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Lycopene is a natural carotenoid with well-known benefits due to its antioxidant properties, including an anti-inflammatory effect in colorectal cancer and anti-angiogenic effects along with a reduction in the risk of prostate cancer and coronary heart disease. Due to their poor water solubility, photosensitivity and heat sensitivity, their incorporation in cosmetic and food matrices should be through encapsulation systems. In the present work, lycopene-loaded emulsions were prepared using two different types of stabilizers: non-ionic surfactants, testing several ratios of Tween 80 and Span 80, and chitosan, using chitosans of different viscosities and molecular weights. Soybean oil was found to be a suitable candidate for O/W emulsion preparation. Lycopene encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 70–75% and loading capacities of 0.14 mg/g were registered in stable emulsions stabilized either by non-ionic surfactants or acidified chitosans. Therefore, chitosan is a good alternative as a sustainable stabilizer to partially replace traditional synthetic ingredients with a new biodegradable, renewable and biocompatible material which could contribute to reduce the environmental impact as well as the ingestion of synthetic toxic materials by humans, decreasing their risk of suffering from chronic and complex pathologies, among which several types of cancer stand out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For this research, three hydrophobically modified polyacrylamides, HPAAB, HPAAF, and HPAAS, with multiple hydrophobic monomers were designed, synthesized, and used as thickeners in aqueous ink for digital ink-jet printing. The structures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The viscosity–average molecular weight was determined by intrinsic viscosity determination and was adjusted according to hydrophobic content. The critical association concentration (CAC) of polymers was measured simultaneously using the apparent viscosity method and the fluorescence spectrum. The formation of a network structure and the mechanism of hydrophobic association are visualized dynamically with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at different concentrations. Under the same conditions, HPAAB exhibited excellent thickening ability across different pH levels, temperatures, and shear rates, which is caused by the longer hydrophobic side chain and the stronger hydrophobic effect of the behenyl polyoxyethylene ether methacrylate (BEM) group. Furthermore, an aqueous ink using HPAAB as a thickener displays significant printability and stability, functioning much better than a corresponding aqueous ink that uses a commercial thickener. This is the first example of a hydrophobic associating polyacrylamide, incorporating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic units within a single hydrophobic chain, thereby serving as an efficient thickener for aqueous ink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last ten years, there has been a remarkable enhancement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiohene):poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) emerging as a prevalent choice for the hole transport layer (HTL). Nevertheless, the evolution of the widely utilized PEDOT:PSS HTL has not kept pace with the swift advancements in PSC technology, attributed to its suboptimal electrical conductivity, acidic nature, and inadequate electron-blocking performance. This study presents a novel approach to enhance the HTL by introducing molybdenum oxide (MoO3) into the PEDOT:PSS, leveraging the conductivity and solution processing compatibility of MoO3. Two methods for MoO3 integration were explored: an ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate (AMT) precursor and the direct addition of MoO3 nanoparticles. The carrier dynamics of PSCs modified by MoO3 are significantly optimized. Therefore, the PCE of the device modified by AMT and molybdenum oxide is increased to 18.23 and 19.64%, respectively, and the stability of the device is also improved. This study emphasizes the potential of MoO3 in contributing to the development of more efficient and stable PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation aims to develop an angular stiffness sensor intended for measuring dental implant stability in bone. The sensor hardware included a tiny eccentric motor and an accelerometer to measure a flex constant of an implant with its abutment. The sensor software included a mechanics-based model to convert the flex constant to angular stiffness at the implant/abutment junction to indicate the stability. The sensor's accuracy and effectiveness are demonstrated through use of Sawbones slab models that mimic a mandibular premolar section. The models include a Branemark Mk III implant inserted into Sawbones slabs of 5 different densities with a locator abutment. An incremental insertion torque was first recorded while the implant was placed in the Sawbones models. Then benchtop experiments were conducted to measure resonance frequencies and angular stiffness. Results indicated that angular stiffness increased with Sawbones density, showing high correlation with the measured resonance frequency ( R = 0.977 ) and the incremental insertion torque ( R = 0.959 ). Finally, accuracy of the angular stiffness sensor is calibrated in light of the resonance frequency. Angular stiffness scores 99% and 95% accuracy for Sawbones models mimicking medium cancellous bones with and without a cortical layer, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, wind energy has expanded to become a widespread, clean, and sustainable energy source. However, integrating offshore wind energy with the onshore AC grids presents many stability and control challenges that hinder the reliability and resilience of AC grids, particularly during faults. To address this issue, current grid codes require offshore wind farms (OWFs) to remain connected during and after faults. This requirement is challenging because, depending on the fault location and power flow direction, DC link over- or under-voltage can occur, potentially leading to the shutdown of converter stations. Therefore, this necessitates the proper understanding of key technical concepts associated with the integration of OWFs. To help fill the gap, this article performs an in-depth investigation of existing alternating current fault ride through (ACFRT) techniques of modular multilevel converter-based high-voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) for OWFs. These techniques include the use of AC/DC choppers, flywheel energy storage devices (FESDs), power reduction strategies for OWFs, and energy optimization of the MMC. This article covers both scenarios of onshore and offshore AC faults. Given the importance of wind turbines (WTs) in transforming wind energy into mechanical energy, this article also presents an overview of four WT topologies. In addition, this article explores the advanced converter topologies employed in HVDC systems to transform three-phase AC voltages to DC voltages and vice versa at each terminal of the DC link. Finally, this article explores the key stability and control concepts, such as small signal stability and large disturbance stability, followed by future research trends in the development of converter topologies for HVDC transmission such as hybrid HVDC systems, which combine current source converters (CSCs) and voltage source converters (VSCs) and diode rectifier-based HVDC (DR-HVDC) systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire-based additive manufacturing (AM) is at the forefront of complex metal fabrication because of its scalability for large components, potential for high deposition rates, and ease of use. A common goal of wire directed energy deposition (DED) is preserving a stable process throughout deposition. If too little energy is put into the deposition, the wire will stub into the substrate and begin oscillating, creating turbulence within the meltpool. If too much energy exists, the wire will overheat, causing surface tension to take over and create liquid drips as opposed to a solid bead. This paper proposes a computer vision technique to work as both a state detection and event detection system for wire stability. The model utilizes intensity variations along with frame-to-frame difference calculations to determine process stability. Because the proposed model does not rely on machine learning techniques, it is possible for an individual to interpret and adjust as they see fit. The first part of this paper describes creation and implementation of the model. The model's capability was then evaluated using a 1D laser power experiment, which generated a wide range of stability states across varying powers. The model's accuracy was evaluated through 3D geometry data gathered from the experimentally deposited beads. The model proved to be both capable and accurate and has potential to be used as a real-time control system with future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandan pigment (Pandanus amaryllifolius) is