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An efficient gene transfer and expression tool is lacking for shrimps and shrimp cells. To solve this, this study has developed a shrimp DNA virus-mediated gene transfer and expression system, consisting of insect Sf9 cells for viral packaging, the shrimp viral vector of pUC19-IHHNV-PH-GUS and the baculoviral vector of Bacmid or Bacmid-VP28 encoding the shrimp WSSV envelope protein VP28. The pUC19-IHHNV-PH-GUS vector was constructed by assembling the genomic DNA of shrimp infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), which has shortened inverted terminal repeats, into a pUC19 backbone, and then an expression cassette of baculoviral polyhedron (PH) promoter-driven GUS (β-glucuronidase) reporter gene was inserted immediately downstream of IHHNV for proof-of-concept. It was found that the viral vector of pUC19-IHHNV-PH-GUS could be successfully packaged into IHHNV-like infective virions in the Sf9 cells, and the gene transfer efficiency of this system was evaluated and verified in three systems of Sf9 cells, shrimp hemolymph cells and tissues of infected shrimps, but the GUS expression could only be detected in cases where the viral vector was co-transfected or co-infected with a baculovirus of Bacmid or Bacmid-VP28 due to the Bacmid-dependence of the PH promoter. Moreover, the packaging and infection efficiencies could be significantly improved when Bacmid-VP28 was used instead of Bacmid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of inoculation with Exiguobacterium profundum FELA1 isolated from traditional shrimp paste and koji on the taste, flavor characteristics, and bacterial community of rapidly fermented shrimp paste. E-nose and e-tongue results showed higher levels of alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones, enhanced umami and richness, and reduced bitterness and astringency in samples of shrimp paste inoculated with fermentation (p < 0.05). Eighty-two volatile compounds were determined using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPEM-GC-MS). The contents of 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenylethanol, isovaleraldehyde, and 2-nonanone in the inoculated samples were significantly increased (p < 0.05), resulting in pleasant odors such as almond, floral, and fruity. High-throughput sequencing results showed that the addition of koji and FELA1 changed the composition and abundance of bacteria and reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria. Spearman's correlation coefficient indicated that the alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones of the inoculated fermented samples showed a strong correlation (|ρ| > 0.6) with Virgibacillus and Exiguobacterium, which contributed to the formation of good flavor in the fast fermented shrimp paste. This study may offer new insights into the production of rapidly fermented shrimp paste with better taste and flavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing interest in healthy diets has increased demand for fish and seafood, with aquaculture playing a crucial role in meeting this need. Developing new aquaculture products can enhance their commercial value and address consumer demand, but it is unclear which products will be well-received. This study aimed to generate ideas for new products derived from sea bream and prawns, and to gather consumer opinions on these ideas, segmented by gender and age. Two methodologies were used: focus groups and Check-All-That-Apply (CATA). In the focus groups, with two sessions per species and 10 participants each, ideas for aquaculture products were generated and categorized as fresh, dehydrated, fermented, marinated, and canned. The CATA technique, applied to 387 individuals, assessed the acceptability of fresh species, yielding average scores of 6.6 for sea bream and 6.8 for prawns. Sea bream was associated with products like fillets and long-shelf-life loins, while prawns were linked to snacks and toppings. In conclusion, the use of tools like focus groups has shown promising results for developing new aquaculture products. CATA analysis indicated that sea bream should be minimally processed with a long shelf life, and prawns should be processed into dehydrated products. Women preferred traditional products, while men favoured innovative options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This research investigated microplastic ingestion in two marine crustacean species of high commercial importance, namely the Giant Red Shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea and the Deep-Water Rose Shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris. The primary purpose of this study was to better understand how these species are affected by microplastic pollution, a growing concern in the marine environment worldwide. Based on stable isotope analysis of muscle tissue and on the examination of their gastrointestinal tracts, it was found that the trophic niche of the two species is similar, but the type of particles ingested differed significantly in terms of shape, colour, size class, and polymer. These outcomes shed light on the pervasive impact of microplastic contamination on marine wildlife, emphasising potential threats to consumers at higher levels of the food web. A better knowledge of pathways that