials, which were found to improve triplet-pair separation efficiency and potentially offer an effective way to further improve SF efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules is crucial for enhancing solar energy conversion efficiency, a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of solar energy. Accurate modeling and estimation of PV parameters are essential for the optimal design, control, and simulation of PV systems. Traditional optimization methods often suffer from limitations such as entrapment in local optima when addressing this complex problem. This study introduces the Material Generation Algorithm (MGA), inspired by the principles of material chemistry, to estimate PV parameters effectively. The MGA simulates the creation and stabilization of chemical compounds to explore and optimize the parameter space. The algorithm mimics the formation of ionic and covalent bonds to generate new candidate solutions and assesses their stability to ensure convergence to optimal parameters. The MGA is applied to estimate parameters for two different PV modules, RTC France and Kyocera KC200GT, considering their manufacturing technologies and solar cell models. The significant nature of the MGA in comparison to other algorithms is further demonstrated by experimental and statistical findings. A comparative analysis of the results indicates that the MGA outperforms the other optimization strategies that previous researchers have examined for parameter estimation of solar PV systems in terms of both effectiveness and robustness. Moreover, simulation results demonstrate that MGA enhances the electrical properties of PV systems by accurately identifying PV parameters under varying operating conditions of temperature and irradiance. In comparison to other reported methods, considering the Kyocera KC200GT module, the MGA consistently performs better in decreasing RMSE across a variety of weather situations; for SD and DD models, the percentage improvements vary from 8.07% to 90.29%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar tracking systems allow an increase in the use of solar energy for its conversion with photovoltaic technology due to the alignment with the sun. However, there is a compromise between tracking accuracy and the energy required to perform the movement action. Consequently, the wear of the tracker components increases, reducing its useful lifetime and affecting the profitability of these systems. The present research develops a novel tracking strategy based on real-time measurements to increase the lifetime without reducing the energy productivity of the tracking systems. The proposed approach is verified experimentally by implementing the real-time decision-making algorithm and a conventional tracking algorithm in identical tracking systems under the same weather conditions. The proposed strategy reduces energy consumption by 14.18 % due to the tracking action, maintaining a practically identical energy generation between both systems. The findings highlight a 53.33 % reduction in the movements required for tracking and a 60.77 % reduction in operation time, which translates into a 6.8 -fold increase in the lifetime of the solar tracking system under the experimental conditions applied. The results are promising, so this research initiates and motivates the development of more complex models to increase the useful life of the tracking systems and their profitability and environmental impact concurrently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates hybrid nanofluid (HNF) behavior at the stagnation point near a stretching/shrinking sheet using the Tiwari and Das model. The governing equations were transformed into a boundary layer flow model and simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0. This research examines flow characteristics, temperature profiles, and distributions by varying parameters: stretching/shrinking (λ , −2 to 2), slip flow (δ , 0 to 1 m), suction (γ , 0 to 1), and similarity variables (η , 0 to 5). The HNF comprised equal ratios of copper and alumina with total concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.1. The results showed that velocity profiles increased with distance from the stagnation point, escalated in shrinking cases, and decayed in stretching cases. Increased suction consistently reduced velocity profiles. Temperature distribution was slightly slower in shrinking compared to stretching cases, with expansion along the sheet directly proportional to η estimates but controllable through suction adjustments. The findings were applied to enhance photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system performance. Stretching sheets proved crucial for improving electricity production efficiency. Non-slip wall conditions and increased copper volume fractions in the presence of suction effects led to notable improvements in electrical efficiency. The maximum average efficiency was achieved when γ = 0.4, λ = 2, δ = 0.7, and ϕ 2 = 0.01, which was of about 10%. The present numerical work also aligned well with the experimental results when evaluating the thermal efficiency of conventional fluids. These insights contribute to optimizing PV/T system parameters and advancing solar energy conversion technology, with potential implications for broader applications in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most common energy source of spacecraft, photovoltaic (PV) power generation has become one of the hottest research fields. During the on-orbit operation of spacecraft, the influence of various uncertain factors and the unbalanced inertial force will make the solar PV wing vibrate and degrade its performance. In this study, we investigated the influence of mechanical vibration on the output characteristics of PV array systems. Specifically, we focused on a three-segment solar panel commonly found on satellites, analyzing both its dynamic response and electrical output characteristics under mechanical vibration using numerical simulation software. The correctness of the simulation model was partly confirmed by experiments. The results showed that the maximum output power of the selected solar panel was reduced by 5.53% and its fill factor exhibited a decline from the original value of 0.8031 to 0.7587, provided that the external load applied on the panel increased to 10 N/m2, i.e., the vibration frequency and the maximal deflection angle were 0.3754 Hz and 74.9871°, respectively. These findings highlight a significant decrease in the overall energy conversion efficiency of the solar panel when operating under vibration conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth layered structure ferroelectrics (BLSFs), also known as Aurivillius phase materials, are ideal for energy-efficient applications, particularly for solar cells. This work reports the first comprehensive detailed theoretical study on the fascinating structural, electronic, and optical properties of XNb2Bi2O9 (X = Ca, Ba, Be, Mg, Sr). The Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof approach and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) are implemented to thoroughly investigate the structural, bandgap, optical, and electronic properties of the compounds. The optical conductivity, band topologies, dielectric function, bandgap values, absorption coefficient, reflectivity, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and partial and total densities of states are thoroughly investigated from a photovoltaics standpoint. The material exhibits distinct behaviors, including significant optical anisotropy and an elevated absorption coefficient > 105 cm−1 in the region of visible; ultraviolet energy is observed, the elevated transparency lies in the visible and infrared regions for the imaginary portion of the dielectric function, and peaks in the optical spectra caused by inter-band transitions are detected. According to the data reported, it becomes obvious that XNb2Bi2O9 (X = Ca, Ba, Be, Mg, and Sr) is a suitable candidate for implementation in solar energy conversion applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures have good application prospects in solar energy conversion due to their excellent optoelectronic performance. In this work, the electronic structures of Sc2CF2/Sc2CCl2, Sc2CF2/Sc2CBr2, and Sc2CCl2/Sc2CBr2 heterostructures, as well as their properties in photocatalysis and photovoltaics, have been comprehensively studied using the first-principles method. Firstly, both of the three thermodynamically and dynamically stable heterostructures are found to have type-II band alignment with band gap values of 0.58 eV, 0.78 eV, and 1.35 eV. Meanwhile, the photogenerated carriers in Sc2CF2/Sc2CCl2 and Sc2CF2/Sc2CBr2 heterostructures are predicated to follow the direct Z-scheme