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According to the DSM-5, neurodevelopmental disorders represent a group of heterogeneous conditions, with onset during the developmental period, characterized by an alteration of communication and social skills, learning, adaptive behavior, executive functions, and psychomotor skills. These deficits determine an impairment of personal, social, scholastic, or occupational functioning. Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by an increased incidence and a multifactorial etiology, including genetic and environmental components. Data largely explain the role of genetic and environmental factors, also through epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and miRNA. Despite genetic factors, nutritional factors also play a significant role in the pathophysiology of these disorders, both in the prenatal and postnatal period, underscoring that the control of modifiable factors could decrease the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders. The preventive role of nutrition is widely studied as regards many chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer, but actually we also know the effects of nutrition on embryonic brain development and the influence of prenatal and preconceptional nutrition in predisposition to various pathologies. These factors are not limited only to a correct caloric intake and a good BMI, but rather to an adequate and balanced intake of macro and micronutrients, the type of diet, and other elements such as exposure to heavy metals. This review represents an analysis of the literature as regards the physiopathological mechanisms by which food influences our state of health, especially in the age of development (from birth to adolescence), through prenatal and preconceptional changes, underlying how controlling these nutritional factors should improve mothers' nutritional state to significantly reduce the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. We searched key words such as "maternal nutrition and neurodevelopmental disorders" on Pubmed and Google Scholar, selecting the main reviews and excluding individual cases. Therefore, nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics teach us the importance of personalized nutrition for good health. So future perspectives may include well-established reference values in order to determine the correct nutritional intake of mothers through food and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The environment can alter the homeostasis of humans and human microbiota. Oral health is influenced by high altitude through symptoms of periodontitis, barodontalgia, dental barotrauma, and a decrease in salivary flow. Microbiota and inflammatory state are connected in the oral cavity. This study aimed to explore the effect of acute high-altitude exposure on the salivary microbiome and inflammatory indicators. Methods: Fifteen healthy expeditioners were subjected to oral examination, recording the plaque index (PII), gingival index (GI), the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), and the number of teeth; unstimulated saliva samples were collected at an altitude of 1191 m (T1) and 4556 m (T2). TNF-α, sICAM1, ROS, and the oral bacterial species Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) were quantified. Results: At T2, slCAM, TNF, and ROS increased by 85.5% (IQR 74%), 84% (IQR 409.25%), and 53.5% (IQR 68%), respectively, while Pg decreased by 92.43% (IQR 102.5%). The decrease in Pg was greater in the presence of low OHI-S. The increase in slCAM1 correlated with the reduction in Fn. Individuals with high GI and OHI-S had a limited increase in TNF-α at T2. Conclusion: Short-term exposures can affect the concentration of pathogenic periodontal bacteria and promote local inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the advent of robotics and the decreasing rate of complications after radical cystectomy, several factors are renowned to impair the early outcomes of this procedure. The aim of this paper is to provide a multivariate analysis (MVA) of patient and surgical procedure-related variables likely to affect postoperative course and 30-day complication rate. Fifty-five robotic-assisted radical cystectomies (RARCs) performed at a single center from July 2021 to March 2023 were enrolled. Baseline demographics, comorbidities, and intraoperative and postoperative data were collected. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship with Clavien ≥ II complications arising within 30 days of surgery. A postoperative Clavien ≥ II complication was evident in 15 patients (28%), whereas Clavien ≥ III occurred only in 5 (9%). At MVA, the only independent predictor of Clavien ≥ II complications was a prior neoadjuvant chemotherapy (OR 5.6; 95% CI 1.22–25.3, p = 0.026). Recognized the small sample size, patients who received a prior NAC should deserve special care within the postoperative course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a prototype (Business Intelligence) for monitoring the continuing education of indigenous health professionals in the Secretariat of Indigenous Health (SESAI) of Brazil's Ministry of Health (MS). The prototype builds on SESAI/MS staff knowledge and takes into account the characteristics and demands of the 34 Special Indigenous Health Districts (DSEIs). The prototype provides information for managing SESAI/MS continuing education in order to meet strategic goals. By improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the continuing education of professionals who serve Brazil's indigenous population, we will be acting directly on access issues and improving the quality of life of the indigenous population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) are at high risk of respiratory viral infections due to the intrinsic deterioration of the immune system and chemotherapy treatments. In the recent past, SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral infection has been responsible for most infectious complications in HMs. We analyzed 2950 samples from 505 patients admitted to the Hematology department from 2019 to 2023. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological trend of respiratory viruses in the SARS-CoV-2 era, the characteristics of the patients involved and their outcomes. In our analysis, we found a reduction in non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral (NSRV) positivity during the pandemic period, although these data did not show statistical significance. Most of the HMs involved were Multiple Myeloma and Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Overall mortality rate was very low and characterized by the progression of the HMs as well as the worsening of respiratory failure. In conclusion, a reduction in non-COVID viral infections was highlighted, probably also thanks to the increase in prevention measures and environmental modifications of the viral background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals continue to experience harassment and discrimination across various aspects of life, significantly impacting their physical and mental health. The scarcity of data on their general health, particularly regarding dietary habits, remains a challenge in developing effective healthcare strategies for this population. To address this gap, we analyzed selected dietary habits, physical activity (PA), and body mass index (BMI) among Italian TGD adults compared to the Italian general population (IGP). An online anonymous survey was conducted via the Computer Assisted Web Interviewing technique from June 2020 to June 2021. Participants were enrolled through clinical centers and TGD organizations. Data from 959 TGD adults were analyzed using chi-squared tests and logistic regression models. Key findings indicated that approximately 70% of TGD individuals consumed fewer servings of fruit and vegetables (FV) than recommended (five or more servings per day). Although red meat consumption was lower overall, a greater percentage of TGD individuals reported consuming more than three servings per week. Additionally, 58% of TGD participants indicated that they did not engage in any PA, compared to 36% of the IGP. Notably, significant differences in BMI were identified, with higher rates of overweight and obesity among TGD individuals assigned female at birth. These results underscore the urgent need for tailored nutritional guidelines and inclusive public health strategies to meet the specific health needs of the Italian TGD population. Expanding access to targeted interventions could contribute to improving overall well-being in this marginalized group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this observational study was to evaluate the potential epidemiological trend of arboviral diseases most