microplastics follow through marine food webs is crucial for understanding the ecological implications posed by this emerging contaminant. Increasing plastic contamination poses a serious threat to marine organisms. Microplastics (MPs) ingestion can represent a risk for the organism itself and for the ultimate consumer. Through the analysis of the gastrointestinal tract, coupled with stable isotope analysis on the muscle tissue, this study provides insights into the relationship between MPs pollution and ecology in two commercial marine species caught in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea: Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Parapenaeus longirostris. Stable isotope analysis was conducted to determine the trophic position and the trophic niche width. The gastrointestinal tracts were processed, and the resultant MPs were analysed under FT-IR spectroscopy to estimate the occurrence, abundance, and typology of the ingested MPs. The trophic level of the species was similar (P. longirostris TP = 3 ± 0.10 and A. foliacea TP = 3.1 ± 0.08), with an important trophic niche overlap, where 38% and 52% of P. longirostris and A. foliacea has ingested MPs, respectively. Though species-level differences may not be evident regarding MP's abundance per individual, a high degree of dissimilarity was noted in the typologies of ingested particles. This research provides valuable insights into how MPs enter marine trophic webs, stressing that isotopic niche analysis should be combined with other methods to explain in detail the differences in MPs ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single specimen of a new genus and species of marine palaemonid shrimp was collected from the outer slope of the barrier reef of Koumac, northwest New Caledonia. The new shrimp is remarkable due to its unique series of diagnostic characters, i.e., the presence of compressed supraorbital teeth, a well-developed orbital cavity, closely set antennal and hepatic teeth on the carapace, swollen eyestalks, fully reduced endites on the maxilla, an anteriorly produced lobe on the fourth thoracic sternite, relatively small second chelipeds, and strongly biunguiculate ambulatory dactyli. This specimen occupies an isolated phylogenetic position among the symbiotic palaemonid shrimp analyzed, only demonstrating a feeble morphological inclination towards the "gnathophyllid" section of these. However, neither the main diagnostic characters nor genetic data allow for further clarification of a closer relationship between this new shrimp and any currently known palaemonid genus as of yet. The new genus and species is described in this report, and its phylogenetic position is discussed based on molecular and morphological characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic significance of the shrimp industry relies heavily on the comprehensive utilization of all of the shrimp's parts. However, this importance is often threatened by common challenges such as disease and pollution, caused by prominent contaminants that are capable of exerting adverse effects either directly as physical pollutants or indirectly through the incorporation of additives or adsorbed chemicals. Among these substances are endocrine disruptors, which pose risks to both wildlife and human populations. In this study, 11 endocrine-disrupting compounds were determined (3 bisphenols, 3 phthalates, 3 pesticides, and 2 nonylphenols) through the development of a cost-effective, greener and cost-friendly method based on solid-phase matrix dispersion (MSPD) with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Determinations were performed on different parts of the shrimp: the cephalothorax, abdomen, intestine and shell. Several variables were optimized in the extraction, separation and detection phases, resulting in average recoveries of about 90%. The limit of detection (LOD) varies depending on the analyte and matrix. At concentrations of 1 mg/kg in the cephalothorax+shells and 1.25 mg/kg in the abdomen+intestine, all compounds were detected, except for nonylphenols. The developed method has allowed the simultaneous determination of 11 endocrine disruptors in different parts of the shrimp samples. Furthermore, the MSPD has been demonstrated to be an efficacious, selective, and streamlined sample extraction method, eliminating the necessity for pretreatment steps such as centrifugation and filtration, as well as the use of large volumes of solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary consumers of microplastics are often zooplankton species such as the mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia. Ingesting and interacting with these plastics can cause stress and lead to death. In the presence of some environmental stressors, gene expression may be altered without changing DNA sequences via the epigenetic methylation of the DNA. Mysid shrimp were exposed to 5-micrometer fluorescent polystyrene microbeads at different concentrations and different lengths of time. No significant effects were observed on mortality within 72 h, but mortality increased significantly thereafter. Microplastics were consumed by mysids and adhered to the mysid carapace and appendages. An ELISA-like (Enzyme-Linked Imuunosorbent Assay) colorimetric assay was employed to assess mysid DNA for differences in