widely used as a natural food coloring and flavoring agent. However, its application in food is limited because of its susceptibility to thermal degradation during food processing, which affects both pigment stability and color. Despite its growing use, there is limited research on how common food ingredients can mitigate this degradation. This study addresses this gap by exploring the effects of sucrose, lactose, rice starch, whey protein, and soy protein isolate on the thermal and color stability of pandan pigment under various heating conditions (65 °C, 95 °C, 115 °C, and 121 °C for 15 min). Spectroscopic techniques (UV–visible, infrared, and fluorescence) and laser confocal microscopy were used to elucidate the molecular interactions. The results revealed that rice starch provided the strongest protection, followed by whey protein, soy protein isolate, lactose, and sucrose, although the protective effects decreased at higher temperatures. These findings offer new insights into the use of sugars and proteins to increase the thermal stability of natural pigments in food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher alcohol synthesis through the Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) process was considered a promising route for the efficient utilization of fossil resources could be achieved. The CuCo catalysts were proven to be efficient candidates and attracted much interest. Great efforts have been made to investigate the active sites and mechanisms of CuCo catalysts. However, the industrialized application of CuCo catalysts in this process was still hindered. The poor stability of this catalyst was one of the main reasons. This short review summarized the recent development of active sites on the CuCo catalysts for higher alcohol synthesis, including CuCo alloy particles, CuCo core–shell particles, and unsaturated particles. The complex active sites and their continual changes during the reaction led to the poor stability of the catalysts. The effect of active sites on catalytic performance was discussed. Furthermore, the key factors in fabricating stable CuCo catalysts were proposed. Finally, reasonable proposals were proposed for designing efficient and stable CuCo catalysts in higher alcohol synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the irreplaceable position of silicon (Si) semiconductor materials in the field of information has become a consensus, new materials continue to be sought to expand the application range of semiconductor devices. Among them, research on wide bandgap semiconductors has already achieved preliminary success, and the relevant achievements have been applied in the fields of energy conversion, display, and storage. However, similar to the history of Si, the immature material grown and device manufacturing processes at the current stage seriously hinder the popularization of wide bandgap semiconductor-based applications, and one of the crucial issues behind this is the defect problem. Here, we take amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) and 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC) as two representatives to discuss physical/mechanical properties, electrical performance, and stability from the perspective of defects. Relevant experimental and theoretical works on defect formation, evolution, and annihilation are summarized, and the impacts on carrier transport behaviors are highlighted. State-of-the-art applications using the two materials are also briefly reviewed. This review aims to assist researchers in elucidating the complex impacts of defects on electrical behaviors of wide bandgap semiconductors, enabling them to make judgments on potential defect issues that may arise in their own processes. It aims to contribute to the effort of using various post-treatment methods to control defect behaviors and achieve the desired material and device performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of meeting the growing demand for safe food, intelligent packaging has emerged, which monitors the conditions of the food and informs the consumer about its quality directly at the time of purchase. Among intelligent packaging options, colorimetric indicator films, which change color in response to changes in the food, such as the release of volatile compounds, have been widely studied. Among them, pH indicator films composed of dyes sensitive to small variations in the pH value of the food surface have received greater attention in recent years. Anthocyanins, which are natural pigments, have stood out as one of the most commonly used sources of dyes in the production of these indicator films. In this context, the present review aims to present an updated overview of research employing anthocyanins in indicator films, including their stability under different storage conditions, the influence of different polymers used in their production, and alternative techniques for maintaining stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of forming a reliable and stable structure of a crumb-rubber-modified binder is an important scientific and technical task. The authors supplemented existing concepts of the mechanism of effective interaction with rubber crumb by introducing a preliminary first stage: controlled partial physical destruction of rubber crumb—producing rubber reclaim. Proposed physical methods of rubber crumb destruction include high shear force (roll mills), high temperature, and a plasticizing medium. The controllability and degree of devulcanization of rubber were determined by acetone-chloroform extraction in different time intervals. The degree of devulcanization of rubber in the rubber reclaim was found to be 22 ± 0.24%, with stability over 14 days. It was found that the size of the particles of the rubber reclaim in the bitumen is less than 2 µm. The properties of the structure of the binder modified with rubber reclaim, characterizing the stability and sustainability, have been studied and established. The developed modified binders are stable in storage. Rheological parameters of the structure characterizing intermolecular interaction, such as shear stability for original and RTFOT-aged, modified bitumen, meet requirements of the state standard at test temperature 64 °C. The elastic structural component of the crumb-rubber-modified binder, as indicated by the relative irreversible deformation parameter J3,2, does not exceed 2.6 kPa (<4.5 kPa) at 64 °C. Additionally, it was determined that the rheological structural parameter for fatigue resistance, which characterizes the durability of road pavement under intensive operational conditions, does not exceed 4699 kPa (<5000 kPa) at 16 °C. The use of 10% rubber reclaim combined with waste frying oil provided the opportunity to obtain a modified binder with a stable and sustainable structure without the introduction of additional stabilizers and agents. Test results showed that the overall performance characteristics of the modified binder meet the 64(S)-40 grade standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stability is a key characteristic for understanding ecosystem processes and evolution. However, research on the stability of complex ecosystems often faces limitations, such as reliance on single parameters and insufficient representation of continuous changes. This study developed a multidimensional stability assessment system for regional ecosystems based on disturbances. Focusing on the lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin (LR-YRB), we integrated the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) with texture structural parameters, and applied the Landsat-based detection of trends in disturbance and recovery (LandTrendr) algorithm to analyze the continuous changes in disturbances and recovery from 1986 to 2021, facilitating the quantification and evaluation of resistance, resilience, and temporal stability. The results showed that 72.27% of the pixels experienced 1–9 disturbances, indicating the region's sensitivity to external factors. The maximum disturbances primarily lasted 2–3 years, with resistance and resilience displaying inverse spatial patterns. Over the 35-year period, 61.01% of the pixels exhibited moderate temporal stability. Approximately 59.83% of the pixels recovered or improved upon returning to pre-disturbance conditions after maximum disturbances, suggesting a strong recovery capability. The correlation among stability dimensions was low and influenced by disturbance intensity, underscoring the necessity for a multidimensional assessment of regional ecosystem stability based on satellite remote sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and efficient streamflow simulations are necessary for sustainable water management and conservation in arid and semi-arid contexts. Conceptual hydrological models often underperform in these catchments due to the high climatic variability and data scarcity, leading to unstable parameters and biased results. This study evaluates the stability of the HBV model across seven sub-catchments of the Oum Er Rabia river basin (OERB), focusing on the HBV model regionalization