reported in Italy by the dedicated national surveillance system (ISS data) compared to searches on the internet, assessing whether a correlation/association between users' searches in Google and Wikipedia and real cases exists. The study considers a time interval from June 2012 to December 2023. We used the following Italian search terms: "Virus Toscana", "Virus del Nilo occidentale" (West Nile Virus in English), "Encefalite trasmessa da zecche" (Tick Borne encephalitis in English), and "Dengue". We overlapped Google Trends and Wikipedia data to perform a linear regression and correlation analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) or Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rho) as appropriate. All the correlations between the ISS data and Wikipedia or GT exhibited statistical significance. The correlations were strong for Dengue GT and ISS (rho = 0.71) and TBE GT and ISS (rho = 0.71), while the remaining correlations had values of r and rho between 0.32 and 0.67, showing a moderate temporal correlation. The observed correlations and regression models provide a foundation for future research, encouraging a more nuanced exploration of the dynamics between digital information-seeking behavior and disease prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that affects multiple systems in the body, often leading to physical disfigurements and a wide range of clinical symptoms. This study aims to investigate the relationship between NF1 severity and visibility and the quality of life (QoL) in children. Methods: The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and a modified version of the Ablon scale were used to assess QoL and NF1 severity and visibility, respectively. Self-reported and parent-reported QoL scores were compared, and the associations between NF1 severity/visibility and QoL were explored. Results: Thirty-eight pediatric NF1 patients and their parents were enrolled. QoL scores did not differ significantly between patient self-reports and parent reports. However, correlational analyses revealed that higher NF1 severity was associated with lower physical QoL in patients, and greater NF1 visibility was linked to lower physical and social QoL. For parents, higher NF1 severity correlated with lower school functioning, whereas NF1 visibility did not show a significant correlation with QoL. Conclusion: The severity and visibility of NF1 have distinct impacts on various aspects of QoL in children, highlighting the need for tailored interventions that address both physical and psychological challenges. These findings underscore the importance of comprehensive care approaches in managing NF1 in pediatric populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic, with over 775 million cases and 7 million deaths by May 2024, has drastically impacted global public health and exacerbated existing healthcare inequalities. The swift development and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines have been critical in combating the virus, yet disparities in access to and administration of the vaccine have highlighted deep-seated inequities at global, regional, and national levels. Wealthier nations have benefited from early access to vaccines, while low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have faced persistent shortages. Initiatives such as COVAX aimed to address these disparities, but challenges persist. Socioeconomic factors, education, ethnic identity, and the healthcare infrastructure play crucial roles in vaccine equity. For example, lower-income individuals often face barriers such as poor access to healthcare, misinformation, and logistical challenges, particularly in rural areas. Addressing these inequities requires a multifaceted approach, integrating national policies with local strategies to enhance vaccines' accessibility, counter misinformation, and ensure equitable distribution. Collaborative efforts at all levels are essential to promote vaccine equity and effectively control the pandemic, ensuring that all populations have fair access to life-saving vaccines. This review explores these complex issues, offering insights into the barriers and facilitators of vaccine equity and providing recommendations to promote more equitable and effective vaccination programs. With a focus on the different levels at which vaccination policies are planned and implemented, the text provides guidelines to steer vaccination strategies, emphasizing the role of international cooperation and local policy frameworks as keys to achieving equitable vaccination coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathological states marked by oxidative stress and systemic inflammation frequently compromise the functional capacity of muscular cells. This progressive decline in muscle mass and tone can significantly hamper the patient's motor abilities, impeding even the most basic physical tasks. Muscle dysfunction can lead to metabolic disorders and severe muscle wasting, which, in turn, can potentially progress to sarcopenia. The functionality of skeletal muscle is profoundly influenced by factors such as environmental, nutritional, physical, and genetic components. A well-balanced diet, rich in proteins and vitamins, alongside an active lifestyle, plays a crucial role in fortifying tissues and mitigating general weakness and pathological conditions. Vitamin D, exerting antioxidant effects, is essential for skeletal muscle. Epidemiological evidence underscores a global prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, which induces oxidative harm, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced adenosine triphosphate production, and impaired muscle function. This review explores the intricate molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D modulates oxidative stress and its consequent effects on muscle function. The aim is to evaluate if vitamin D supplementation in conditions involving oxidative stress and inflammation could prevent decline and promote or maintain muscle function effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the strong declining trends in incidence and mortality over the last decades, gastric cancer (GC) is still burdened with high mortality, even in high-income countries. To improve GC prognosis, several guidelines have been increasingly published with indications about the most appropriate GC management. The Italian Society of Digestive System Pathology (SIPAD) and Gastric Cancer Italian Research Group (GIRCG) designed a survey for both surgeons and patients with the purpose of evaluating the degree of application and adherence to guidelines in GC management in Italy. Materials and Methods: Between January and May 2022, a questionnaire has been administered to a sample of Italian surgeons and, in a simplified version, to members of the Patient Association "Vivere Senza Stomaco" (patients surgically treated for GC between 2008 and 2021) to investigate the diagnosis, staging, and treatment issues. Results: The survey has been completed by 125 surgeons and 125 patients. Abdominal CT with gastric hydro-distension before treatment was not widespread in both groups (47% and 42%, respectively). The rate of surgeons stating that they do not usually perform minimally invasive gastrectomy was 15%, but the rate of patients who underwent a minimally invasive approach was 22% (between 2011 and 2022). The percentage of surgeons declaring to perform extended lymphadenectomy (>D2) was 97%, although a limited lymph node dissection rate was observed in about 35% of patients. Conclusions: This survey shows several important discrepancies from surgical attitudes declared by surgeons and real data derived from the reports available to the patients, suggesting heterogeneous management in clinical practice and, thus, a not rigorous adherence to the guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can convert various organic substrates into high added-value biomass. In addition, the residue can be used as a soil conditioner. Several studies have been conducted on a laboratory scale that may not represent what happens on a prototype scale. Using fruit and vegetable waste as a basic substrate, mixing them with agro-industry by-products (called co-substrates), the Hermes project set up a process on medium (2 kg) and large (10 kg) scales with two different feeding regimes (1.25 g/BSFL and 2 g/BSFL). At the mature stage, larval biomass was separated from frass (the by-product of the larval rearing). The production of larval proteins and fats and the use of frass as soil conditioning were evaluated. The lowest feeding regime (1.25 g/BSFL) provided the best waste valorization. The shift towards higher production scales is not completely linear. The addition of co-substrates to fruit and vegetable waste, as they are provided