global percent methylation. No significant difference in the average percent methylated DNA nor difference in the number of methylation detections between treatments was found. This is one of few studies that has investigated DNA methylation effects due to microplastics-induced stress and the first study to detect DNA methylation in any member of the order Mysida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was validated in order to study the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in shrimp hepatopancreases and plasma, as well as its withdrawal time related to a maximum residue limit (MRL) in shrimp muscle. Pharmacokinetics parameters were investigated through oral medication at a single dose of 25 mg/kg shrimp body weight and subsequent hepatopancreas and plasma cefotaxime concentration measurements at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after shrimp were fed with medication. The maximum concentration of cefotaxime was observed after one hour in the hepatopancreas (Cmax, 19.45 ± 2.10 mg/kg) and 4 h in plasma (0.184 ± 0.061 mg/L). Based on a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefotaxime of 4.13 mg/L against Vibrio parahaemolyticus (known to cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in white leg shrimp), it was observed that the time during which the hepatopancreas cefotaxime concentration was above the MIC was 23 h. An every 24 h cefotaxime treatment could thus be effective in fighting against this bacterium in shrimp. The withdrawal time of cefotaxime was determined after shrimp were fed with medicated feed once a day and twice a day for three consecutive days. Shrimp muscle was collected on day 1 and day 3 during medication and 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after medication was stopped. Considering an MRL of 50 μg/kg, the withdrawal times were 8.5 degree-days (corresponding to 6.9 h at 29.5 °C) after shrimp were fed with medicated feed once a day for 3 days and 95.5 degree-days (77.7 h at 29.5 °C) after shrimp were fed with medicated feed twice a day for 3 days. Moreover, histological analysis revealed that feeding shrimp with cefotaxime at the given dose in once- or twice-a-day treatments did not negatively impact the shrimp hepatopancreas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migmatites and partial melts are exposed in both the lower and upper package of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC) thrust sheet within the Sikkim Himalayas. Zircon monazite and quartz oxygen isotopic ratios from Yumthang Valley, North Sikkim, and Rathong Chuu, West Sikkim, have been used to identify their sources and equilibrium conditions. Monazites show homogeneous growth, whereas zircons show growth rings. U-Th-Pb data on monazite only indicate the latest metamorphic event. However, zircons show metamorphic rim growth between 36 and 24 Ma over their detrital core with trailing growth from 22 Ma to 15 Ma. Pervasive fluids have been interpreted in coeval development during metamorphism, as shown by monazite and zircon c. 30 Ma. The Th/U ratio of zircon is higher and variable with weak residual zoning in the samples from higher elevations. Quartz–metamorphic zircon oxygen fractionation suggests Teq > 600 °C, while quartz–monazite fractionation shows the same or lower temperatures. Multiple sources of melts in the HHC (even along a single valley) have been observed by δ18O of 7‰ to 10‰ in zircon and 5‰ to 9‰ in monazite. Zircon and monazite generated in the same rock have similar δ18O values. Monazite grown ~20 Ma in the lower elevation sample had a low δ18O, suggesting interaction with an external fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article about freshwater shrimps in Mindoro Island, the Philippines. The correction addresses missing information in a supplementary table and provides the corrected version. The original publication has been updated accordingly. The document also provides a list of different species of Caridina shrimp found in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines, including their names, locations, collection dates, and collectors' names. It is a valuable resource for researchers studying the biodiversity of freshwater shrimp in the Philippines. Additionally, the document mentions other locations in Asia where different species of freshwater shrimps have been found and includes information about their collection. Corrections and additional references have been made to the original publication, but they do not affect the scientific conclusions. [Extracted from the article]