path, enabling their abilities for water splitting. As for the Sc2CCl2/Sc2CBr2 heterostructure, its photovoltaic conversion efficiency is estimated to be 20.78%. Significantly, the light absorption coefficients of Sc2CF2/Sc2CCl2, Sc2CF2/Sc2CBr2, and Sc2CCl2/Sc2CBr2 heterostructures are enhanced more than those of the corresponding monolayers. Moreover, biaxial strains have been observed to considerably tune the aforementioned properties of heterostructures. All the theoretical results presented in this work demonstrate the application potential of Sc2CX2/Sc2CY2 (X, Y = F, Cl, Br) heterostructures in photocatalysis and photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2-based catalysts with various surface heterostructures (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) have been widely researched owing to their cost-effectiveness, high stability, and environmentally friendly nature, and can be used for many applications in various fields, including hydrogen production and pollutant degradation. However, there are also many existing problems limiting their practical application, such as their large band gap and rapid electron–hole recombination rate. Owing to the abundance of recent achievements in materials science, we will summarize the recent structural engineering strategies which provide favorable photocatalytic activity enhancements, such as enhanced visible light absorption, stability, an increased charge–carrier separation rate and improved specific surface area. Among the various structural engineering methods in this review, we will introduce TiO2-based materials with different dimensional structures. Meanwhile, we also discuss recent achievements in synthesis methods and application of TiO2-based catalysts in various fields. We aim to display a comprehensive overview which can be a guide for the development of a new generation of TiO2-based catalysts according to their structural design for enhanced solar energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining organometallic frameworks with graphene oxide presents a fresh strategy to enhance the electrochemical capabilities of supercapacitors, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy solutions. Continued refinement of materials and device design holds promise for broader applications across energy storage and conversion systems. This featured application underscores the inventive utilization of organometallic frameworks on graphene oxide, shedding light on the creation of superior energy storage devices for eco-friendly solutions. This review article delves into the synergistic advancements resulting from the fusion of organometallic frameworks with graphene oxide, offering a thorough exploration of their utility in sustainable eco-energy solutions. This review encompasses various facets, including synthesis methodologies, amplified catalytic performances, and structural elucidations. Through collaborative efforts, notable progressions in photocatalysis, photovoltaics, and energy storage are showcased, illustrating the transformative potential of these hybrids in reshaping solar energy conversion and storage technologies. Moreover, the environmentally conscious features of organometallic–graphene oxide hybrids are underscored through their contributions to environmental remediation, addressing challenges in pollutant elimination, water purification, and air quality enhancement. The intricate structural characteristics of these hybrids are expounded upon to highlight their role in tailoring material properties for specific eco-energy applications. Despite promising advancements, challenges such as scalability and stability are candidly addressed, offering a pragmatic view of the current research landscape. The manuscript concludes by providing insights into prospective research avenues, guiding the scientific community towards surmounting hurdles and fully leveraging the potential of organometallic–graphene oxide hybrids for a sustainable and energy-efficient future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harnessing solar energy to produce hydrogen through semiconductor-mediated photocatalytic water splitting is a promising avenue to address the challenges of energy scarcity and environmental degradation. Ever since Fujishima and Honda's groundbreaking work in photocatalytic water splitting, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has garnered significant interest as a semiconductor photocatalyst, prized for its non-toxicity, affordability, superior photocatalytic activity, and robust chemical stability. Nonetheless, the efficacy of solar energy conversion is hampered by TiO2's wide bandgap and the swift recombination of photogenerated carriers. In pursuit of enhancing TiO2's photocatalytic prowess, a panoply of modification techniques has been explored over recent years. This work provides an extensive review of the strategies employed to augment TiO2's performance in photocatalytic hydrogen production, with a special emphasis on foreign dopant incorporation. Firstly, we delve into metal doping as a key tactic to boost TiO2's capacity for efficient hydrogen generation via water splitting. We elaborate on the premise that metal doping introduces discrete energy states within TiO2's bandgap, thereby elevating its visible light photocatalytic activity. Following that, we evaluate the role of metal nanoparticles in modifying TiO2, hailed as one of the most effective strategies. Metal nanoparticles, serving as both photosensitizers and co-catalysts, display a pronounced affinity for visible light absorption and enhance the segregation and conveyance of photogenerated charge carriers, leading to remarkable photocatalytic outcomes. Furthermore, we consolidate perspectives on the nonmetal doping of TiO2, which tailors the material to harness visible light more efficiently and bolsters the separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers. The incorporation of various anions is summarized for their potential to propel TiO2's photocatalytic capabilities. This review aspires to compile contemporary insights on ion-doped TiO2, propelling the efficacy of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and anticipating forthcoming advancements. Our work aims to furnish an informative scaffold for crafting advanced TiO2-based photocatalysts tailored for water-splitting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface-coupled transition metal oxyhydroxide (TMOOH) on semiconductor (SC)-based photoanodes are effective strategies for improving photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. However, there is a substantial difference between the current density and theoretical value due to the inevitable interfacial charge recombination of SC/TMOOH. Here, we employ BiVO4/FeNiOOH as a model, constructing the BiVO4/MnOx/CoOx/FeNiOOH integrated system by introducing a novel hetero-interface regulation unit, i.e., MnOx/CoOx. As expected, the optimized integrated system demonstrates a photocurrent density as high as 5.0 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under 1 sun AM 1.5G illumination, accompanied by 12-h stability. The detailed electrochemical analysis and intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) have confirmed that the high PEC performance mainly originates from the hetero-interface structure, which not only suppresses the interfacial charge recombination by accelerating the photogenerated hole transfer kinetics from BiVO4 to FeNiOOH but promotes the kinetics of surface oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Notably, these findings can also be extended to other structures (CeOx/CoOx), reflecting its universality. This finding has provided a new insight into the highly efficient solar energy conversion in the SC/TMOOH system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient solar thermal conversion is crucial for renewable clean energy technologies such as solar thermal power generation, solar thermophotovoltaic and seawater desalination. To maximize solar energy conversion efficiency, a solar selective absorber with tailored absorption properties designed for solar applications is indispensable. In this study, we propose a broadband selective absorber based on amorphous carbon (a-C) metamaterials that achieves high absorption in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis) and near-infrared (NIR) spectral ranges. Additionally, through metal doping, the optical properties of carbon matrix materials can be modulated. We introduce Ti@a-C thin film into the nanostructure to enhance light absorption across most of the solar spectrum, particularly in the NIR wavelength band, which is essential for improving energy utilization. The impressive solar absorptivity and photothermal conversion efficiency