by the large-scale retail trade, can help to standardize a process as part of an insect farm. The frass recovered from the residue of rearing (on the diet or on the agrifood leftovers) was composted and used in field to grow a processing tomato variety. The addition of composted frass assured a slightly lower yield than synthetic fertilizer but there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.10). This suggests that partial replacement of synthetic fertilizer with composted frass has potential. Overall, the work demonstrated that, using a multidisciplinary approach, the interest and the value in building a supply chain based on bioconversion mediated by Hermetia illucens can be emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to current guidelines, only clinical surveillance is recommended for patients with moderate aortic valve stenosis (AS), while aortic valve replacement may be considered in patients undergoing surgery for other indications. Recent studies have shown that moderate AS is associated with a high risk of adverse cardiovascular events, including death, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. In this context, multimodality imaging can help to improve the accuracy of moderate AS diagnosis and to assess left ventricular remodeling response. This review discusses the natural history of this valve disease and the role of multimodality imaging in the diagnostic process, summarizes current evidence on the medical and non-medical management, and highlights ongoing trials on valve replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rolando Toro's Biodanza (SRT) is a therapeutic strategy that uses movement, music, and emotions to induce integrative living experiences. The present study aims to explore the efficacy of a three-month SRT intervention on motor, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study employed a randomized between-group design. Twenty-eight non-demented PD patients were enrolled in this study. Out of these, fourteen patients were assigned to the active treatment group using the Biodanza SRT system and fourteen to the untreated control group. The study group attended 2 h SRT classes once a week, completing twelve lessons in twelve weeks. All patients underwent: (i) a neurological examination to measure the severity of motor symptoms, balance, mobility, and risk of falls, and (ii) a neuropsychological battery to assess cognitive status, apathy, depressive symptomatology, and perceived quality of life (QoL), at study entry (T0) and at twelve weeks (T1, end of dance training). At T1, we observed a significant improvement in motor (i.e., severity of motor symptoms and balance) and cognitive parameters (i.e., working memory and delayed verbal memory) in all treated patients compared with the controls. Furthermore, a significant improvement in the social support dimension was found in all treated patients compared to the controls. A trend toward increased apathy was found in untreated patients at T1. The three-month Biodanza intervention significantly ameliorated the motor parameters of PD patients, with a parallel improvement in cognitive and QoL status. Hence, Biodanza intervention can, in the short term, represent a useful personalized medical intervention for the management of Parkinson's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalates are chemical compounds, mainly used as additives in plastics, which are known to induce harmful impacts to the environment and human health due to their ability to act as hormone-mimics. Few studies have been reported on the relationship between human exposure to phthalates and the level of circulating microRNAs (miRs), especially those miRs encapsulated in extracellular vesicles/exosomes or exosome-like vesicles (ELVs). We examined the relationship of ELV-miR expression patterns and urine of adult men with five phthalate metabolites (i.e., mono isobutyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, mono benzyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) to identify potential biomarkers and relevant pathways. We found significant positive associations which were further confirmed by multivariable analysis. Overall, our analyses showed that the Σ phthalate metabolite concentration was associated with a significant increase in the expression level of two miRs found in ELV: miR-202 and miR-543. Different pathways including cancer and immune-related responses were predicted to be involved in this relationship. Analyzing the specific downstream target genes of miR-202 and miR-543, we identified the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) as the key gene in several converging pathways. In summary, the obtained results demonstrate that exposure to environmental phthalates could be related to altered expression profiles of specific ELV-miRs in adult men, thereby demonstrating the potential of miRs carried by exosomes to act as early effect biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrent headaches, encompassing migraine and tension-type headaches, represent prevalent conditions affecting individuals across different age groups, exerting a substantial influence on daily functioning and quality of life. Headaches serve as common manifestations of underlying health issues. Among these, celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder activated by gluten consumption, has emerged as a noteworthy concern. Recent research indicates a correlation between celiac disease and heightened susceptibility to headaches, particularly migraines. Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated systemic, widespread disorder presenting a heterogeneous constellation of symptoms with a relatively easy diagnosis and therapy. Among signs and symptoms exhibited in celiac disease patients, headache is one of the most common neurological issues addressed among both adults and children. Headache disorders and CD are highly prevalent in the general population; for this reason, any causal association between these conditions and the role of a gluten-free diet (GFD) has been debated. The aim of this manuscript is to review the current scientific literature regarding the potential association between CD and headaches and the beneficial effects of a GFD. Among the various authors, in our opinion, the current state of the evidence suggests a significant role for the early screening of CD during the initial diagnosis of recurrent headaches, either in adults or children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) constitutes a conserved hetero-tetrameric complex within the family of adaptor protein (AP) complex, crucial for the signal-mediated trafficking of integral membrane proteins. Mutations affecting all subunits of the AP-4 complex have been linked to autosomal-recessive cerebral palsy and a complex hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) phenotype. Our report details the case of a 14-year-old boy born to consanguineous parents, presenting psychomotor delay, severe intellectual disability, microcephaly, and trigonocephaly. Despite a history of febrile seizures, subsequent years were devoid of seizures, with normal EEG. Exome sequencing revealed pathogenic variants in both the AP4B1 and ERF genes. Significantly, the patient exhibited features associated with AP4B1 mutations, including distinctive traits such as cranial malformations. The ERF gene variant, linked to craniosynostosis, likely contributes to the observed trigonocephaly. This case represents the initial documentation of a concurrent mutation in the AP4B1 and ERF genes, underscoring the critical role of exome analysis in unraveling complex phenotypes. Understanding these complex genotypes offers valuable insights into broader syndromic conditions, facilitating comprehensive patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying migraine are more difficult to investigate in children than in the adult population. Abnormal cortical excitability turns out to be one of the most peculiar aspects of migraine, accounting for the manifestations of migraine attacks. Recently, visual cortical excitability has been explored effectively in adult migraineurs with a technique based on cross-modal audio-visual illusions (with sound-induced flash illusions (SIFIs) being reduced in migraineurs compared to non-migraineur subjects). On such a basis, in this study, we investigated visual cortical excitability in children with migraine using SIFIs using combinations of visual and sound stimuli presented randomly. We evaluated 26 children with migraine without aura and 16 healthy children. Migraineurs did not differ from the age-matched healthy subjects regarding fission or fusion illusions but perceived more flashes in trials of multiple flashes with or without beeps. The higher number of SIFIs in