process and the effectiveness of Earth Observation data in enhancing predictive capability. Therefore, we developed a nested cross-validation framework for spatiotemporal stability assessment, using optimal parameters from a donor-single-site calibration (DSSC) to inform target-multi-site calibration (TMSC). The results show that the HBV model remains spatially transferable from one basin to another with moderate to high performances (KGE (0.1~0.9 NSE (0.5~0.8)). Furthermore, calibration using KGE improves model stability over NSE. Some parameter sets exhibit spatial instability, but inter-annual parameter behavior remains stable, indicating potential climate change impacts. Model performance declines over time (18–124%) with increasing dryness. As a conclusion, this study presents a framework for analyzing parameter stability in hydrological models and highlights the need for more research on spatial and temporal factors affecting hydrological response variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous HZSM-5 zeolites with nanocrystal stacking morphology were directly synthesized via hydrothermal methods without mesoporous templates. The synthesized mesoporous HZSM-5 was subjected to hydrothermal–citric acid washing treatment. The structural and acidic properties of the samples before and after modification were characterized using various techniques. The catalytic performance for butene conversion to propylene was investigated under atmospheric pressure, 500 °C, and a butene weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 10 h−1 in a continuous-flow micro-fixed bed reactor. The results show that propylene selectivity increased significantly from 24.7% before modification to 44%, and propylene yield increased from 22% to 38%. After 2 h of hydrothermal–citric acid washing modification, the catalyst maintained a butene conversion rate of 76% and a selectivity of 47% at 525 °C and a WHSV of 10 h−1 after 130 h of continuous reaction, with a propylene yield of 37%. The results indicate that moderate hydrothermal–citric acid washing modification leads to the removal of aluminum from the zeolite framework, reducing the amount and strength of acid but increasing the mesopore quantity. This helps control the reaction pathways and diffusion of intermediate products, suppresses some side reactions, and improves the selectivity and yield of the desired product, propylene, while significantly enhancing catalytic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study a class of nabla fractional difference equations with multipoint summation boundary conditions. We obtain the exact expression of the corresponding Green's function and deduce some of its properties. Then, we impose some sufficient conditions in order to ensure existence and uniqueness results. Also, we establish some conditions under which the solution to the considered problem is generalized Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stable. In the end, some examples are included in order to illustrate our main results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe and often fatal illness posing significant public health challenges. This study investigates EVD transmission dynamics using a novel fractional mathematical model with five distinct compartments: individuals with low susceptibility ( S 1 ), individuals with high susceptibility ( S 2 ), infected individuals (I), exposed individuals (E), and recovered individuals (R). To capture the complex dynamics of EVD, we employ a Φ -piecewise hybrid fractional derivative approach. We investigate the crossover effect and its impact on disease dynamics by dividing the study interval into two subintervals and utilize the Φ -Caputo derivative in the first interval and the Φ -ABC derivative in the second interval. The study determines the basic reproduction number R 0 , analyzes the stability of the disease-free equilibrium and investigates the sensitivity of the parameters to understand how variations affect the system's behavior and outcomes. Numerical simulations support the model and demonstrate consistent results with the theoretical analysis, highlighting the importance of fractional calculus in modeling infectious diseases. This research provides valuable information for developing effective control strategies to combat EVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In engineering practice, the nonlinear vibration effect can easily lead to chaos in the system, which will not only reduce the performance of the system but also lead to premature fatigue of components, control failure, and increased safety risks. In view of the core position of the robotic arm in modern industry, this study relies on the robotic arm brake system to explore the theoretical basis of integrated viscoelastic materials as a vibration isolation layer. By analyzing the dynamic characteristics of the friction braking system with fractional differential terms, it aims to provide a new perspective for understanding and controlling the chaotic phenomena of a class of nonlinear friction systems. Firstly, we construct a model of a friction system and analyze its dynamic characteristics in detail. The self-excited vibration of the system under disturbance is studied. The relationship between amplitude and frequency is calculated by a nonlinear approximate analytical algorithm, and the accuracy of this relationship is verified by a numerical algorithm. Then, we compare the differences between non-fractional systems and fractional systems. It is found that with the increase in the fractional order term, the vibration amplitude of the system decreases significantly, which helps to reduce the nonlinear characteristics generated by the friction system and narrow the range of unstable solutions. Secondly, we also study the influence of parameter coefficients on the amplitude–frequency characteristics and analyze the local static bifurcation characteristics through singularity theory. Finally, we study the dynamic bifurcation behavior under different parameter perturbations and find that the change in system parameters will lead to the alternation of periodic motion and chaotic motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermodynamics of black holes (BHs) and their corrections have become a hot topic in the study of gravitational physics, with significant progress made in recent decades. In this paper, we study the thermodynamics and corrections of spherically symmetric BHs in models f (R) = R + α R 2 and f (R) = R + 2 γ R + 8 Λ under the f (R) theory, which includes the electrodynamic field and the cosmological constant. Considering thermal fluctuations around equilibrium states, we find that, for both f(R) models, the corrected entropy is meaningful in the case of a negative cosmological constant (anti-de Sitter–RN spacetime) with Λ = − 1 . It is shown that when the BHs' horizon radius is small, thermal fluctuations have a more significant effect on the corrected entropy. Using the corrected entropy, we derive expressions for the relevant corrected thermodynamic quantities (such as Helmholtz free energy, internal energy, Gibbs free energy, and specific heat) and calculate the effects of the correction terms. The results indicate that the corrections to Helmholtz free energy and Gibbs free energy, caused by thermal fluctuations, are remarkable for small BHs. In addition, we explore the stability of BHs using specific heat. The study reveals that the corrected BH thermodynamics exhibit locally stable for both models, and corrected systems undergo a Hawking–Page phase transition. Considering the requirement on the non-negative volume of BHs, we also investigate the constraint on the EH radius of BHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Need for Cognition has been established as a key intellectual investment trait shaping students' academic development. However, little is yet known about its malleability, particularly in youth. This study investigated stability and change in Need for Cognition in a large longitudinal sample of 3409 adolescents from 166 classes in 27 schools in Flanders. Participants reported on their Need for Cognition in Grades 7, 8, 11 and 12. First, the latent rank-order stability of Need for Cognition between Grades 7 and 11 was found to be r = 0.50. This stability was of a similar magnitude to that of the Big Five personality traits observed in the same sample and larger than that of academic intrinsic motivation. Second, trajectories of Need for Cognition over time were found to vary between individuals. In particular, three trajectory classes could be identified, differentiated mainly by the initial level of Need for Cognition (i.e., a low, medium, and high trajectory). Finally, cognitive ability, cognitive stimulation at home, and parental autonomy support, but not parental educational level, were associated with higher odds of belonging to the high Need for Cognition trajectory and lower odds of belonging to the low Need for Cognition trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a uniqueness theorem obtained by using direct calculation. This theorem is applicable to stability