reach 97.8% and 95.6%, respectively. Notably, these superior performances are well-maintained even at large incident angles with different polarized states. These findings open new avenues for the application of a-C matrix materials, especially in fields related to solar energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis is considered as an environmentally friendly method for both solar energy conversion and environmental purification of water, wastewater, air, and surfaces. Among various photocatalytic materials, titania is still the most widely investigated and applied, but more efforts must be carried out considering the synthesis of highly efficient photocatalysts for multifarious applications. It is thought that nanoengineering design of titania morphology might be the best solution. Accordingly, here, titania mesocrystals, assembled from crystallographically oriented nanocrystals, have been synthesized by an easy, cheap, and "green" solvothermal method (without the use of surfactants and templates), followed by simple annealing. The obtained materials have been characterized by various methods, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). It has been found that the as-obtained photocatalysts exhibit a unique nanorod-like subunit structure with excellent crystalline and surface properties. However, pristine titania is hardly active for a hydrogen evolution reaction, and thus additional modification has been performed by platinum photodeposition (and silver as a reference). Indeed, the modification with only 2 wt% of noble metals results in a significant enhancement in activity, i.e., ca. 75 and 550 times by silver- and platinum-modified samples, respectively, reaching the corresponding reaction rates of 37 μmol h−1 and 276 μmol h−1. Additionally, titania mesocrystals exhibit high oxidation power under simulated solar light irradiation for the degradation of antibiotics within the tetracycline group (tetracycline (TC), ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR) and oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC)). It has been found that both experimental results and the density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm the high ability of titania mesocrystals for oxidative decomposition of tetracycline antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wide bandgap semiconductor-based photocatalysts are usually limited by their low solar energy conversion efficiency due to their limited absorption solar wavelength, their rapid surface recombination of the photogenerated electron–hole pairs, and their low charge-carrier mobility. Here, we report a novel stepwise solution synthesis for achieving a new photocatalytic core–shell consisting of a titanate nanowire/reduced graphene oxide shell (or titanate/rGO) 1D-nanocomposite. The new core–shell nanocomposite maximized the specific surface area, largely reduced the charge transfer resistance and reaction energy barrier, and significantly improved the absorption of visible light. The core–shell nanocomposites' large on/off current ratio and rapid photo-responses boosted the photocurrent by 30.0%, the photocatalysis rate by 50.0%, and the specific surface area by 16.4% when compared with the results for the pure titanate nanowire core. Our numerical simulations support the effective charge separation on the new core–shell nanostructure, which can help further advance the novel photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in the field of room-temperature ferromagnetic metal oxide semiconductors (RTFMOS) have revealed their promising potential for enhancing photocatalytic performance. This review delves into the combined investigation of the photocatalytic and ferromagnetic properties at room temperature, with a particular focus on metal oxides like TiO2, which have emerged as pivotal materials in the fields of magnetism and environmental remediation. Despite extensive research efforts, the precise mechanism governing the interplay between ferromagnetism and photocatalysis in these materials remains only partially understood. Several crucial factors contributing to magnetism, such as oxygen vacancies and various metal dopants, have been identified. Numerous studies have highlighted the significant role of these factors in driving room-temperature ferromagnetism and photocatalytic activity in wide-bandgap metal oxides. However, establishing a direct correlation between magnetism, oxygen vacancies, dopant concentration, and photocatalysis has posed significant challenges. These RTFMOS hold immense potential to significantly boost photocatalytic efficiency, offering promising solutions for diverse environmental- and energy-related applications, including water purification, air pollution control, and solar energy conversion. This review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in understanding the magnetism and photocatalytic behavior of metal oxides. By synthesizing the latest findings, this study sheds light on the considerable promise of RTFMOS as effective photocatalysts, thus contributing to advancements in environmental remediation and related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CQDs are a type of fluorescent nanocarbon material that possess excellent optical properties. They have a wide range of raw material sources, making them a versatile option for various applications. The use of fluorescent materials to enhance the solar energy capture capacity of chloroplasts has the potential to significantly improve natural photosynthesis. CQDs and N-CQDs were prepared from natural Salix wood powder using a simple, green, and environmentally friendly hydrothermal method. These materials can effectively capture ultraviolet (UV) light and were used for photosynthesis to enable chloroplasts to utilize UV light that cannot be absorbed by them. The chlorophyll content of leaves treated with CQDs and N-CQDs increased, with the N-CQDs 25 mg/L treated group showing a 35.6% increase compared to the untreated group. Additionally, the treatment of CQDs and N-CQDs positively affected the transfer of electrons from photosystem II, further enhancing photosynthetic activity. This study presents ideas for expanding the use of solar energy, optimizing the photosynthesis charge transfer pathway, and improving solar energy conversion efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar derived from crops is a crucial organic energy source studied in the Earth sciences, serving as a renewable and clean energy alternative. Biofuels produced from crop sugars are more environmentally friendly than traditional fossil fuel sources and contribute to solar energy storage and conversion within the Earth's cycle. Using mangoes as a case study, this research employs near-infrared spectral analysis technology to develop an algorithm for a mango brix detection device. The study investigates the relationship between brix and absorbance, as well as changes in brix levels, and their application for on-site mango brix detection. Near-infrared spectral data in the range of 1300 nm to 2300 nm were collected during the mango ripening season in summer and preprocessed using various techniques. A neural network-based least squares modeling approach was utilized to develop a mango sugar content detection model, resulting in a correlation coefficient of 0.9055 and a root-mean-square error of 0.2192. To enhance model accuracy and avoid local optimization issues, this study incorporated the simulated annealing algorithm for model optimization, leading to a correlation coefficient of 0.9854 and a root-mean-square error of 0.0431. The findings demonstrate that the non-destructive testing model of mangoes based on near-infrared spectroscopy effectively detects brix changes and storage potential post-harvest, offering valuable insights for mango quality assessment, optimal picking and selling times, and market selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, electrically insulating polyolefin elastomer (POE)-based phase change materials (PCMs) comprising alumina (Al2O3) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are prepared using a conventional injection moulding technique, which exhibits promising applications for solar energy storage due to the reduced interfacial thermal resistance, excellent stability, and proficient photo-thermal conversion efficiency. A synergistic interplay between Al2O3 and GNPs is observed, which facilitates the establishment of thermally conductive pathways within the POE/paraffin wax (POE/PW) matrix. The in-plane thermal conductivity of POE/PW/GNPs 5 wt%/Al2O3 40 wt% composite reaches as high as 1.82 W m−1K−1, marking a remarkable increase of ≈269.5% when compared with that of its unfilled POE/PW counterpart. The composite exhibits exceptional heat