migraineur children compared to adults may be due to a greater propensity of visual stimulation to be driven by auditory stimuli (i.e., acoustic dominance). The increased ability to perceive flashes reveals a hyperfunctional visual cortex, demonstrating that the use of SIFIs is a valid tool for assessing visual cortical responsiveness even in pediatric migraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plexiform neurofibromas (pNFs) are benign neoplasms, primarily originating from Schwann cells, posing challenges in patients with type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) due to pain, disfigurement, compression of vital structures and potential for malignancy. Selumetinib, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, has shown promising results in treating inoperable pNFs, with clinical trials demonstrating tumor volume reduction and improved patient-reported outcomes. Despite its efficacy, dermatologic toxicities may impact the quality of life and treatment adherence. Evaluating the frequency and spectrum of such effects is crucial for effective management. Methods: In a four-year retrospective and prospective study, pediatric NF1 patients with symptomatic, inoperable plexiform neurofibromas (pNFs) were treated with selumetinib. Eligibility criteria included significant morbidity, pNF size exceeding 3 cm or surgical inoperability, and performance status >70%. Hematological, liver, lung and cardiac assessments established baseline health. Selumetinib, orally administered at 25 mg/m2 twice, was administered for two years unless a response warranting extension occurred. Cutaneous AEs were documented and graded by severity according to CTCAE v5.0, with evaluations every three to six months. The impact on symptoms and pNF size was systematically recorded, and biopsies characterized histopathological features in those patients requiring surgery. Results: Twenty patients were enrolled, with an average age at therapy initiation of 11.6 years. Cutaneous side effects were common, with all patients experiencing at least one and a median of two per patient. Xerosis, paronychia and acneiform rash were prevalent. Notably, pre-pubertal individuals were more susceptible to xerosis. Acneiform rash had a higher incidence in older patients and those with skin phototypes II and III. Successful management involved tailored approaches, such as clindamycin for acneiform rash and topical agents for paronychia. Hair abnormalities, including color changes and thinning, occurred, with female patients at higher risk for the latter. Paronychia presented challenges, necessitating various interventions, including surgical approaches. AEs led to treatment suspension in 20% of patients, with tumor rebound observed in 75%. Conclusions: According to our experience, successful management of selumetinib-induced cutaneous AEs requires tailored strategies including surgery. AEs might indirectly determine pNF regrowth due to therapy suspension. We thus emphasize the pivotal role of addressing cutaneous reactions for effective selumetinib management in pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent seismic events and the damages related to them have highlighted the crucial role of urban planning in coping with the fragility and intrinsic vulnerability of cities. The paper presents a methodology for assessing seismic risk at an urban scale, expanding from a single-building investigation to an urban-scale analysis by adopting an empirical method for assessing the vulnerability of the urban fabric. Data collection and analysis have been conducted through the Geographic Information System (GIS). The methodology has been applied to the Italian city of Castelfranco Emilia, in the Emilia-Romagna region, where the current regional urban planning law is guiding municipalities towards the development of strategies mostly oriented toward the retrofit of the existing building stock and the overall regeneration of the urbanized territory, in accordance with the target of no net land take by 2050. The novelty of the method stands in the transposition of approaches born in the civil engineering and protection domains to the urban planning sphere, stressing the importance of developing urban planning instruments which are well-integrated with vulnerability assessments and, therefore, able to successfully incorporate risk considerations in the decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants, usually administered orally through the systemic route, are known to counteract the harmful effects of oxidative stress on retinal cells. The formulation of these antioxidants as eye drops might offer a new option in the treatment of oxidative retinopathies. In this review, we will focus on the use of some of the most potent antioxidants in treating retinal neuropathies. Melatonin, known for its neuroprotective qualities, may mitigate oxidative damage in the retina. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a precursor to glutathione, enhances the endogenous antioxidant defense system, potentially reducing retinal oxidative stress. Idebenone, a synthetic analogue of coenzyme Q10, and edaravone, a free radical scavenger, contribute to cellular protection against oxidative injury. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol found in green tea, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that could be beneficial in cases of retinopathy. Formulating these antioxidants as eye drops presents a localized and targeted delivery method, ensuring effective concentrations reach the retina. This approach might minimize systemic side effects and enhance therapeutic efficacy. In this paper, we also introduce a relatively new strategy: the alkylation of two antioxidants, namely, edaravone and EGCG, to improve their insertion into the lipid bilayer of liposomes or even directly into cellular membranes, facilitating their crossing of epithelial barriers and targeting the posterior segment of the eye. The synergistic action of these antioxidants may offer a multifaceted defense against oxidative damage, holding potential for the treatment and management of oxidative retinopathies. Further research and clinical trials will be necessary to validate the safety and efficacy of these formulations, but the prospect of antioxidant-based eye drops represents a promising avenue for future ocular therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IgG Fc N-glycosylation is necessary for effector functions and is an important component of quality control. The choice of antibody manufacturing platform has the potential to significantly influence the Fc glycans of an antibody and consequently alter their activity and clinical profile. The Human Contraception Antibody (HCA) is an IgG1 antisperm monoclonal antibody (mAb) currently in clinical development as a novel, non-hormonal contraceptive. Part of its development is selecting a suitable expression platform to manufacture HCA for use in the female reproductive tract. Here, we compared the Fc glycosylation of HCA produced in two novel mAb manufacturing platforms, namely transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana benthamiana; HCA-N) and mRNA-mediated expression in human vaginal cells (HCAmRNA). The Fc N-glycan profiles of the two HCA products were determined using mass spectrometry. Major differences in site occupancy, glycan types, and glycoform distributions were revealed. To address how these differences affect Fc function, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) assays were performed. The level of sperm phagocytosis was significantly lower in the presence of HCA-N than HCAmRNA. This study provides evidence that the two HCA manufacturing platforms produce functionally distinct HCAs; this information could be useful for the selection of an optimal platform for HCA clinical development and for mAbs in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural areas are regaining attention as key resource holders. This includes the attractiveness of intact and traditional cultural elements and heritage which helps to create new opportunities. However, renewal is needed for rural areas to be competitive beyond tourism. Knowledge exchange and transfer is seen as an enabling tool for regeneration and heritage valorization, although it has mostly been applied in an urban context. The aim of this paper is to explore the role of capacity building and knowledge exchange at different levels in promoting rural regeneration through heritage-led initiatives. The article describes a multi-directional knowledge transfer and exchange in 19 rural areas. The applied knowledge exchange methodology was designed to be a dynamic and vibrant exchange of capacity building and mutual learning. This exchange of knowledge enabled the local communities involved to