The family Atyidae is composed of species whose existence has been known since the seventeenth century. Widely found in the Caribbean, Atya lanipes is a freshwater scraper/filter feeder shrimp with an amphidromous complex life cycle. Hunte (1975) described the first larval (zoeal) stage of the species. However, no scientific study has described the early larval development of this species after the first stage. This study aimed to document the early larval development of Atya lanipes under laboratory conditions and compare its larval development with other previously described species of the Atyidae family. Larval development was recorded by taking daily photos and videos of larval (zoeal) growth using a stereo microscope. Larvae were also preserved in ethanol for further morphological analysis. The results revealed that the best conditions for Atya lanipes development were 30 ppm water salinity, constant gentle aeration, and 27 °C water temperature. Nine stages were identified for the description of the early larval development of Atya lanipes. Early larval stages differ primarily in interstage larval size, the appearance and development of the telson, appendage appearance, growth of antennae and antennules, and pigmentation. The present contribution represents the first study that describes the larval development of the Caribbean shrimp Atya lanipes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitinases are biotechnologically relevant enzymes that can be applied in such different sectors as pharmaceutical, food, environmental management, the biocontrol of pests and in the paper and cellulose industry. Microorganisms as filamentous fungi are the most important source of these biomolecules. The fungus Aspergillus niveus produces extracellular chitinase when cultured under submerged fermentation using shrimp shells, a residue generated by the fish industry, as a carbon source, for 96 h at 30 °C and 100 rpm. The particle size and concentration of the shrimp shells affected enzyme production. The chitinase was purified until electrophoretic homogeneity through the use of a Sephadex G-100 chromatographic column. It is a monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 47 kDa estimated using SDS-PAGE and 49.3 kDa determined using gel filtration. The carbohydrate content was 22.8%. The best temperature and pH for enzyme activity were 65 °C and 6.0, respectively. Approximately 80% of the enzymatic activity was preserved at pH 4.0 and 5.0 for 48 h, and the half-life (t50) was maintained for 48 h at 40 °C. Salts, EDTA and β-mercaptoethanol did not affect chitinase activity significantly, but organic solvents reduced it. The kinetic parameters determined using p-NPGlycNac were Km of 2.67 mmol L−1, Vmax of 12.58 U mg of protein−1, Kcat of 2.47 s−1 and K cat/Km of 0.93 s−1 mmol L−1. The A. niveus chitinase inhibited the growth of all fungal strains used, especially Trichoderma harzianum (MIC = 22.4 μg mL−1) and Penicillium purpurogenum (MIC = 11.2 μg mL−1). The chitinase produced by A. niveus presented interesting characteristics that indicate its potential of application in different areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed antimicrobial resistance and virulence traits in multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates obtained from imported shrimp using whole-genome sequences (WGSs). Antibiotic resistance profiles were determined phenotypically. WGSs identified key characteristics, including their multilocus sequence type (MLST), serotype, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance genes, and mobile elements. Most of the isolates exhibited resistance to gentamicin, streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Multilocus sequence type (MLST), serotype, average nucleotide identity (ANI), and pangenome analysis showed high genomic similarity among isolates, except for EC15 and ECV01. The EC119 plasmid contained a variety of efflux pump genes, including those encoding the acid resistance transcriptional activators (gadE, gadW, and gadX), resistance-nodulation-division-type efflux pumps (mdtE and mdtF), and a metabolite, H1 symporter (MHS) family major facilitator superfamily transporter (MNZ41_23075). Virulence genes displayed diversity, particularly EC15, whose plasmids carried genes for adherence (faeA and faeC-I), invasion (ipaH and virB), and capsule (caf1A and caf1M). This comprehensive analysis illuminates antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and plasmid dynamics in E. coli from imported shrimp and has profound implications for public health, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance and research into the evolution of these important bacterial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitin, an abundant biopolymer with potential applications in agriculture, medicine, and bioremediation, is conventionally extracted using chemical methods that have environmental disadvantages. This study investigates the extraction of chitin from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp waste by one-step fermentation using the bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa QF50 and Serratia sp. QCS23. A total of 4 kg of shrimp waste was treated by fermentation with culture media enriched with different concentrations of glucose (1, 5, and 10%) for 7 days at 25 °C, followed by purification and characterization processes using infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrated an increase in the yield of crude chitin proportional to the glucose concentration, reaching a maximum of 76.81 ± 7.64% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa QF50 and 71.30 ± 1.16% for Serratia sp. QCS23. Both strains showed high efficiencies in deproteinization (80–87%) and demineralization, with significant improvements especially shown at high glucose concentrations. Structural characterization confirmed the presence of the spectral characteristics of α-chitin, with crystallinity indices of 81% and 71% for chitins obtained with Pseudomonas aeruginosa QF50 and Serratia sp. QCS23, respectively. This study concludes that single-step fermentation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa QF50 and Serratia sp. QCS23 is an effective and sustainable method for the extraction of high-quality chitin from shrimp exoskeleton waste, offering a promising alternative to traditional chemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between disease-resistant and -susceptible animals is a method to screen genes contributing to anti-disease. Previously, we found that there were few genes differentially expressed in hemocytes between V. parahaemolyticus-resistant and -susceptible shrimp. The present study hypothesized that these shrimp had different immune responses against pathogen infection and tested it using comparative transcriptome analysis. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the main causative agents leading to acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, the severe bacterial disease that occurs during shrimp aquaculture. Hemocytes play important roles during Vibrio infection. Previously, we found that there were few differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between hemocytes from V. parahaemolyticus-resistant and -susceptible shrimp before infection. We considered that there should be different immune responses between them after a pathogen infection. Here, the transcriptome data of hemocytes from V. parahaemolyticus-resistant and -susceptible shrimp before and after a pathogen infection were compared. The results showed that there were 157 DEGs responsive to infection in V. parahaemolyticus-resistant shrimp, while 33 DEGs in V. parahaemolyticus-susceptible shrimp. DEGs in V. parahaemolyticus-resistant shrimp were mainly related to immune and glycolytic processes, while those in V. parahaemolyticus-susceptible shrimp were mainly related to metabolism, with only two DEGs in common. A further analysis of genes involved in glucose metabolism revealed that GLUT2, HK, FBP, and PCK1 were lowly expressed while PC were highly expressed in hemocytes of the V. parahaemolyticus-resistant shrimp, indicating that glucose metabolism in shrimp hemocytes was related to a V. parahaemolyticus infection. After the knockdown of PC, the expression of genes in Toll and IMD signaling pathways were down-regulated, indicating that glucose metabolism might function through regulating host immunity during V. parahaemolyticus infection. The results suggest that the immune responses between V. parahaemolyticus-resistant and -susceptible shrimp were apparently different, which probably contribute to their different V. parahaemolyticus resistance abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp fry counting is an important task for biomass estimation in aquaculture. Accurate counting of the number of shrimp fry in tanks can not only assess the production of mature shrimp but also assess the density of shrimp fry in the tanks, which is very helpful for the subsequent growth status, transportation management, and yield assessment. However, traditional manual counting methods are often inefficient and prone to counting errors; a more efficient and accurate method for shrimp fry counting is urgently needed. In this paper, we first collected and labeled the images of shrimp fry in breeding tanks according to the constructed experimental environment and generated corresponding density maps using the Gaussian kernel function. Then, we proposed a multi-scale attention fusion-based shrimp fry counting network called the SFCNet. Experiments showed that our proposed SFCNet model reached the optimal performance in terms of shrimp fry counting compared to CNN-based baseline counting models, with MAEs and RMSEs of 3.96 and 4.682, respectively. This approach was able to effectively calculate the number of shrimp fry and provided a better solution for accurately calculating the number of shrimp fry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is marked as one of the most economically devastating pathogens in shrimp aquaculture worldwide. Infection of cultured shrimp can lead to mass mortality (up to 100%). Although progress has been made, our understanding of WSSV's infection process and the virus–host–environment interaction is far from complete. This in turn hinders the development of effective mitigation strategies against WSSV. Infection models occupy a crucial first step in the research flow that tries to elucidate the infectious disease process to develop new antiviral treatments. Moreover, since the establishment of continuous shrimp cell lines is a work in progress, the development and use of standardized in vivo infection models that reflect the host–pathogen interaction in shrimp is a necessity. This review critically examines key aspects of in vivo WSSV infection model development that are often overlooked, such as standardization, (post)larval quality, inoculum type and choice of inoculation procedure, housing conditions, and shrimp welfare considerations. Furthermore, the usefulness of experimental infection models for different lines of WSSV research will be discussed with the aim to aid researchers when choosing a suitable model for their research needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, based on an approximate modelling of a rover-type robot and a proportional control law, a simplified trajectory tracking strategy for a