problems of functional equations whose solutions are monomial or generalized polynomial mappings of degree n. The advantage of this uniqueness theorem is that it simplifies the proof by eliminating the need to repeatedly and cumbersomely prove uniqueness in stability studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive examination of non-canonical DNA structures, particularly focusing on G-quadruplexes (G4s) and i-motifs. G-quadruplexes, four-stranded structures formed by guanine-rich sequences, are stabilized by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds and monovalent cations like potassium. These structures exhibit diverse topologies and are implicated in critical genomic regions such as telomeres and promoter regions of oncogenes, playing significant roles in gene expression regulation, genome stability, and cellular aging. I-motifs, formed by cytosine-rich sequences under acidic conditions and stabilized by hemiprotonated cytosine–cytosine (C:C+) base pairs, also contribute to gene regulation despite being less prevalent than G4s. This review highlights the factors influencing the stability and dynamics of these structures, including sequence composition, ionic conditions, and environmental pH. Molecular dynamics simulations and high-resolution structural techniques have been pivotal in advancing our understanding of their folding and unfolding mechanisms. Additionally, the article discusses the therapeutic potential of small molecules designed to selectively bind and stabilize G4s and i-motifs, with promising implications for cancer treatment. Furthermore, the structural properties of these DNA forms are explored for applications in nanotechnology and molecular devices. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in observing these structures in vivo and fully elucidating their biological functions. The review underscores the importance of continued research to uncover new insights into the genomic roles of G4s and i-motifs and their potential applications in medicine and technology. This ongoing research promises exciting developments in both basic science and applied fields, emphasizing the relevance and future prospects of these intriguing DNA structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic storage conditions can have a significant impact on the composition of phytochemicals and sugars in stone fruits. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two domestic storage temperatures (4 and 23 °C) on the physicochemical properties, phytochemical composition, and sugars of 'Rubycot' (RC) plumcot, a novel stone fruit variety, and 'Queen Garnet' (QG) plum. Initially, RC had a lower total anthocyanin concentration (TAC) than QG, but TAC in RC increased significantly (p < 0.05) during storage, peaking at +95% after 7 days at 23 °C, while QG reached +60% after 14 days. At 4 °C, TAC increased for both varieties (RC +30%, QG +27%). RC had a higher initial total phenolic content (TPC), which also increased for both fruits. QG had a significantly higher initial total quercetin concentration (TQC), increasing by 40% (p < 0.05) at 23 °C. The initial total carotenoid concentration in QG was higher than that in RC, but after 10 days at 23 °C, RC had a higher carotenoid concentration than QG. Both varieties showed similar sugar profiles, with QG starting higher but decreasing over time at both storage temperatures. Results from this study showed that ambient storage significantly increases total anthocyanins, total quercetins, and TPC in RC and QG. However, it is important to evaluate the textural and sensory properties of stored RC and QG in terms of consumer acceptability of the stored fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a one-dimensional thermodiffusion laminated beam system with delay feedback is studied. The existence of a solution for our system is discussed within the context of the semigroup approach. In addition, under different boundary conditions, two results of stability properties independent of initial data are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to utilize the hydration characteristics of cement through wet grinding techniques to efficiently and conveniently prepare a stable C-S-H seed suspension, providing key parameters and a scientific basis for their large-scale production, which ensures the stability of the C-S-H suspension during production, transportation, and application. This preparation aimed to mitigate the adverse effects of high-volume silica fume on the early mechanical properties of high-performance cement concrete. The properties of C-S-H seed were characterized in detail by SEM, XRD, and TD. In the concrete performance test, silica fume was used to replace part of the cement, and different contents of C-S-H seed were added to test its effect on the compressive strength of concrete, with XRD and SEM used to analyze the performance differences. The results show that the particle size and hydration degree of cement no longer developed after 90 min of wet grinding. Polycarboxylate ether (PCE) superplasticizer can increase the fluidity of the crystal C-S-H seed suspension when the content exceeds 1.5%. When the content of PCE exceeded 2%, the C-S-H seed suspension precipitated. Adding 5% C-S-H seed can increase the compressive strength of cement concrete by 10% under the condition of reducing the amount of cement and increasing the amount of silica fume. And Ca(OH)2 (CH) was produced by cement hydration consumed by silica fumes to generate C-S-H gel, by which the concrete became denser with more strength. However, when the amount of C-S-H seed exceeded 7%, the compressive strength of the concrete decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ambient stability of copper oxide layers produced through thermal oxidation is a critical factor for their application in advanced photovoltaic devices. This study investigates the long-term stability of thermally grown sodium-doped copper oxides fabricated at 300 °C, 500 °C, and 700 °C. The structural, optical, and electronic properties of these oxide layers were examined after a 30-day period to understand how thermal oxidation temperature and sodium doping influence the durability and properties of copper oxide films. The results indicate that the stability of thermal copper oxide increases with oxidation temperature. The film produced at 700 °C maintained consistent optical properties, work function value, and structural integrity over time, demonstrating their robustness against environmental degradation. In contrast, the layers produced at lower temperatures (300 °C and 500 °C) showed more significant changes due to continued oxidation and adsorption from ambient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of forming a reliable and sustainable structure of crumb-rubber-modified binder is an important scientific and technical task. The quality of this task will increase the technical and economic efficiencies of road construction materials. This work is dedicated to developing a scientifically justified method of directed thermomechanical devulcanization, which ensures the solubility of the crumb rubber in the complex structure of a polydisperse composite material, preventing the formation of aggregates consisting of unsaturated crumb rubber particles, whose elastic aftereffect causes intensive cracking, especially during low-temperature road operations. The novelty in the first part of this article is due to the fact that, for the first time, the quantitative ratio of the polymer component in the crumb rubber was experimentally determined. The ratio of the polymer component to the total content of the other rubber components in the crumb rubber (CR) was determined to be, on average, 93.3 ± 1.8%. The stabilities of the compositions of crumb rubber from different batches were experimentally studied. The nature of the polymer component in the crumb rubber was determined. A hypothesis was formulated to obtain a thermodynamically stable and sustainable binder modified with crumb rubber. To evaluate the compatibility of hydrocarbon plasticizers with the studied CR samples, the following semi-empirical and thermodynamic compatibility parameters were calculated: Hildebrand solubility parameters based on evaporation energy and surface tension, Barstein's compatibility parameter |X|, Traxler coefficient, and the mass ratio of paraffin naphthene:asphaltenes. It was shown that for the substances under study, it is advisable to justify the choice of plasticizer based on chemical compatibility criteria. It was established that a supramolecular plasticization mechanism occurs in the "hydrocarbon plasticizer–crumb rubber" systems under consideration. In the development of the crumb-rubber-modified binder, it was found that the use of activated crumb rubber (ACR) from large tires does not ensure the achievement of a stable and resilient structure of the crumb-rubber-modified bitumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current-carrying friction affects electrical contact systems like switches, motors, and slip rings, which determines their performance and lifespan. Researchers