explore new ideas and viable solutions for the regeneration of rural areas through the valorization of cultural and natural heritage. The research findings show that structuring a knowledge transfer and capacity building process that also involves key local stakeholders and the rural communities is an important milestone in the regeneration process. In addition, it can be a unique opportunity to start and build new professional long-term relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frontoparietal attention network plays a pivotal role during working memory (WM) maintenance, especially under high-load conditions. Nevertheless, there is ongoing debate regarding whether this network relies on supramodal or modality-specific neural signatures. In this study, we used multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) to evaluate the neural representation of visual versus auditory information during WM maintenance. During fMRI scanning, participants maintained small or large spatial configurations (low- or high-load trials) of either colour shades or sound pitches in WM for later retrieval. Participants were less accurate in retrieving high- vs. low-load trials, demonstrating an effective manipulation of WM load, irrespective of the sensory modality. The frontoparietal regions involved in maintaining high- vs. low-load spatial maps in either sensory modality were highlighted using a conjunction analysis. Widespread activity was found across the dorsal frontoparietal network, peaking on the frontal eye fields and the superior parietal lobule, bilaterally. Within these regions, MVPAs were performed to quantify the pattern of distinctness of visual vs. auditory neural codes during WM maintenance. These analyses failed to reveal distinguishable patterns in the dorsal frontoparietal regions, thus providing support for a common, supramodal neural code associated with the retention of either visual or auditory spatial configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stigma negatively impacts individuals, families, and communities, affecting relationships, education, and employment and leading to an additional burden on mental health. Assessing public attitudes towards people with mental health conditions is crucial, especially in terms of public health. Therefore, the Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMIQ) was validated and adapted to the Italian cultural context. Translation followed four phases, involving bilingual speakers, comparison, back-translation, and expert review. In the pre-test phase, the questionnaire was administered to 21 participants anonymously. The validation test involved 213 subjects. Statistical analyses included exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and McDonald's Omega and Cronbach's alpha to assess the internal consistency. The results indicate good internal consistency (Omega = 0.71; Alpha = 0.72), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFI = 0.971) validated the questionnaire's construct. The study's findings align with the original validation, underscoring the questionnaire's robustness. Overall, understanding public attitudes is crucial for public health interventions combating stigma and fostering positive attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a systemic disease manifestation of feline coronavirus (FCoV) and is the most important cause of infectious disease-related deaths in domestic cats. FIP has a variable clinical manifestation but is most often characterized by widespread vasculitis with visceral involvement and/or neurological disease that is typically fatal in the absence of antiviral therapy. Using an aptamer-based proteomics assay, we analyzed the plasma protein profiles of cats who were naturally infected with FIP (n = 19) in comparison to the plasma protein profiles of cats who were clinically healthy and negative for FCoV (n = 17) and cats who were positive for the enteric form of FCoV (n = 9). We identified 442 proteins that were significantly differentiable; in total, 219 increased and 223 decreased in FIP plasma versus clinically healthy cat plasma. Pathway enrichment and associated analyses showed that differentiable proteins were related to immune system processes, including the innate immune response, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation, as well as apoptosis and vascular integrity. The relevance of these findings is discussed in the context of previous studies. While these results have the potential to inform diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative investigations, they represent only a first step, and will require further validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe respiratory infections, including pneumonia or bronchiolitis, caused by RSV can range from mild upper respiratory tract infections to those leading to hospitalization and serious complications such as respiratory failure in children. High-risk groups, such as premature infants and infants with underlying medical conditions, have a higher susceptibility to severe RSV disease. We conducted a retrospective study from years 2015 to 2022 in the Local Health Authority (LHA) of Pescara that counts about 320,000 inhabitants, with the aim to evaluate the burden of RSV infection, focusing on the incidence, hospitalization, and characteristics that may prolong hospital stays. Methods: All hospitalizations from 2015 to 2022 were extracted from the hospital discharge record. The monthly hospitalization rates were calculated and standardized by gender and age for the population resident in the Province of Pescara on 1 January 2015. Results: During the study period, 31,837 admissions were reported among patients aged less than 6 years. Of those, 520 hospitalizations were referred for bronchiolitis. Monthly admission rates highlighted the seasonality of bronchiolitis admissions, with higher rates in the months from December to March in all study years included. The winter seasons of years 2021 and 2022 reported a surge in bronchiolitis incidence, with a rate of 4.0/1000 (95% CI 2.964–5.146) in December 2021 and 4.0 (95% CI 2.891–5.020) in December 2022. Conclusions: Bronchiolitis represents an important cause of hospitalization among patients aged less than 6 years. The incidence was particularly increased during the winter seasons in years 2021 and 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autonecrotic tomato line V20368 (working code IGSV) spontaneously develops necrotic lesions with acropetal progression in response to an increase in temperature and light irradiation. The process is associated with the interaction between tomato and Cladosporium fulvum, the fungal agent of leaf mold. The contemporary presence of an in-house allele encoding the Rcr3lyc protein and the resistance gene Cf-2pim (from Solanum pimpinellifolium) causes auto-necrosis on the leaves even in the absence of the pathogen (hybrid necrosis). The aim of the work was (i) to examine the potential value of the necrotic genotype as a model system for setting up theoretical guidance for monitoring the phytosanitary status of tomato plants and (ii) to develop a predictive model for the early detection of pathogens (or other stresses) in the tomato or other species. Eighteen IGSV tomato individuals at the 4–5th true-leaf stage were grown in three rows (six plants per row) considered to be replicates. The healthy control was the F1 hybrid Elisir (Olter). A second mutant line (SA410) deriving from a cross between the necrotic mutant and a mutant line of the lutescent (l) gene was used during foliar analysis via microspectrometry. The leaves of the mutants and normal plants were monitored through a portable VIS/NIR spectrometer SCIOTM (Consumer Physics, Tel Aviv, Israel) covering a spectral range between 740 and 1070 nm. Two months after the transplant, the acropetal progression of the autonecrosis showed three symptomatic areas (basal, median, apical) on each IGSV plant: necrotic, partially damaged, and green, respectively. Significantly lower chlorophyll content was found in the basal and median areas of IGSV compared with the control (Elisir). A supervised classification/modelling method (SIMCA) was used. Applying the SIMCA model to the dataset of 162 tomato samples led to the identification of the boundary between the healthy and damaged samples (translational critical distance). Two 10 nm wavelength ranges centred at 865 nm and 1055 nm exhibited a stronger link between symptomatology and spectral reflectance. Studies on specific highly informative mutants of the type described may allow for the development of predictive models for the early detection of pathogens (or other stresses) via proximal sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Notably, the incidence of lung cancer among never-smokers, predominantly women, has been rising in recent years. Among the various implicated risk factors, human papilloma virus (HPV) may play a role in the development of NSCLC in a certain subset of patients. The prevalence of high-risk HPV-DNA within human neoplastic lung cells varies across the world; however, the carcinogenetic role of HPV in NSCLC has not been completely understood. Bloodstream could be one of the routes of transmission from infected sites to the lungs, along with oral (through unprotected oral sex) and airborne transmission. Previous studies reported an elevated risk of NSCLC in patients with prior HPV-related tumors, such as cervical, laryngeal, or oropharyngeal cancer, with better prognosis for HPV-positive lung cancers compared to negative forms. On the other hand, 16% of NSCLC patients present circulating HPV-DNA in peripheral blood along with miRNAs expression. Typically, these patients have a poorly differentiated NSCLC, often diagnosed at an advanced stage. However, HPV-positive lung cancers seem to have a better response to target therapies (EGFR) and immune checkpoint inhibitors and show an increased sensitivity to platinum-based treatments. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the role of HPV in NSCLC development, especially among patients with a history of HPV-related cancers. It also examines the diagnostic and prognostic significance of HPV, investigating new future perspectives to enhance cancer screening, diagnostic protocols, and the development of more targeted therapies tailored to specific cohorts of NSCLC patients with confirmed HPV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Vulvovaginal infections pose significant health challenges for women, necessitating effective treatment approaches. This retrospective observational study aimed at investigating the efficacy of collagen-based vaginal ovules therapy, specifically Plurigin Ovules, in restoring cervical epithelialization and reducing inflammation in mycotic, viral, and bacterial cervico-vaginitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 398 women with cervico-vaginitis were included in the study, categorized into three groups: bacterial cervico-vaginitis (Group A), viral cervico-vaginitis (Group B), and fungal cervico-vaginitis (Group C). Participants received vaginal therapy with Plurigin Ovules for three months. Vaginal health parameters were assessed at baseline (T0) and after six months (T1) using various diagnostic tests and analyzed with appropriate statistical tests. Results: Significant improvement in cervico-vaginitis was observed in all three groups. At T1, 87.7% patients of Group A, 66.7% of Group B, and 71.5% of Group C achieved infection resolution (all p < 0.05). Positive colposcopy results decreased across all groups (p < 0.001). Positive vaginal swabs and altered vaginal pH decreased in group A and C (p < 0.001). Positive HPV tests decreased in Group B (p < 0.001). Positive Pap tests and clinical examinations decreased significantly across all groups (p < 0.001). The odds ratios were calculated to reveal the significant associations between these diagnostic outcomes. The therapy was well-tolerated, and no major adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Plurigin Ovules exhibited promising therapeutic outcomes in the three cervico-vaginitis conditions studied. Bacterial cervico-vaginitis showed the most significant improvement, followed by fungal and viral cervico-vaginitis. These findings emphasize the potential of Plurigin Ovules as an effective therapeutic option for cervico-vaginal inflammation and infection, highlighting its role in promoting re-epithelialization and reducing inflammatory processes in the cervix and vagina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite its high prevalence, the clinical course of pediatric migraine has not been fully understood, and previous studies present conflicting results. We present here the findings of a 10-year follow-up study involving children with severe migraine pain admitted to our emergency department. Furthermore, all studies were carried out on selected outpatient clinical case studies. Our aim was to evaluate a population of migraine children admitted to an emergency department because of increased severity or frequency of pain or even because of very anxious parents concerning their child's headache in order to describe their long-term outcomes, whether it differed from that of outpatient populations and to identify possible predictors of prognosis. Methods: We recruited 80 subjects with migraine headaches (mean age 8 years with a range of 4–14 years, 50% females), attending the baseline examination of a population admitted for a headache to the Emergency Department in the first half year of 2012. Of the 80 subjects, 48 (60%) were eligible for follow-up in 2022. We included in our study only patients diagnosed with migraine, according to the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. All were contacted by telephone, and a semi-structured questionnaire was provided to them by email. The association between several possible prognostic factors (gender, familiar neurologic disorders, prenatal and perinatal disorders, social activities, sleep disorders, etc.) and the long-term persistence of migraine headaches were explored using logistic regression analysis. Results: Of 48 subjects with migraine headaches at baseline, 31 (65%) had persistent migraine, and 17 (35%) experienced remission. The preliminary results showed that the presence of neurologic disorders in parents (p < 0.01—odds ratio 9.34 (2.53–41.64) and sleep disorders (p < 0.01—odds ratio 13.18 (2.25–252.74) significantly predicted the 10-year persistence of migraine headaches, while the other considered predictors were found not to influence prognosis. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this was the first study conducted on a selected pediatric population upon admission to the emergency room. Our study suggests that a population of pediatric migraine selected for admission to the emergency department also shows a favorable long-term prognosis, like the studies conducted in the outpatient sample. Familial neurological comorbidity and sleep disorders were unfavorable factors for predicting good outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The orofacial pain syndromes (OFPs) are a heterogeneous group of syndromes characterized by painful attacks involving the orofacial structures. They may be summarily subdivided into two great categories: (1) orofacial pain mainly attributed to dental disorders such as dentoalveolar and myofascial orofacial pain or temporomandibular joint (TM) pain; (2) orofacial pain mainly attributed to non-dental pain as neuralgias, facial localization of primary headaches or idiopathic orofacial pain. The second group is uncommon, often described by single case reports, can often show overlapping symptoms with the first group, and represents a clinical challenge, carrying the risk of undervaluation and possibly invasive odontoiatric treatment. We aimed to describe a clinical pediatric series of non-dental orofacial pain and better to underline some topographic and clinical features associated with them. We retrospectively collected the data of children admitted to our headache centers (Bari, Palermo, Torino) from 2017 to 2021. Our inclusion criterion was the presence of non-dental orofacial pain following the topographic criteria of 3° International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3), and exclusion criteria included the pain syndromes attributed to the dental disorders and pain syndromes due to the secondary etiologies Results. Our sample comprised 43 subjects (23/20 M/F, in the range of ages 5–17). We classified them int: 23 primary headaches involving the facial territory during attacks, 2 facial trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, 1 facial primary stabbing headache, 1 facial linear headache, 6 trochlear migraines, 1 orbital migraine 3 red ear syndrome and 6 atypical facial pain. All patients described debilitating pain for intensity (moderate/severe), 31 children had episodic attacks, and 12 had continuous pain. Almost all received drugs for acute treatment (less than 50% were satisfied), and some received non-pharmacological treatment associated with drug therapy Conclusion. Although rare OFP can occur in pediatric age, it can be debilitating if unrecognized and untreated, affecting the psychophysical well-being of young patients. We highlight the specific characteristics of the disorder for a more correct and earlier identification during the diagnostic process, already difficult in pediatric age, and to define the approach and possible treatment to prevent negative outcomes in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild neurocognitive disorder is an intermediate stage of cognitive impairment between normal cognitive aging and dementia. Given the absence of effective pharmacological treatments for MCI, increasing numbers of studies are attempting to understand how cognitive training (CT) could benefit MCI. This meta-analysis aims to update and assess the efficacy of CT on specific neuropsychological test performance (global cognitive functioning, short-term verbal memory, long-term verbal memory, generativity, working memory, and visuospatial abilities) in individuals diagnosed with MCI, as compared to MCI control groups. After searching electronic databases for randomized controlled trials, 31 studies were found including 2496 participants. Results showed that CT significantly improved global cognitive functioning, short-term and long-term verbal memory, generativity, working memory, and visuospatial abilities. However, no significant effects were observed for shifting, abstraction ability/concept formation, processing speed, and language. The mode of CT had a moderating effect on abstraction ability/concept formation. The findings provide specific insights into the cognitive functions influenced by CT and guide the development of tailored interventions for MCI. While CT holds promise, further research is needed to address certain cognitive deficits and assess long-term effects on dementia progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing epidemic of mpox, namely human monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection, requires rapid and reliable laboratory diagnosis. We report on the QIAstat-Dx viral vesicular panel PCR assay that allows the detection of (within 75 min) six vesicular disease-causing viruses, including MPXV. We analyzed 168 clinical samples, known to be positive (51 samples) or negative (117 samples) for MPXV clade II, obtained from patients at their mpox diagnosis or follow-up. QIAstat assay results were compared to those of a MPXV-specific reference PCR assay. The QIAstat assay detected MPXV (clade II) in 51 (100%) of 51 samples and did not detect MPXV in 117 (100%) of 117 samples, resulting in a positive or negative agreement of 100% (95% CI, 93.0–100) and 100% (95% CI, 96.8–100), respectively. Of the 20 patients diagnosed with mpox, 18 (90.0%) had at least a vesicular swab and 1 (5.0%) had only an oropharyngeal swab positive for MPXV. At mpox follow-ups, 2 (10.0%) of 20 patients had first-time positive whole blood samples. Thirteen MPXV-negative samples were positive for mpox-mimicking viruses. Our findings show the excellent performance of the QIAstat-Dx assay for MPXV detection in clinical samples. Further studies are needed before considering a large-scale application of the QIAstat-Dx assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aortic valve stenosis and malignancy frequently coexist and share the same risk factors as atherosclerotic disease. Data reporting the prognosis of patients with severe aortic stenosis and cancer are limited. Tailoring the correct and optimal care for cancer patients with severe aortic stenosis is complex. Cancer patients may be further disadvantaged by aortic stenosis if it interferes with their treatment by increasing the risk associated with oncologic surgery and compounding the risks associated with cardiotoxicity and heart failure (HF). Surgical valve replacement, transcatheter valve implantation, balloon valvuloplasty, and medical therapy are possible treatments for aortic valve stenosis, but when malignancy is present, the choice between these options must take into account the stage of cancer and associated treatment, expected outcome, and comorbidities. Physical examination and Doppler echocardiography are critical in the diagnosis and evaluation of aortic stenosis. The current review considers the available data on the association between aortic stenosis and cancer and the therapeutic options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Liver venous deprivation (LVD) has emerged as a promising technique in the pursuit of improving surgical outcomes for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC) patients. This procedure, which combines portal inflow and hepatic outflow abrogation, has generated significant clinical interest. However, its specific role in optimizing the future liver remnant (FLR) before liver resection, especially when compared to portal vein embolization (PVE), remains unclear. Between 2013 and 2022, all patients with PHC undergoing preoperative FLR enhancement were evaluated. FLR volume assessments were conducted at two time points to evaluate early and late efficacy indicators. While both LVD and PVE cohorts experienced similar post-procedural complications, LVD demonstrated superior FLR function and growth rates at both assessment points. This suggests faster recovery and improved remnant liver functionality. Although FLR volumes remained comparable between the techniques, LVD emerged as an effective method for optimizing FLR in PHC, potentially enhancing liver function and reducing post-hepatectomy liver failure rates, thus improving overall surgical outcomes. Purpose: Among liver hypertrophy technics, liver venous deprivation (LVD) has been recently introduced as an effective procedure to combine simultaneous portal inflow and hepatic outflow abrogation, raising growing clinical interest. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of LVD for preoperative optimization of future liver remnant (FLR) in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC), especially when compared with portal vein embolization (PVE). Methods: Between January 2013 and July 2022, all patients diagnosed with PHC and scheduled for preoperative optimization of FTR, through radiological hypertrophy techniques, prior to liver resection, were included. FTR volumetric assessment was evaluated at two distinct timepoints to track the progression of both early (T1, 10 days post-procedural) and late (T2, 21 days post-procedural) efficacy indicators. Post-procedural outcomes, including functional and volumetric analyses, were compared between the LVD and the PVE cohorts. Results: A total of 12 patients underwent LVD while 19 underwent PVE. No significant differences in either post-procedural or post-operative complications were found. Post-procedural FLR function, calculated with (99m) Tc-Mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy, and kinetic growth rate, at both timepoints, were greater in the LVD cohort (3.12 ± 0.55%/min/m2 vs. 2.46 ± 0.64%/min/m2, p = 0.041; 27.32 ± 16.86%/week (T1) vs. 15.71 ± 9.82%/week (T1) p < 0.001; 17.19 ± 9.88%/week (T2) vs. 9.89 ± 14.62%/week (T2) p = 0.034) when compared with the PVE cohort. Post-procedural FTR volumes were similar for both hypertrophy techniques. Conclusions: LVD is an effective procedure to effectively optimize FLR before liver resection for PHC. The faster growth rate combined with the improved FLR function, when compared to PVE alone, could maximize surgical outcomes by lowering post-hepatectomy liver failure rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ketogenic diet (KD) restricts carbohydrate consumption, leading to an increase in ketone bodies, such as acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, which are utilized as energy substrates. This dietary approach impacts several biochemical processes, resulting in improved clinical management of various disorders, particularly in childhood. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the efficacy of KD remain unclear. Interestingly, KD may also impact the gut microbiota, which plays a pivotal role in metabolism, nutrition, and the development of the immune and nervous systems. KD has gained popularity for its potential benefits in weight loss, blood sugar control, and certain neurological conditions. This narrative review sums up KD-related studies published over 30 years. While short-term studies have provided valuable insights into the effects of KD on the gut microbiota, persistent uncertainties surround its long-term efficacy and potential for inducing dysbiosis. The significant influence of KD on epigenetic mechanisms, intracellular pathways, and gut microbial composition underscores its potential as a therapeutic choice. However, a judicious consideration of the potential risks associated with the strict adherence to a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, and high-protein regimen over prolonged periods is imperative. As KDs gain popularity among the adolescent and young adult demographic for weight management, it becomes imperative to undertake additional research to comprehensively assess their impact on nutritional status and gut microbiota, ensuring a holistic and sustainable approach to medical nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recruitment