dissipation capabilities, which is critical for thermal management applications in electronics. Moreover, POE/PW/GNPs/Al2O3 composites demonstrate outstanding electrical insulation, enhanced mechanical performance, and efficient solar energy conversion and transportation. Under 80 mW cm−2 NIR light irradiation, the temperature of the POE/PW/GNPs 5 wt%/Al2O3 40 wt% composite reaches approximately 65 °C, a notable 20 °C improvement when compared with the POE/PW blend. The pragmatic and uncomplicated preparation method, coupled with the stellar performance of the composites, opens a promising avenue and broader possibility for developing flexible PCMs for solar conversion and thermal storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of photovoltaic technology has driven the search for novel materials that can improve the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of solar cells. Organic semiconductors offer unique optical tunability and transparency, allowing customization for the absorption of specific optical spectra like near-infrared radiation. Through the molecular engineering of electron donors and acceptors, these materials can be optimized for targeted optical selectivity. This adaptability enables the development of efficient energy-harvesting devices tailored for specific spectral regions. Consequently, organic semiconductors present a promising avenue for specialized applications such as semi-transparent organic solar cells. This review offers a detailed summary of the latest developments in novel organic semiconductor materials, focusing on design principles and synthesis of materials in the context of semi-transparent organic solar cells. Optimization of molecular architecture, photovoltaic performance, and the optoelectronic properties of these materials has been explored, highlighting their potential for next-generation solar energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitroxyl radicals, characterized by unique redox properties, have been investigated for their potential influence on the photovoltaic conversion properties of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this study, we investigated the influence of nitroxyl radicals as donor sites in DSSCs. We observed that the redox activity of nitroxyl radicals significantly enhanced the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of DSSCs; this finding can offer new insights into the application of these radicals in solar energy conversion. Furthermore, we found that increasing the proportion of nitroxyl radicals improved the DSSC performance. Through a combination of experimental and analytical approaches, we elucidated the mechanism underlying this enhancement and highlighted the potential for more efficient DSSCs using nitroxyl radicals as key components. These findings provide new avenues for developing advanced DSSCs with improved performances and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar–thermal energy conversion and storage technology has attracted great interest in the past few decades. Phase change materials (PCMs), by storing and releasing solar energy, are able to effectively address the imbalance between energy supply and demand, but they still have the disadvantage of low thermal conductivity and leakage problems. In this work, new form-stable solar thermal storage materials by impregnating paraffin PCMs within porous copper–graphene (G–Cu) heterostructures were designed, which integrated high thermal conductivity, high solar energy absorption, and anti-leakage properties. In this new structure, graphene can directly absorb and store solar energy in the paraffin PCMs by means of phase change heat transfer. The porous structure provided good heat conduction, and the large surface area increased the loading capacity of solar thermal storage materials. The small pores and superhydrophobic surfaces of the modified porous G–Cu heterostructures effectively hindered the leakage issues during the phase change process. The experimental results exhibited that the thermal conductivity of the prepared form-stable PCM composites was up to 2.99 W/(m·K), and no leakage took place in the solar–thermal charging process. At last, we demonstrated that the PCM composites as an energy source were easily integrated with a thermoelectric chip to generate electric energy by absorbing and converting solar energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in the Earth's surface temperature on an annual basis has stimulated scientific and engineering interest in developing and implementing alternative energy sources. Besides cost, the main requirements for alternative energy sources are renewability and environmental friendliness. A prominent representative that allows the production of "green" energy is the conversion of solar photons into a practical energy source. Among the existing approaches in solar energy conversion, the process of photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen extraction from water, which mimics natural photosynthesis, is promising. However, direct decomposition of water by sunlight is practically impossible since water is transparent to light waves longer than 190 nm. Therefore, applying a photoelectrochemical process using semiconductor materials and organic compounds is necessary. Semiconductor materials possessing appropriately positioned valence and conduction bands are vital constituents of photoelectrodes. Certain materials exhibit semiconductor characteristics that facilitate the reduction-oxidation (RedOx) reaction of water (H2O) under specific circumstances. ZnO holds a unique position in the field of photocatalysis due to its outstanding characteristics, including remarkable electron mobility, high thermal conductivity, transparency, and more. This article offers an overview of studies exploring ZnO's role as a photocatalyst in the generation of hydrogen from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explore the potential of a blended material comprising CsPbI 3 : EuCl 3 perovskite and Gig-Lox TiO 2 , a unique transparent spongy material known for its multi-branched porous structure, for application in solar cells. The inclusion of EuCl 3 in CsPbI 3 serves to stabilize the photoactive γ -phase with a bandgap of 1.75 eV, making it suitable for solar energy conversion in tandem solar cells. Our study applies X-ray-based techniques to investigate the structural properties and interfacial behavior within this blended material, in comparison with a reference perovskite layer deposited on glass. In addition, Spectroscopic ellipsometry is complemented with density functional theory calculations and photoluminescence measurements to elucidate the absorption and radiative emission properties of the blend. Notably, our findings reveal a significant quenching of photoluminescence within the blended material, underscoring the pivotal role of the distributed interfaces in facilitating efficient carrier injection from the CsPbI 3 : EuCl 3 perovskite into the Gig-Lox TiO 2 sponge. These findings pave the way for the application of the blend as an Electron Transport Layer (ETL) in semi-transparent perovskite solar cells for tandem and building integrated photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphitized carbon nitride (g-C3N4), as a metal-free, visible-light-responsive photocatalyst, has a very broad application prospect in the fields of solar energy conversion and environmental remediation. The g-C3N4 photocatalyst owns a series of conspicuous characteristics, such as very suitable band structure, strong physicochemical stability, abundant reserves, low cost, etc. Research on the g-C3N4 or g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for real applications has become a competitive hot topic and a frontier area with thousands of publications over the past 17 years. In this paper, we carefully reviewed the recent advances in the synthesis and structural design of g-C3N4 materials for efficient photocatalysts. First, the crucial synthesis parameters of g-C3N4 were fully discussed, including the categories of g-C3N4 precursors, reaction temperature, reaction atmosphere and reaction duration. Second, the construction approaches of various nanostructures were surveyed in detail, such as hard and soft template, supramolecular preorganization and template-free approaches. Third, the characteristics of different exfoliation methods were compared and summarized. At the end, the problems of g-C3N4 materials in photocatalysis and the prospect of further development were disclosed and proposed to provide some key guidance for designing more efficient and applicable g-C3N4 or g-C3N4-based photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current stratospheric airships generally employ photovoltaic cycle energy