have found that current-carrying friction is influenced by various factors, including material type, contact form, and operating environment. This article first reviews commonly used materials, such as graphite, copper, silver, gold, and their composites. Then different contact forms like reciprocating, rotational, sliding, rolling, vibration, and their composite contact form are also summarized. Finally, their environmental conditions are also analyzed, such as air, vacuum, and humidity, on frictional force and contact resistance. Additionally, through experimental testing and theoretical analysis, it is found that factors such as arcing, thermal effects, material properties, contact pressure, and lubrication significantly influence current-carrying friction. The key mechanisms of current-carrying friction are revealed under different current conditions, including no current, low current, and high current, thereby highlighting the roles of frictional force, material migration, and electroerosion. The findings suggest that material selection, surface treatment, and lubrication techniques are effective in enhancing current-carrying friction performance. Future research should focus on developing new materials, intelligent lubrication systems, stronger adaptability in extreme environments, and low friction at the microscale. Moreover, exploring stability and durability in extreme environments and further refining theoretical models are essential to providing a scientific basis for designing efficient and long-lasting current-carrying friction systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Casing treatments improve compressor stability but often at the expense of compressor efficiency. In this study, the differential entropy generation rate (DEGR) was applied to both efficiency evaluation and stall margin estimation. Rotor 67 was used as the compressor in this study and the simulation results were analyzed to correlate the distribution of the DEGR with the flow structures in the rotor at three rotating speeds. The characteristics of the DEGR at each speed were analyzed, exhibiting the characteristics of the flow structures at peak efficiency (PE) and near stall (NS) flow conditions. Loss analysis was conducted on the peak efficiency operating condition, particularly at 100% rotating speed. The critical state of the DEGR was investigated to identify stall occurrences on the near-stall condition. It was thus concluded that the DEGR can be a unified measure of both efficiency and stall margin. This theoretical exploration was subsequently applied to the design of casing treatments with two objectives: enhancing peak efficiency at 100% rotating speed and improving stability margins at all speeds. Two casing treatments were designed, with two circumferential grooves positioned axially at different locations. Their mechanisms for reducing the high DEGR area in the peak efficiency condition of 100% speed and suppressing an increase in DEGR during approaching stall were investigated, respectively. The results indicated that the presence of a groove near the leading edge of the blade tip can effectively suppress stall at all speeds. In order to achieve peak efficiency at high speeds, the extent of casing treatment coverage above the shock wave plays a crucial role in minimizing losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sealing aerodynamic characteristics are affected by the seal structure, and thus the stability of the rotor system is affected too. A 1.5-stage, three-dimensional, full-cycle model of the high-pressure cylinder of a 1000 MW steam turbine was established. The high eccentricity whirl of the rotor was realized using mesh deformation technology and the multi-frequency whirl model. The nonlinear steam-flow-exciting force of different sealing structures was obtained using CFD/FLUENT, and the motion equations with a nonlinear steam-exciting force were solved using the Runge–Kutta method. The motion characteristics and stability of the rotor system with different sealing structures were obtained. The results show that there are "inverted bifurcation" and "double bifurcation" phenomena in the bifurcation diagrams of different tooth numbers, boss numbers, and tooth lengths, and a 1/2 power frequency of different sealing structures goes through the process of weakening, disappearing, reproducing, and evolving into a 1/3 power frequency and a 2/3 power frequency. With the increasing load, the steam-flow-exciting force becomes stronger, and the multi-frequency vibration and dense frequency phenomena are significant. Under some load conditions, the change curves of three kinds of teeth in 1/3 and 2/3 power frequency vibrations are highly similar, and the tooth number has little influence on the system stability. Under the high load condition, with the boss number increasing, the chaos phenomenon is weakened. Increasing the tooth length is beneficial to the stability of the rotor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision in dosing is crucial for optimizing therapeutic outcomes and preventing overdosing, especially in preterm infants. Traditional manual adjustments to adapt the dose often lead to inaccuracies, contamination risks, and reduced precision. To overcome these challenges, semi-solid extrusion 3D printing was used to create personalised gel-based caffeine dosage forms. The hydrogels, made from agar and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, demonstrated excellent rheological properties, ensuring uniform extrusion and accurate shape retention during and after printing. This gel formulation allowed for precise adjustments of caffeine volume and content tailored to a neonate weighing 1.36 kg, achieving a recovery of 103.46%, well within acceptable limits. Additionally, three production batches confirmed the process's reproducibility with minimal variability. Forced degradation studies showed that both pure caffeine and caffeine in the gel matrix exhibited similar stability profiles, confirming the drug's chemical integrity. The printed gel dosage forms also displayed immediate-release characteristics, with over 80% of caffeine released within 45 min, highlighting their suitability for rapid therapeutic action. These findings emphasise the potential of SSE 3DP and gel-based formulations to produce personalised drug delivery systems with high precision, reproducibility, and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: Narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics such as benzylpenicillin and flucloxacillin are increasingly used in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) programs to mitigate the adverse effects associated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. These beta-lactams require continuous administration via portable infusion devices during OPAT. However, the use of benzylpenicillin in OPAT requires special consideration because of its limited stability at elevated temperatures. Methods: We tested the benzylpenicillin stability, pH, and degradation of products in elastomeric pumps at different concentrations in saline and in buffered solution containing sodium citrate during a prolonged storage and at high temperatures (seven days at 2–8 °C followed by 24 h at 37 °C). Additionally, drug concentrations during intermittent bolus infusion and during OPAT were determined in five patients. The concentrations and degradation products of benzylpenicillin were measured using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Unbuffered benzylpenicillin solutions that were already degraded during refrigerator storage and analyte concentration were not measurable after 8 days. The stability of the buffered solutions was acceptable at all three of the tested concentrations (97.6 ± 1.3%, 96.3 ± 0.8%, and 94.9 ± 1.1% for 10 Mio IU, 20 Mio IU, and 40 Mio IU of benzylpenicillin). The stability was influenced by benzylpenicillin concentration, and several breakdown products were identified. Benzylpenicillin concentrations were measured in five patients during OPAT and ranged from 7.2 to 60 mg/L. Conclusions: Benzylpenicillin buffered with sodium citrate is a safe and convenient option for use in continuous infusions during OPAT and should be favored over broad-spectrum antibiotics. Therapeutic drug monitoring data indicate sufficient to high plasma levels when patients received benzylpenicillin as continuous infusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we describe compatibility assessments of a recombinant, trivalent non-replicating rotavirus vaccine (t-NRRV) candidate with a mock trivalent Sabin inactivated polio vaccine (t-sIPV). Both t-sIPV and t-NRRV are incompatible with thimerosal (TH), a preservative commonly used in pediatric pentavalent combination vaccines (DTwP-Hib-HepB) distributed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), preventing the development of a heptavalent combination. The compatibility of t-NRRV with a mock DTwP-Hib-HepB formulation is described in a companion paper. This case study highlights the analytical and formulation challenges encountered when combining a mock t-sIPV vaccine (unadjuvanted) with