passive suspension rover-type mobile robot was developed. This strategy achieves trajectory tracking and the autonomous displacement of a rover, of which its configuration involves complex kinematics and dynamics. All these lineaments reduce the complexity of the analysis, the number of electronic components to implement, the computational requirements and the energy consumption. The robotic system used is based on the Shrimp rover, which is a robot with a passive suspension that is capable of carrying out displacements over rough terrain. The tests were performed using numerical simulations with different desired trajectories, and also using experimental tests using a passive suspension rover-type mobile robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the widespread use of shellfish ingredients in food products, accurate food labelling is urgently needed for consumers with shellfish allergies. Most crustacean allergen detection systems target the immunorecognition of the allergenic protein tropomyosin. However, this mode of detection may be affected by an origin-dependent protein composition. This study determined if the geographic location of capture, or aquaculture, influenced the allergenic protein profiles of Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon), one of the most farmed and consumed shrimp species worldwide. Protein composition was analysed in shrimp from nine different locations in the Asia–Pacific by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry. Ten of the twelve known shrimp allergens were detected, but with considerable differences between locations. Sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, myosin light chain, and tropomyosin were the most abundant allergens in all locations. Hemocyanin-specific antibodies could identify up to six different isoforms, depending on the location of origin. Similarly, tropomyosin abundance varied by up to 13 times between locations. These findings suggest that allergen abundance may be related to shrimp origin and, thus, shrimp origin might directly impact the readout of commercial crustacean allergen detection kits, most of which target tropomyosin, and this should be considered in food safety assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel storage technique that combines the low-frequency electric field (LFEF) and ice temperature was used to extend the shelf life of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). The study investigated the effect of LFEF treatment on the quality and microbial composition of Penaeus vannamei during storage at ice temperature. The results showed that the LFEF treatment significantly extended the shelf life of shrimp during storage at ice temperature. The total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and pH of samples increased over time, while the total viable count (TVC) showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Obviously, shrimp samples treated with LFEF had a lower pH, TVB-N and TVC values than the untreated samples (p < 0.05) at the middle and late stages of storage. LFEF treatment increased the diversity and altered the composition of the microbial communities in Penaeus vannamei. Additionally, the treatment led to a decrease in the relative abundance of dominant spoilage bacteria, including Aliivibrio, Photobacterium and Moritella, in Penaeus vannamei stored at ice temperature for 11 days. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated that TVB-N and pH had a significant and positive correlation with Pseudoalteromonas, suggesting that Pseudoalteromonas had a greater impact on shrimp quality. This study supports the practical application of accelerated low-frequency electric field-assisted shrimp preservation as an effective means of maintaining shrimp meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the muscle quality of different crustaceans, we aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of their muscle quality characteristics as a theoretical reference. In this work, seven major species of farmed and consumer crustaceans were selected, including crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), kuruma prawns (Penaeus japonicus), river prawns (Macrobranchium nipponense), and Chinese shrimp (Penaeus chinensis). Their morphometric parameters, nutritional composition, textural properties, and physical and chemical indexes were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the meat content (MC, about 14.78%) of crayfish was significantly lower than that of the other six species. By contrast, pacific white shrimp had the highest MC, although the MCs of black tiger shrimp, kuruma prawns, and Chinese shrimp are greater than 40%. All seven crustacean species were high in protein and low in fat, while pacific white shrimp had the highest crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content compared to the other crustaceans. The content of threonine (Thr) was the highest in crayfish. The content of methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) was the highest in freshwater prawns. The content of isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), and non–essential amino acid (NEAA) was the highest in pacific white shrimp. C18:2n-6 (linoleic acid, LA) was the highest in freshwater prawns and pacific white shrimp; C18:3n-3 (linolenic