systems. Accurately calculating their power generation is significant for airships' overall design and mission planning. However, the power generation of solar arrays on stratospheric airships is challenging to model and calculate due to the dynamic nature of the airships' flight, resulting in continuously changing radiation conditions on the curved surface of the airships. The power generated by the airship solar array was modeled herein through a combination of the flight attitude, spatial position, time, and other influencing factors. Additionally, the model was modified by considering the variation in photovoltaic conversion efficiency based on the radiation incidence angle, as well as the state of charge and power consumption of the energy storage battery pack. This study compared the measurement data of power generation in real flight tests with the calculation results of the model. The comparison showed that the results of the calculated model were highly consistent with the actual measured data. An average normalized root-mean-square error of 2.47% validated the accuracy of the newly built model. The generalizability and rapidity of the model were also tested, and the results showed that the model performed well in both metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) primarily focuses on enhancing the efficiency of the propulsion system to minimize energy consumption during the conversion of valuable solar energy. However, due to the unique nature of UAV propulsion systems, there is limited cross-reference ability among existing solar-powered UAV systems. This paper proposes an integrated design approach for the propulsion system and UAV structure. Based on this approach, an overall design is conducted for the solar-powered UAV, including initial design goals and performance parameters. Aerodynamic layout design and performance estimation are carried out, and a prototype is fabricated and assembled for flight testing validation. The results demonstrate the significant importance of this approach in improving the efficiency of the solar-powered UAV propulsion system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate and reliable estimation of photovoltaic models holds immense significance within the realm of energy systems. In pursuit of this objective, a Boosting Flower Pollination Algorithm (BFPA) was introduced to facilitate the robust identification of photovoltaic model parameters and enhance the conversion efficiency of solar energy into electrical energy. The incorporation of a Gaussian distribution within the BFPA serves the dual purpose of conserving computational resources and ensuring solution stability. A population clustering strategy is implemented to steer individuals in the direction of favorable population evolution. Moreover, adaptive boundary handling strategies are deployed to mitigate the adverse effects of multiple individuals clustering near problem boundaries. To demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of the BFPA, it is initially employed to extract unknown parameters from well-established single-diode, double-diode, and photovoltaic module models. In rigorous benchmarking against eight control methods, statistical tests affirm the substantial superiority of the BFPA over these controls. Furthermore, the BFPA successfully extracts model parameters from three distinct commercial photovoltaic cells operating under varying temperatures and light irradiances. A meticulous statistical analysis of the data underscores a high degree of consistency between simulated data generated by the BFPA and observed data. These successful outcomes underscore the potential of the BFPA as a promising approach in the field of photovoltaic modeling, offering substantial enhancements in both accuracy and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct modelling and estimation of solar cell characteristics are crucial for effective performance simulations of PV panels, necessitating the development of creative approaches to improve solar energy conversion. When handling this complex problem, traditional optimisation algorithms have significant disadvantages, including a predisposition to get trapped in certain local optima. This paper develops the Mantis Search Algorithm (MSA), which draws inspiration from the unique foraging behaviours and sexual cannibalism of praying mantises. The suggested MSA includes three stages of optimisation: prey pursuit, prey assault, and sexual cannibalism. It is created for the R.TC France PV cell and the Ultra 85-P PV panel related to Shell PowerMax for calculating PV parameters and examining six case studies utilising the one-diode model (1DM), two-diode model (1DM), and three-diode model (3DM). Its performance is assessed in contrast to recently developed optimisers of the neural network optimisation algorithm (NNA), dwarf mongoose optimisation (DMO), and zebra optimisation algorithm (ZOA). In light of the adopted MSA approach, simulation findings improve the electrical characteristics of solar power systems. The developed MSA methodology improves the 1DM, 2DM, and 3DM by 12.4%, 44.05%, and 48.88%, 28.96%, 43.19%, and 55.81%, 37.71%, 32.71%, and 60.13% relative to the DMO, NNA, and ZOA approaches, respectively. For the Ultra 85-P PV panel, the designed MSA technique achieves improvements for the 1DM, 2DM, and 3DM of 62.05%, 67.14%, and 84.25%, 49.05%, 53.57%, and 74.95%, 37.03%, 37.4%, and 59.57% compared to the DMO, NNA, and ZOA techniques, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining photovoltaic (PV) and photo-thermal (PT) energy collection strategies in a single system can enhance solar energy conversion efficiencies, leading to increased economic returns and wider adoption of renewable energy sources. This study focuses on incorporating a commercial luminescent organic dye (BASF Lumogen F Red 305) into ethylene glycol to explore its potential for PVT applications. The optical and electrical characteristics of the working fluid were evaluated at different temperatures under direct solar irradiance. Pristine ethylene glycol reduced the maximum PV cell temperature by 10 °C. The inclusion of luminescent dye at various concentrations further reduced the maximum temperature, with the lowest concentration achieving a 7 °C decrease compared to pristine ethylene glycol. The highest dye concentration (0.50 wt%) resulted in a significant temperature reduction of 12 °C. While electrical conversion efficiencies decreased with increasing dye concentration, all concentrations exhibited higher fill factors compared to the bare PV cell during the 100-min illumination period. A ray-tracing model was employed to analyze the behavior of the luminescent dye and quantify transmitted energy for electricity and thermal energy production. Different concentrations showed varying energy outputs, with lower concentrations favoring electrical energy and higher concentrations favoring thermal energy. Economic assessment revealed the viability of certain concentrations for specific countries, highlighting the trade-off between thermal and electrical energy generation. These findings provide valuable insights for PVT system applications in different geographical and economic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy, derived from the inexhaustible energy of the sun, has emerged as a promising solution to mitigate the environmental challenges posed by fossil fuel consumption and global climate change. This work explores the underlying principles of solar energy exploitation, focusing on energy collection technologies as the primary means of solar energy conversion. The physics of the state-of-the-art mechanisms, the photovoltaic effect, and the advancements that have driven the transformation of solar energy into a viable and sustainable alternative energy source are also examined. Through a comprehensive review of relevant literature and pioneering research, this study highlights the immense potential of solar energy and its role in shaping a cleaner, greener future. Towards de-carbonization, the various exploitation technologies are divided into direct and indirect in order to optimize resource utilization. Accounting for the most important advantages presented, solar-based utilization processes are perhaps the only ones that provide access to energy for all to satisfy their vital needs. As nations continue to embrace solar energy and invest in its development, we move closer to achieving a more sustainable and environmentally friendly world for generations to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have emerged as a potential candidate for third-generation thin film solar energy conversion systems because of their outstanding optoelectronic properties, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and easy manufacturing process. The electron transport layer is one of the most essential components in DSSCs since it plays a crucial role in the device's greatest performance. Silver ions as a dopant have drawn attention in DSSC device applications because of their stability under ambient conditions, decreased charge recombination, increased efficient charge transfer, and optical, structural, and electrochemical properties. Because of these concepts, herein, we report the synthesis of pristine TiO2 using a novel green modified solvothermal simplistic method. Additionally, the prepared semiconductor nanomaterials, Ag-doped TiO2 with percentages of 1, 2, 3, and 4%, were used as photoanodes to enhance the device's performance. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS, and UV–vis techniques. The average crystallite size for pristine TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 with percentages of 1, 2, 3, and 4% was found to be 13 nm by using the highest intensity peaks in the XRD spectra. The Ag-doped TiO2 nanomaterials exhibited excellent photovoltaic activity as compared to pristine TiO2. The incorporation of Ag could assist in successful charge transport and minimize the charge recombination process. The DSSCs showed a Jsc of 8.336 mA/cm2, a Voc of 698 mV, and an FF of 0.422 with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.45% at a Ag concentration of 4% under illumination of 100 mW/cm2 power with N719 dye, indicating an important improvement when compared to 2% Ag-doped (PCE of 0.97%) and pristine TiO2 (PCE of 0.62%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation and purification is a promising solar energy conversion technology to produce clean water or solve water scarcity. Although wood-based photothermal materials have attracted particular interest in solar water purification and desalination due to their rapid water supply and great heat localization, challenges exist given their complicated processing methods and relatively poor stability. Herein, we propose a facile approach for fabricating a bilayered wood-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (wood-PEDOT:PSS) hydrogel interfacial evaporator by direct drop-casting and dry-annealing. Benefiting from the unique combined merits of the wood-PEDOT:PSS hydrogel evaporator, i.e., excellent light absorption (~99.9%) and efficient photothermal conversion of nanofibrous PEDOT:PSS and the strong hydrophilicity and fast water transport from wood, the as-fabricated bilayered wood-PEDOT:PSS hydrogel evaporator demonstrates a remarkably high evaporation rate (~1.47 kg m−2 h−1) and high energy efficiency (~75.76%) at 1 kW m−2. We further demonstrate the practical applications of such an evaporator for sewage purification and desalination, showing outstanding performance stability and partial salt barrier capability against a continuous 10-day test in simulated seawater and an ultrahigh ion removal rate of 99.9% for metal ion-containing sewage. The design and fabrication of such novel, efficient wood-based interfacial evaporators pave the way for large-scale applications in solar water purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converting and storing solar energy directly as chemical energy through photoelectrochemical devices are promising strategies to replace fossil fuels. Metal oxides are commonly used as photoanode materials, but they still encounter challenges such as limited light absorption, inefficient charge separation, sluggish surface reactions, and insufficient stability. The regulation of surface oxygen species on metal oxide photoanodes has emerged as a critical strategy to modulate molecular and charge dynamics at the reaction interface. However, the precise role of surface oxygen species in metal oxide photoanodes remains ambiguous. The review focuses on elucidating the formation and regulation mechanisms of various surface oxygen species in metal oxides, their advantages and disadvantages in photoelectrochemical reactions, and the characterization methods employed to investigate them. Additionally, the article discusses emerging opportunities and potential hurdles in the regulation of surface oxygen species. By shedding light on the significance of surface oxygen species, this review aims to advance our understanding of their impact on metal oxide photoanodes, paving the way for the design of more efficient and stable photoelectrochemical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel ultra-broadband absorber is suggested and numerically analyzed to demonstrate that the suggested absorber can achieve an average absorbance of 98.6% in the visible to near-infrared wavelength range (496–2100 nm). The structure of the proposed new ultra-wideband absorber consists of four thin films of silicon dioxide (SiO2), iron (Fe), magnesium fluoride (MgF2), and chromium (Cr). We have examined the structure's electromagnetic field intensity distribution at numerous selected optical wavelengths and the influence of various structural parameters on the absorption performance of the absorber to offer a physical mechanism underlying the ultra-broadband absorption effect. Furthermore, in the presence of high-performance absorption, the structure has the effect of stabilizing absorption at large angles of incidence and is polarization-independent at vertical angles of incidence. The study also assesses the solar absorption capability of this structure, indicating that the structure has potential applications in solar absorption, such as solar energy collection and conversion, solar power generation, and thermal emitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overexploitation of non-renewable fossil resources has led to dangerous warming of our planet due to greenhouse gas emissions. The main reason for this problem is the increase in global energy demand. The rising prices of oil and gas have pushed governments around the world to turn to renewable energy, especially solar and wind power. For this reason, the present paper aimed to focus on photovoltaic and wind energy systems. However, exploitation of these two sources individually is not always easy because of their intermittent and irregular characters. Therefore, the obvious solution is the hybridisation of these two sources, which, when used alongside other systems such as batteries, increases the reliability, availability, and efficiency of these renewable sources. The main objective of this paper is to give an overview of different configurations of hybrid solar and wind energy conversion systems. First, the behaviour of each system, as well as their mathematical models, characteristics, and existing topologies, is presented. Then, the control strategies, optimal configurations, and sizing techniques, as well as different energy management strategies, of these hybrid PV–wind systems are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulating bulk polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) into nanostructured PCN has long been proven effective in enhancing its photocatalytic activity. However, simplifying the synthesis of nanostructured PCN remains a considerable challenge and has drawn widespread attention. This work reported the one-step green and sustainable synthesis of nanostructured PCN in the direct thermal polymerization of the guanidine thiocyanate precursor via the judicious introduction of hot water vapor's dual function as gas-bubble templates along with a green etching reagent. By optimizing the temperature of the water vapor and polymerization reaction time, the as-prepared nanostructured PCN exhibited a highly boosted visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. The highest H2 evolution rate achieved was 4.81mmol∙g−1∙h−1, which is over four times larger than that of the bulk PCN (1.19 mmol∙g−1∙h−1) prepared only by thermal polymerization of the guanidine thiocyanate precursor without the assistance of bifunctional hot water vapor. The enhanced photocatalytic activity might be attributed to the enlarged BET specific surface area, increased active site quantity, and highly accelerated photo-excited charge-carrier transfer and separation. Moreover, the sustainability of this environmentally friendly hot water vapor dual-function mediated method was also shown to be versatile in preparing other nanostructured PCN photocatalysts derived from other precursors such as dicyandiamide and melamine. This work is expected to provide a novel pathway for exploring the rational design of nanostructured PCN for highly efficient solar energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic, magnetic, and optical behaviors of metals (M = Ag, Al, Au, Bi, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Mn, Na, Ni) adsorbed on the SiC monolayer have been calculated based on density