process is a fundamental step in population life cycles that determines survival, population demographic structure, and dynamics. The success of recruitment events repeated over successive years greatly affects the survival of long-lived gorgonian populations. Here, we report the recruitment process of the precious, heavily harvested Mediterranean gorgonian Corallium rubrum (red coral) on both settlement tiles and natural substrates over different Mediterranean areas. Red coral is a gonochoric internal brooder that reproduces in early summer. Lecithotrophic planulae settle 15–30 days after release in semi-dark environments at depths between 15 and 800 m. In autumn, 0.58–0.68 mm-wide recruits can be observed on the vaults of small crevices and caves and on rocky cliffs and boulders. Owing to their small size, there is limited knowledge of C. rubrum recruitment in the field. In this study, we examined the recruitment density and distribution in Canadells (Banyuls sur Mer, France) and Calafuria (Livorno, Italy) and compared these findings with those collected over different Mediterranean areas. Red coral exhibited high recruitment values ranging from 0.43 to 13.19 recruits dm−2. The distribution pattern of recruits, examined at a small spatial scale via nearest-neighbor distance analysis, revealed a significantly higher patch frequency on the natural substrate than on settlement tiles, presumably because of the scarcely available spots of free space on the former substrate, which are crowded by competitor species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital myopathies are a group of clinically, genetically, and histologically heterogeneous diseases caused by mutations in a large group of genes. One of these is CACNA1S, which is recognized as the cause of Dihydropyridine Receptor Congenital Myopathy. Methods: To better characterize the phenotypic spectrum of CACNA1S myopathy, we conducted a systematic review of cases in the literature through three electronic databases following the PRISMA guidelines. We selected nine articles describing 23 patients with heterozygous, homozygous, or compound heterozygous mutations in CACNA1S and we added one patient with a compound heterozygous mutation in CACNA1S (c.1394-2A>G; c.1724T>C, p.L575P) followed at our Institute. We collected clinical and genetic data, muscle biopsies, and muscle MRIs when available. Results: The phenotype of this myopathy is heterogeneous, ranging from more severe forms with a lethal early onset and mild–moderate forms with a better clinical course. Conclusions: Our patient presented a phenotype compatible with the mild–moderate form, although she presented peculiar features such as a short stature, myopia, mild sensorineural hearing loss, psychiatric symptoms, and posterior-anterior impairment gradient on thigh muscle MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections are characterized by a high risk of disease progression towards ARDS, leading to a bad outcome. Respiratory symptoms in COVID-19 patients often do not correspond to disease's worsening. In our sample, median age was 74 years (72–75) and 54% were men. The median period of hospitalization was 9 days. Firstly, we observed a significant asynchronous trend of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in 764 selected among 963 patients, who were consecutively recruited in two hospitals (Cannizzaro, S. Marco) in Catania, Italy. NLR values in deceased patients showed an increase from baseline over time. By contrast, CRP tended to fall from baseline to median day of hospitalization in all three subgroups, but steeply increased at the end of hospitalization only in ICU-admitted patients. Then, we evaluated the relationships between NLR and CRP as continuous variables with PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P/F). NLR was an independent predictor of mortality (HR: 1.77, p < 0.0001), while ICU admission was more significantly associated with CRP (HR: 1.70, p < 0.0001). Finally, age, neutrophils, CRP, and lymphocytes are significantly and directly linked to P/F, while the influence of inflammation on P/F, reflected by CRP, was also mediated by neutrophils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Altered self-awareness or anosognosia may impact patients' everyday life by interfering with their safe and independent functioning. Symptom awareness has been linked to executive dysfunctions caused by damage to frontal regions. Apathy is a frequent neuropsychiatric manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD) and is considered a consequence of altered functioning of cortico-subcortical circuitries connecting the prefrontal cortex (PFC) with the basal ganglia. Thus, apathetic PD patients may be not be fully aware of their condition due to shared neuropathophysiological mechanisms. The present study aimed to explore the awareness of apathy in PD patients by comparing the self-reported evaluations with their caregivers' ratings. Moreover, we explored the clinical predictors of possible discrepancies and their consequences on patients' self-reported evaluation of quality of life (QoL). We found a fair agreement between patients' self-reports and caregivers' ratings on apathy scores, with patients reporting less severe apathetic symptoms, especially those related to executive and auto-activation processing, compared to their caregivers' reports. Executive functioning was found to mediate the relationship between disease stage and awareness of the apathetic state. Awareness of executive apathy impacted patients' self-reported QoL. Therefore, PD patients might be unaware of their apathetic symptoms, especially those with worse executive functioning, which plays a key role in metacognitive processes such as self-monitoring and error detection. Anosognosia for apathy in PD patients may affect their QoL perception and leads to misleading self-report evaluations that delay diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA-mimicking proteins encoded by viruses can modulate processes such as innate cellular immunity. An example is Ung-family uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibition, which prevents Ung-mediated degradation via the stoichiometric protein blockade of the Ung DNA-binding cleft. This is significant where uracil-DNA is a key determinant in the replication and distribution of virus genomes. Unrelated protein folds support a common physicochemical spatial strategy for Ung inhibition, characterised by pronounced sequence plasticity within the diverse fold families. That, and the fact that relatively few template sequences are biochemically verified to encode Ung inhibitor proteins, presents a barrier to the straightforward identification of Ung inhibitors in genomic sequences. In this study, distant homologs of known Ung inhibitors were characterised via structural biology and structure prediction methods. A recombinant cellular survival assay and in vitro biochemical assay were used to screen distant variants and mutants to further explore tolerated sequence plasticity in motifs supporting Ung inhibition. The resulting validated sequence repertoire defines an expanded set of heuristic sequence and biophysical signatures shared by known Ung inhibitor proteins. A computational search of genome database sequences and the results of recombinant tests of selected output sequences obtained are presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many skeletal muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophy, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), and sarcopenia share the dysregulation of calcium (Ca2+) as a key mechanism of disease at a cellular level. Cytosolic concentrations of Ca2+ can signal dysregulation in organelles including the mitochondria, nucleus, and sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle. In this work, a treatment is applied to mimic the Ca2+ increase associated with these atrophy-related disease states, and broadband impedance measurements are taken for single cells with and without this treatment using a microfluidic device. The resulting impedance measurements are fitted using a single-shell circuit simulation to show calculated electrical dielectric property contributions based on these Ca2+ changes. From this, similar distributions were seen in the Ca2+ from fluorescence measurements and the distribution of the S-parameter at a single frequency, identifying Ca2+ as the main contributor to the electrical differences being identified. Extracted dielectric parameters also showed different distribution patterns between the untreated and ionomycin-treated groups; however, the overall electrical parameters suggest the impact of Ca2+-induced changes at a wider range of frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]