Alhydrogel® (AH) adjuvanted t-NRRV. Selective and stability-indicating competition ELISAs were implemented to monitor antibody binding to each of the six antigens (±AH). Simple mixing caused the undesired desorption of t-NRRV from AH with the concomitant binding of t-sIPV to AH. Although the former effect was mitigated by dialyzing sIPV bulks, decreased sIPV storage stability was observed at accelerated temperatures in the bivalent combination with a rank-ordering of P[8] > P[6] > P[4] and sIPV3 > sIPV2 > sIPV1. The compatibility of AH-adsorbed t-sIPV with alternative preservatives was evaluated, and parabens (methyl, propyl) were identified for potential use in this multi-dose bivalent formulation. Along with a companion paper, the lessons learned are discussed to facilitate the future formulation development of pediatric combination vaccines with new antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yogurt is generally defined as a cultured milk product made using some species of lactic acid bacteria. Moreover, some additive bacteria are frequently involved in yogurts to provide health benefits. The objective of this study was testing the stability and survival of a beneficial strain with postbiotic activity, Enterococcus durans ED 26E/7, in cow, goat, and ewe–goat milk yogurts. The validated methods were used in the study. Postbiotic, concentrated substance (CBs) from the strain ED 26E/7 inhibited growth of indicator bacteria by 60.5%. The strains E. hirae (96%) were susceptible to CBs (inhibitory activity from 200 to 25,600 AU/mL). The growth of staphylococci was inhibited by 79% with activity of 100 up to 25,600 AU/mL. Also, 40 out of 46 fecal E. coli were inhibited (activity 100 AU/mL). CBs was thermo-stable and remained active also after storage for 11 months at −20 °C and −80 °C. Exposing CBs to proteolytic enzymes did not lead to its complete deactivation indicating that it is probably not only a proteinaceous substance. The highest counts of the freeze-dried (encapsulated), safe ED 26E/7 strain and its stability were detected in ewe–goat milk yogurts. They reached up to 5.0 cfu/g. ED 26E/7 represents a further promising additive, although other testing will be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents several results of the stability in steel columns subject to pure compression. A square hollow cross-section with different sizes was considered. This study presents all the analytical equations that need to be used to verify the stability of each column with different lengths and boundary conditions. A finite element program was also chosen to achieve the most critical loads (Euler and buckling resistance loads) in the calculation for each element under study, using linear and nonlinear geometric and material modeling. Steel material was used for the columns, where damage due to plasticity was included, through plastic behavior with isotropic hardening. Comparing the results allows us to conclude that the use of the finite element method is an alternative methodology to be used in other types or configurations of columns, where parameterized tests can be easily implemented and to contribute to the development of a wide-ranging database. The finite element method led to an accurate solution when compared with the analytical results with a maximum deviation of 14.7%. By increasing the column length and reducing the cross-section size, the design buckling resistance of the studied columns also decreases. These studies demonstrate that the length and size of the column cross-section can meaningfully increase the structural behavior of the columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of ultrasound homogenization on the physical properties of milk ice cream mixes. A frequency of 20 kHz and an exposure time of 5 min was applied during the ultrasound homogenization to conduct experiments. Stability, particle size, rheological, and microscopic analyses were performed. Moreover, chosen stabilizers were used such as iota carrageenan or its hydrolyzates in combination with locust bean gum and xanthan gum. All parameters were checked before and after maturation at 4 °C/24 h. Based on the obtained results, it was noticed that the ultrasound homogenization contributed to a lower TSI value, which means that there is better stability during the maturation of milk ice cream mixes. In all of the mentioned samples, the TSI value was around 2 or less. Another pivotal finding connected with the particle sizes showed that simultaneously after and before maturation, the values of median D50 were lower in the samples after the mechanical homogenization than after the ultrasound. The rheological properties showed that all of the samples had pseudoplastic non-Newton behavior on the grounds that the value of the n index was lower than 1. Additionally, the consistency values in samples after the ultrasound treatment were lower than in samples after the mechanical homogenization and did not exceed 0.0018 × 10−3·Pasn after 24 h of maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Considering the issue of antibiotic residues, developing equivalent alternatives in the context of banning antibiotics is key. Peptides are considered a satisfactory option, and the current study aims to demonstrate the effect of prophylactic fly maggot peptides on oxidative stress. Oral administration of fly maggot polypeptide can improve the oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide combined with hemocoagulase, and improve the growth performance, antioxidant function, immune function, and intestinal barrier function of broilers. Recently, there has been fast-growing interest among researchers in discovering bioactive peptides from insects and evaluating their potential applications in livestock production. The present study aimed to assess the antioxidant properties and stability of fly maggot peptide (FMP) and its effects on Arbor Acres (AA) broilers' oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hemocoagulase (HC). A total of 108 one-day-old AA broilers were randomly divided into six groups: CG (normal saline, basal diet), DG (LPS + HC, basal diet), VG (DG + vitamin C 50 ug/kg), LPG (DG + FMP 5 mg/kg), MPG (DG + FMP 15 mg/kg), and HPG (DG + FMP 25 mg/kg). The results showed that the addition of FMP to the diet promoted LPS+ HC-induced increases in average daily gain (ADG), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Meanwhile, FMP regulated the intestinal morphology. Additionally, FMP decreased the increase in the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), the relative weight of immune organs, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In conclusion, this research suggested that the addition of FMP can relieve the LPS+ HC-induced oxidative stress of AA broilers and the recommended dose of FMP is 25 mg/kg. This study presents a theoretical foundation for the addition of an FMP supplement for the purpose of protecting broilers' growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global pursuit of renewable energy has significantly accelerated offshore wind energy development. Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are increasingly in the spotlight as they offer superior capabilities for harnessing abundant wind resources in deep-water areas, outperforming traditional fixed-bottom turbines. The deployment and station-keeping of these floating structures are critically dependent on robust mooring systems and the precise selection of anchoring solutions. This paper provides an overview of various anchors, including driven and suction caissons, torpedo, and drag anchors, and their applications in real-world projects. These commonly used anchors were discussed in relation to mooring types, soil conditions, and expected bearing capacities. Torpedo anchor installation failures have been reported in cases where excessive tilt angles occur during deployment. This motivates us to present an in-depth study on the importance of directional stability during installation of torpedo anchors. The study will utilize computational fluid dynamics Star-CCM+ 2402 to analyze and assess the impact of the center of gravity configuration on stabilization. Additionally, theoretical formulas will be used to estimate the holding capacity that the torpedo anchor can provide. These insights are designed to assist wind energy developers in making informed and effective anchoring decisions for floating wind turbine projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A foundation pit's excavation area, which is determined by its radius in a circular foundation pit, exerts a considerable influence on the pit's behavior. Using a full-scale experiment on a circular foundation pit retained by a prefabricated recyclable supporting structure (PRSS), this study develops a series of axisymmetric numerical models to systematically investigate the influence of excavation radius on the pit's deformation, stress, and stability. Furthermore, simulation results from axisymmetric models are compared with those from plane strain models to illustrate the influence mechanism. The results show that at a given excavation