functional theory (DFT). The binding energy results show that all the M-adsorbed SiC systems are stable. All the M-adsorbed SiC systems are magnetic with magnetic moments of 1.00 μB (Ag), 1.00 μB (Al), 1.00 μB (Au), 1.01 μB (Bi), 1.95 μB (Ca), 1.00 μB (Co), 4.26 μB (Cr), 1.00 μB (Cu), 2.00 μB (Fe), 1.00 μB (Ga), 0.99 μB (K), 1.00 μB (Li), 3.00 μB (Mn), and 1.00 μB (Na), respectively, except for the Ni-adsorbed SiC system. The Ag, Al, Au, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Mn, and Na-adsorbed SiC systems become magnetic semiconductors, while Bi, Ca, Co, K, and Li-adsorbed SiC systems become semimetals. The Bader charge results show that there is a charge transfer between the metal atom and the SiC monolayer. The work function of the K-adsorbed SiC system is 2.43 eV, which is 47.9% lower than that of pristine SiC and can be used in electron-emitter devices. The Bi, Ca, Ga, and Mn-adsorbed SiC systems show new absorption peaks in the visible light range. These results indicate that M-adsorbed SiC systems have potential applications in the field of spintronic devices and solar energy conversion photovoltaic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular copper water oxidation electrocatalysts have been extensively studied in recent years for their potential use in artificial photosynthetic systems for solar energy conversion. Although ligand modification and its ability to influence catalytic properties is a key advantage of molecular systems, there are, as yet, few examples of systematic studies of these effects. Our oxidatively resistant pyalk (2-pyridyl-2-propanoate) ligand forms a complex with copper(II) that catalyzes water oxidation and provides an attractive scaffold for systematic ligand tuning. Here, we report a series of analogous copper complexes with electron-donating (methoxy-) and -withdrawing (methoxycarbonyl-) groups at the para-position of the pyalk ligand. Trends in the pKa and redox potential align with first-principles predictions for the electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups. While the modified complexes show good activity for water oxidation, lowered faradaic efficiency in comparison to the parent complex highlights the importance of stability considerations for catalyst tuning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transforming solar energy into chemical bonds is a promising and viable way to store solar energy. Porphyrins are natural light-capturing antennas, and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is an effective, artificially synthesized organic semiconductor. Their excellent complementarity has led to a growing number of research papers on porphyrin/g-C3N4 hybrids for solar energy utilization. This review highlights the recent progress in porphyrin/g-C3N4 composites, including: (1) porphyrin molecules/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts connected via noncovalent or covalent interactions, and (2) porphyrin-based nanomaterials/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts, such as porphyrin-based MOF/g-C3N4, porphyrin-based COF/g-C3N4, and porphyrin-based assembly/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanostructures. Additionally, the review discusses the versatile applications of these composites, including artificial photosynthesis for hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction, and pollutant degradation. Lastly, critical summaries and perspectives on the challenges and future directions in this field are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of energy demand requires progressive energy generation. This, together with the demand for higher efficiency and flexibility, has promoted the application of power electronics in energy systems. During the past decade, model predictive control (MPC) of power electronics has witnessed significant advancements in both dynamic performance and optimal control of the multi-objective terms. Several of these terms can have equal control priorities, resulting in a symmetrical cost function; however, most objectives have different priorities and require weighting factors to resolve the asymmetry in the cost function. Currently, researchers continue to encounter challenges in the optimal design of weighting factors. Moreover, the relative performance of different techniques that either utilize or avoid the weighting factor are uncertain. Therefore, this study focuses on weighting factor design techniques in the literature as applied to wind/solar energy conversion, microgrids, grid-connected converters, and other high-performance converter-based systems. These are grouped under the heuristic, offline tuning, sequential, and online optimization methods. This study demonstrates that optimal online tuning of weighting factors and sequential MPC methods can both offer improved robustness against parameter uncertainties. In addition, the advantages and limitations of different techniques are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is widely known, the issue of freshwater scarcity affects practically all people, and all are looking for innovative and workable ways to attempt to solve this issue. In this work, a novel method of desalination is proposed. The proposed system consists of a solar collector (PTSC), evacuated pipe (EP), condenser (CU), and separation unit (SU). The working principle of the system is heating the feed saline water using the PTSC and EP and controlling the water flow rate to control the output conditions of the EP. The produced vapor is therefore separated from salty water using the SU. In addition, the generated steam is condensed into the CU to produce a freshwater distillate. Consequently, the effect of solar radiation on the affecting temperatures was tested. In addition, the effect of using different water flow rates (6, 7.5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 L/h) inside the EP on the system productivity was investigated. The primary findings of this work may be highlighted in relation to the experiments conducted. At midday, when ultraviolet irradiance reached its highest, the EP's water flow entrance and outflow had the largest temperature differential. In addition, the lower the water flow rate inside the EP, the higher the water temperature, the higher the evaporation rate of the system, and the greater the freshwater productivity of the system. At 6 L/h, the water's highest temperature was 92 °C. Moreover, the best performance of the system was obtained at 7.5 L/h, where the freshwater production and average daily effectiveness of the distillate process were 44.7 L/daytime and 59.6%, respectively. As well, the productivity of EP was augmented by around 11.86% when using graphite nanoparticles. Additionally, the distilled freshwater from the system operating at the flow rate of 7.5 L/h costs 0.0085 $/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper nitride (Cu3N) has gained significant attention recently due to its potential in several scientific and technological applications. This study focuses on using Cu3N as a solar absorber in photovoltaic technology. Cu3N thin films were deposited on glass substrates and silicon wafers via radio-frequency magnetron sputtering at different nitrogen flow ratios with total pressures ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 Pa. The thin films' structural, morphology, and chemical properties were determined using XRD, Raman, AFM, and SEM/EDS techniques. The results revealed that the Cu3N films exhibited a polycrystalline structure, with the preferred orientation varying from 100 to 111 depending on the working pressure employed. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Cu-N bonds in characteristic peaks observed in the 618–627 cm−1 range, while SEM and AFM images confirmed the presence of uniform and smooth surface morphologies. The optical properties of the films were investigated using UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy and photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS). The obtained band gap, refractive index, and Urbach energy values demonstrated promising optical properties for Cu3N films, indicating their potential as solar absorbers in photovoltaic technology. This study highlights the favourable properties of Cu3N films deposited using the RF sputtering method, paving the way for their implementation in thin-film photovoltaic technologies. These findings contribute to the progress and optimisation of Cu3N-based materials for efficient solar energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic power plants are considered to be environmentally friendly solutions to the production of electricity. Solar energy conversion does not release toxic compounds into the environment. However, the construction of solar power plant components (photovoltaic modules, sup-porting structure, inverter station, electrical installation) is extremely consumptive of energy and materials. Massive volumes of minerals, fossil fuels, and electricity are consumed during the manufacturing process. Efficient management of energy and environmental resources seems to be critical for national policy. It is crucial to admit that the post-consumer management of the components of a photovoltaic power plant is connected with a certain quantity of energy and matter and a negative impact on the natural environment. A life cycle assessment was carried out on a real 2 MW photovoltaic power plant located in the northern part of Poland. The analysis was carried out applying the ReCiPe 2016 model and the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The impact of the examined renewable energy system was evaluated using 22 impact categories and 3 emission areas (air, water, soil). Life Cycle Assessment analysis was carried out for 2 post-consumer development scenarios (landfill and recycling). The examination of the collected results reveals that photovoltaic modules are the element causing the most negative environmental repercussions connected to the release of dangerous compounds into the atmosphere. Post-consumer development in the form of recycling would provide major environmental benefits and reduce detrimental environmental consequences across the whole life cycle of the photovoltaic power plant. The obtained research results enabled the formulation of pro-environmental recommendations aimed at the long-term development of the life cycle of solar power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy shortages are a major challenge to the sustainable development of human society, and photocatalytic solar energy conversion is a potential way to alleviate energy problems. As a two-dimensional organic polymer semiconductor, carbon nitride is considered to be the most promising photocatalyst due to its stable properties, low cost, and suitable band structure. Unfortunately, pristine carbon nitride has low spectral utilization, easy recombination of electron holes, and insufficient hole oxidation ability. The S-scheme strategy has developed in recent years, providing a new perspective for effectively solving the above problems of carbon nitride. Therefore, this review summarizes the latest progress in enhancing the photocatalytic performance of carbon nitride via the S-scheme strategy, including the design principles, preparation methods, characterization techniques, and photocatalytic mechanisms of the carbon nitride-based S-scheme photocatalyst. In addition, the latest research progress of the S-scheme strategy based on carbon nitride in photocatalytic H2 evolution and CO2 reduction is also reviewed. Finally, some concluding remarks and perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for exploring advanced nitride-based S-scheme photocatalysts are presented. This review brings the research of carbon nitride-based S-scheme strategy to the forefront and is expected to guide the development of the next-generation carbon nitride-based S-scheme photocatalysts for efficient energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the effective synthesis of colloidal SnO2 quantum dots and ZnWO4 nanorods using wet chemical synthesis and hydrothermal synthesis, respectively. The resulting ZnWO4-SnO2 core–shell nanorod heterostructure is then made, and its structural, optical, and morphological properties are assessed using XRD, SEM, TEM, and DRS. The heterojunction's structural confinement increases the exposure of its reactive sites, and its electronic confinement promotes its redox activity. The heterostructure subsequently exhibits a smaller bandgap and better light-harvesting capabilities, resulting in increased photoelectrochemical performance. The heterostructure of core–shell nanorods shows promise for usage in a range of optoelectronic devices and effective solar energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity for reliable and efficient multifunctional optical and optoelectronic devices is always calling for the exploration of new fertile materials for this purpose. This study leverages the exploitation of dyed environmentally friendly biopolymeric thin films as a potential optical absorber in the development of multifunctional opto-(electronic) and solar cell applications. Uniform, stable thin films of dyed chitosan were prepared using a spin-coating approach. The molecular interactivity between the chitosan matrix and all the additive organic dyes was evaluated using FTIR measurements. The color variations were assessed using chromaticity (CIE) measurements. The optical properties of films were inspected using the measured UV-vis-NIR transmission and reflection spectra. The values of the energy gap and Urbach energy as well as the electronic parameters and nonlinear optical parameters of films were estimated. The prepared films were exploited for laser shielding as an attenuated laser cut-off material. In addition, the performance of the prepared thin films as an absorbing organic layer with silicon in an organic/inorganic heterojunction architecture for photosensing and solar energy conversion applicability was studied. The current-voltage relation under dark and illumination declared the suitability of this architecture in terms of responsivity and specific detectivity values for efficient light sensing applications. The suitability of such films for solar cell fabrications is due to some dyed films achieving open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current values, where Saf-dyed films achieved the highest Voc (302 mV) while MV-dyed films achieved the highest Jsc (0.005 mA/cm2). Finally, based on all the obtained characterization results, the engineered natural cost-effective dyed films are considered potential active materials for a wide range of optical and optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventionally accessible silicon solar cells experience two major drawbacks, such as reduced efficiency and increased fabrication costs. The prospects for the reduction in the cost of the photovoltaic form of energy conversion are bifacial solar cells. Bifacial solar cells show potential opportunity in reducing the cost of solar energy conversion when analyzed with respect to monofacial cells. The bifacial solar cells exploit sunlight occurrence on both sides of the cell more efficiently. Bifacial-based solar photovoltaic (PV) is a technology that increases the generation of electrical energy per square meter of PV module through the utilization of light absorption from the albedo. This technology can generally be categorized based on the type of solar cell material and the fabrication technique. PV devices are classified as a silicon-based, thin film, organic, and advanced nano PV. This paper takes a second look at some recent initiatives and significant issues in enhancing the efficiency of bifacial solar cells from material sciences and chemical composition aspects. From this review, it is concluded that screen-printed solar cells have produced a maximum efficiency of 22%. Additionally, triode structure single-crystalline cells produced a maximum front side efficiency of 21.3% and rear side efficiency of 19.8%. Considering the recycling of solar panels, organic solar panels can be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photon-enhanced thermionic emission (PETE) is an efficient solar energy conversion mechanism that combines photovoltaic effects and thermionic emissions. In this study, a diffusion–emission model of electrons for the InGaN cathode was deduced based on one-dimensional continuity equations. The temperature dependence of the excess electron concentration, current density, and conversion efficiency at different cathode electron affinities was simulated, and the performance of the PETE converter under isothermal and nonisothermal state was compared. The results show that the improvement in conversion efficiency under isothermal condition was limited by the increase in anode temperature and reached the maximum of ~22% at an electron affinity of 0.56–0.59 eV and the operating temperature of 710–740 K. When the anode temperature was 500 K, the conversion efficiency increased with the increase in the electron affinity and exceeded the maximum value of the isothermal state at 0.6 eV. We explored the behavior of the converter at bias voltages as well as the determination of the maximum conversion efficiency point. The open-circuit voltage in the isothermal state was lower than that in the nonisothermal state, and the output voltage at the maximum conversion efficiency was eventually greater than the flat-band voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]