depth, the deflection and bending moments of the supporting piles, the earth pressure on the non-excavation side, and ground surface settlement increase with the enlarged excavation radius, but the increase rate progressively decreases. However, the foundation pit's safety factor decreases with an increasing excavation radius and gradually stabilizes. When the excavation radius exceeds 50 m, its influence on the foundation pit's behavior significantly diminishes. The axisymmetric model results closely approximate those from the plane strain models, suggesting that the spatial arching effects of the circular foundation pit can be disregarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of underground diaphragm walls is crucial for ensuring the safety and integrity of trench excavations in geotechnical engineering. This study addresses this critical issue by proposing a novel destabilization mechanism based on a sliding body model specifically designed for diaphragm wall trenching operations. The research employs an analytical framework rooted in soil mechanics and plasticity theory, utilizing limit equilibrium analysis to develop a method for calculating the minimum required slurry density and corresponding safety factor for trench stability. The study compares two distinct approaches to slurry density computation, analyzing their sensitivity to various influencing factors. Theoretical findings are validated through multiple real-world engineering case studies. Comparative analysis demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method, particularly in assessing trench stability within clay layers. Key variables influencing the safety factor are identified, including trench length, slurry density, soil friction angle, and the relative height difference between slurry and groundwater levels. Results indicate that actual slurry densities observed in practice consistently fall within the bounds predicted by the theoretical calculations. This research contributes a valuable theoretical framework to the field of diaphragm wall construction, offering improved accuracy in stability assessments and potentially enhancing safety in geotechnical engineering projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite can be used to prepare high-performance photodetectors due to its excellent optical properties. However, the detection range of perovskite photodetectors is mostly limited to the visible light range, restricting their further development and application. In recent years, combining perovskite with organic bulk heterojunctions to prepare photodetectors with broadband detection capability has proven to be an effective strategy. Through this approach, the response spectrum of the photodetector can be flexibly regulated, and organic compounds can improve the perovskite film quality by passivating defects and inhibit the penetration of water molecules in the air, thereby improving the device performance and stability. In this work, we propose and demonstrate the feasibility of combining MAPbI3 perovskite with PTB7-Th:COTIC-4F to prepare high-performance photodetectors with wide spectral response characteristics. With the assistance of an organic bulk heterojunction, the defects of perovskite crystals are effectively passivated, and the detection spectrum of the device is successfully extended to about 1100 nm. As a result, the responsivity achieved is 0.58 A/W, 1.19 A/W, and 1.41 A/W under laser illumination of 532 nm, 808 nm, and 980 nm, with the power density of 5 μW/cm2 at the bias voltage of −0.5 V, respectively, which is one of the best performances among vertical device structures of this type. Moreover, the stability of the final hybrid film has been greatly improved. This work provides a new approach to the preparation of high-performance and broadband perovskite photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geometric and electronic structures and the bonding of U5M+ and T5M+ (U = uracil, T = thymine, M = Ag, Au) cluster cations have been investigated with density functional theory methods. They have a perfectly planar structure with C5h symmetry and significant stability, containing self-complementary N-H···O hydrogen bonds and five Au-O or Ag-O contacts. The energy gap between the LUMO and HOMO in the U5Ag+ cluster is 4.2 eV, which is twice as large as the HOMO-LUMO gap observed in the U5Au+ cluster. This notable difference clearly indicates that the U5Ag+ cluster possesses substantially greater stability compared to the U5Au+ cluster. This finding is consistent with the results from the energy decomposition analyses, which show that the total interaction energy of U5Ag+ is significantly higher than that of U5Au+. The same trend is observed in T5M+ as well. The interaction between the metal atoms, whether gold (Au) or silver (Ag), and the nucleobase is not predominantly controlled by electrostatic forces, as initially believed. Instead, it is primarily characterized by pronounced covalent bonding effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the addition of buffers provides improved stability to flucloxacillin (FLU) solutions, unbuffered solutions are often preferred in clinical practice. The first purpose of this study was to investigate whether a 50 mg/mL solution of FLU in normal saline is stable for 24 h at 33 °C so that it can be applied for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) using portable elastomeric infusion pumps (PEIPs). When the PEIPs were stored in an oven at 33 °C and deflated over 24 h, the volume of the collected solution, pH, and FLU concentration were checked every 4 h. Obtaining better results than expected based on the literature data, other storage conditions, such as refrigeration, room temperature (RT), 37 °C, refrigeration followed by 24 h at 33 °C and 37 °C, and different batches/brands, were also tested. This study confirmed the pronounced effect of temperature on the stability of FLU and also showed the relationship between the stability of FLU and the initial pH of the solution. FLU was quite stable at refrigeration and RT conditions, with more than 99% and 95% remaining. After 24 h at 33 °C, more than 92% of FLU was still present in the solution, while this number decreased to less than 85% when the storage temperature reached 37 °C. The remaining percentage was found to be even lower when the solution was stored at 2–8 °C for 6 days, followed by 24 h storage at 33 °C or 37 °C, with losses of 17% and 30%, respectively. The stability of FLU became worse when the initial pH of the solution was lower than 5.9 since the concentration of FLU dropped to less than 90% after 24 h at 33 °C, and a precipitate started to form when the initial pH of the solution was around 5.3. Therefore, FLU in PEIPs could be employed for 24 h if the temperature was ideally not more than 33 °C, while the pH should be not less than 5.9 upon reconstituting the FLU solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella typhimurium in food matrices is crucial for ensuring food safety. This study presents the development of an ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor using surface-modified bacterial cellulose (BC) integrated with polypyrrole (Ppy) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), further functionalized with immobilized S. typhimurium-specific phage particles. The BC substrate, with its ultra-fibrous and porous structure, was modified through in situ oxidative polymerization of Ppy and RGO, resulting in a highly conductive and flexible biointerface. The immobilization of phages onto this composite was facilitated by electrostatic interactions between the polycationic Ppy and the negatively charged phage capsid heads, optimizing phage orientation and enhancing bacterial capture efficiency. Morphological and chemical characterization confirmed the successful fabrication and phage immobilization. The biosensor demonstrated a detection limit of 1 CFU/mL for S. typhimurium in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), with a linear detection range spanning 100 to 107 CFU/mL. In real samples, the sensor achieved detection limits of 5 CFU/mL in milk and 3 CFU/mL in chicken, with a linear detection range spanning 100 to 106 CFU/mL, maintaining high accuracy and reproducibility. The biosensor also effectively discriminated between live and dead bacterial cells, demonstrating its potential in real-world food safety applications. The biosensor performed excellently over a wide pH range (4–10) and remained stable for up to six weeks. Overall, the developed BC/Ppy/RGO–phage biosensor offers a promising tool for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of S. typhimurium, with robust performance across different food matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water electrolysis is regarded as one of the most viable technologies for the generation of green hydrogen. Nevertheless, the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) constitutes a substantial obstacle to the large-scale deployment of this technology, due to the considerable overpotential resulting from the retardation kinetics associated with the OER. The development of low-cost, high-activity, and long-lasting OER catalysts has emerged as a pivotal research area. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have garnered significant attention due to their suitability for use with base metals, which are cost-effective and exhibit enhanced activity. However, the current performance of LDHs OER catalysts is still far from meeting the demands of industrial applications, particularly in terms of their long-term stability. In this review, we provide an overview of the causes for the deactivation of LDHs OER catalysts and present an analysis of the various mechanisms employed to improve the stability of these catalysts, including the synthesis of LDH ultrathin nanosheets, adjustment of components and doping, dissolution and redeposition, defect creation and corrosion, and utilization of advanced carbon materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability issue of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has long been of concern to researchers. Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is commonly used as a hole transport layer (HTL) in the inverted PSCs to achieve efficient and stable performance. However, PEDOT:PSS can corrode ITO, affecting device efficiency. Moreover, the hydrophilic nature of PEDOT:PSS compromises device stability. In this work, Poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), known for its good hydrophobicity, was used to modify the surface of PEDOT:PSS, reducing its water absorption and thereby enhancing the efficiency and stability of PSCs. The results reveal that incorporating P3HT effectively enhances the hydrophobicity of PEDOT:PSS. Furthermore, it fosters the development of large-grain perovskite film on the PEDOT:PSS/P3HT bilayer. This enhancement leads to a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.78% for PSCs, with an increase by 16% than that of reference cells (17.04% of PCE). Following a duration of 1000 h, the PCE for the device modified with P3HT remains above 90%, while the PCE of the reference device is below 70%. These findings suggest that using P3HT in conjunction with PEDOT:PSS as a bilayer HTL can concurrently and proficiently improve the efficiency and stability of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript introduces a novel three-variable cubic functional equation and derives its general solution. Employing both the direct and fixed-point methods, we investigate the orthogonal stability of this equation within the frameworks of quasi- β -Banach spaces and multi-Banach spaces. Additionally, the study explores the stability of the equation in various extended Banach spaces and provides a specific example illustrating the absence of stability in certain cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite-type structures have unique crystal architecture and chemical composition, which make them highly attractive for the design of solar cells. For instance, perovskite-based solar cells have been shown to perform better than silicon cells, capable of adsorbing a wide range of light wavelengths, and they can be relatively easily manufactured at a low cost. Importantly, the perovskite-based structures can also adsorb a significant amount of hydrogen atoms into their own structure; therefore, perovskite holds promise in the solid-state storage of hydrogen. It is widely expected by the scientific community that the controlled adsorption/desorption of the hydrogen atoms into/from perovskite-based structures can help to overcome the main hydrogen storage issues such as a low volumetric density and the safety concerns (i.e., the hydrogen embrittlement affects strongly the mechanical properties of metals and, as such, the storage or transport of the gaseous hydrogen in the vessels is, especially for large vessel volumes, challenging). The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of the recent results and studies focusing on the perovskite materials used for both solar cells and hydrogen storage applications. Particular attention is given to (i) the preparation and the achievable efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cells and (ii) the structural, thermodynamic, and storage properties of perovskite hydrides and oxides. We show that the perovskite materials can not only reach the efficiency above current Si-based solar cells but also, due to good stability and reasonable price, can be preferable in the solid-state storage of hydrogen. Then, the future trends and directions in the research and application of perovskite in both solar cells and hydrogen storage are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead-free Mn2+-based metal halide materials are now being considered as clean candidates for backlight displays and lights due to the d–d transition, diverse components, and environmental friendliness. Therefore, efficient and stable Mn2+-based metal halide phosphors are in great demand for practical applications. In this work, adopting the mixed-ligand strategy, a series of [(CH3)4N]2−x[(C2H5)4N]xMnCl4 phosphors were synthesized by mechanochemical process. With the increase molar ratio of (CH3)4N/(C2H5)4N, the phase of phosphors is transformed from orthorhombic to tetragonal. Compared to [(CH3)4N]2MnCl4 and [(C2H5)4N]2MnCl4 phosphors, the mixed-ligand strategy significantly boosts the green emission intensity of Mn2+-based metal halide phosphors. The obtained [(CH3)4N][(C2H5)4N]MnCl4 phosphors exhibit a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 83.78% under 450 nm excitation, which is attributed to the modulation of the adjacent [MnCl4]2- distance by using the different chain length of organic cations, effectively suppressing non-radiative recombination. Additionally, the [(CH3)4N][(C2H5)4N]MnCl4 phosphors exhibit a green emission at 516 nm, narrow full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 45.53 nm, and good thermal stability. The constructed white light-emitting diode (WLED) device exhibits a wide color gamut of 108.3% National Television System Committee, demonstrating the suitability of the [(CH3)4N][(C2H5)4N]MnCl4 phosphors as a green emitter for WLED displays and lightings. This work provides a new way to modulate the PL performance of manganese-based metal halides for application in the optoelectronic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) incorporated with retinol and oligopeptide can have a full spectrum of effects on the skin as a compatible combination of ingredients with broad anti-aging properties. The research's main objective was to ensure the stability of lipid nanocarriers containing retinol and peptide due to the planned use of this dispersion as a cosmetic raw material. To confirm the effectiveness of method optimization (high shear homogenization, HSH) and proper selection of substrates, SLN dispersions were obtained in three combinations: 1—non-incorporated SLNs; 2—SLNs containing only retinol; 3—SLNs containing retinol and pentapeptide-18; these were then stored at different temperatures (4, 25, 45 °C) for 4 weeks. The desired values of the physicochemical parameters of the optimized dispersion of lipid nanoparticles incorporated with retinol and oligopeptide over the required storage period were confirmed: mean particle size (Z-Ave) = 134.7 ± 0.3 nm; polydispersity index (PDI) = 0.269 ± 0.017 [−]; zeta potential (ZP) = 42.7 ± 1.2 mV (after 4 weeks at 25 °C). The results confirmed the proper selection of the SLN production method and the effectiveness of the optimization performed. The possibility of using the obtained raw material as an ingredient in cosmetic products with anti-aging properties was indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In daily routine movement, the ankle joint plays a crucial role in stability and mobility, especially when different types of terrain are involved. However, the simple task of standing can become a biomechanical difficulty when performed on a slope since demands that have to be accommodated are made on the complex structure of the ankle joint. The purpose of this study is to develop finite element (FE) models of the ankle joint with different inclined foot postures and to analyse the stress distributions on the ankle joint while standing on an inclined or declined surface. In this study, the FE model of the foot was developed, and von Mises stress distribution at the ankle joint was explored. The results show that the bone, cartilage, and ligament of the ankle experienced a different von Mises stress distribution pattern during flat standing in comparison with slope standing. In addition, this study found that the maximum von Mises stress distribution at the component of the ankle joint is higher during slope standing than flat standing. Taken together, these results suggest that slope standing, both inclined and declined, with more than 10° inclination, might contribute to a higher risk of injury as a higher maximum stress was observed. Therefore, to maintain proper body posture, it is suggested that weight be evenly distributed at both feet, since this can reduce stress at the ankle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]