acid, LNA), C20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, AA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were all the highest in crayfish; and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the highest in freshwater prawns, but the content was not significantly different from crayfish, pacific white shrimp, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp. Pacific white shrimp had the highest values for hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The redness values of crayfish, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp were significantly higher than those of the other three species except kuruma prawns. Compared to other crustaceans, river prawns had the highest drip loss and cooking loss. Black tiger shrimp and Chinese shrimp had the lowest cooking loss rates. The research shows that the tail muscle of the seven species of crustaceans is rich in protein, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and low in fat, representing a high-quality protein. Among these crustaceans, the main essential amino acids and essential fatty acids in the tail muscle of pacific white shrimp, freshwater prawns, and crayfish are higher in content and better in nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Already a multibillion-dollar global industry, shrimp aquaculture, is growing all the time. The intensive method, which is the most common method in shrimp aquaculture, remains commercially challenged due to the expenditures associated with environmental pollution abatement. Although the comprehensive understanding of this intricate aquaculture environment has been advanced using mathematical modeling, recent attempts to improve the model's structure have not yielded enough results. This work upgraded the previous method to a three-dimensional hydrodynamic ecosystem model with the effects of shrimps being replaced by approximation equations for the environmental assessment of a shrimp aquaculture pond in Kyushu District, Japan. Our approach was successful, as demonstrated by the high consistency of the simulation results when compared to observation data and the previous results. Additionally, we first revealed the impacts of stratification and confirmed the notable daily variation in the water quality. Our case study offers significant practical information on the characteristics of intensive shrimp aquaculture, implications for long-term sustainable operations, and future research priorities on local-scale ecosystem modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological properties of commercially available traditional Korean salted shrimp (Saeu-jeot) and to analyze the effects of saltwater immersion and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the reduction of Staphylococcus aureus in Saeu-jeot. A microbiological analysis was conducted across 56 commercially available Saeu-jeot samples from the Korean, Chinese, and Vietnamese markets. The microbiological analysis revealed no presence of Escherichia coli, coliforms, or Vibrio parahaemolyticus in any commercial samples. The total viable count and S. aureus were 3.8 ± 0.4 and 0.6 ± 0.3 log CFU/g, respectively. An investigation of the procedures conducted on Saeu-jeot samples at various production stages by Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)-certified companies demonstrated the substantial relevance of the raw material (tiny shrimp) on S. aureus counts. In order to reduce S. aureus in Saeu-jeot, saltwater immersion and UV irradiation treatments were applied, which reduced the S. aureus counts by 1.4 log CFU/g and 0.3 log CFU/g, respectively, and S. aureus's efficacy was limited to the food's surface. These results suggest that a co-treatment of saltwater immersion and UV irradiation could be effective in reducing S. aureus. The maintenance of hygienic handling and cleanliness are essential in the modern manufacturing processes of Saeu-jeot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this research, we established inbred families of Fenneropenaeus chinensis with an inbreeding coefficient of 0.25, and studied how inbreeding depression affects the larval development. We examined gene frequency changes in two developmental stages through sequencing. The results showed significant inbreeding depression in larval survival rates during hatching and two major developmental stages, ranging from 24.36% to 45.28%. Sequencing at these stages revealed deviations from Mendelian segregation, with homozygote deficiency and heterozygote excess being the primary selection types. The elimination during the larval stage resulted in more heterozygotes being retained and increased the population's heterozygosity. These findings indicate the presence of large amount of harmful recessive alleles in the Chinese shrimp genome and their potential criteria for elimination. The study provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of inbreeding depression in marine animals and provides guidance for shrimp population breeding strategies. Marine animals possess genomes of considerable complexity and heterozygosity. Their unique reproductive system, characterized by high fecundity and substantial early mortality rates, increases the risk of inbreeding, potentially leading to severe inbreeding depression during various larval developmental stages. In this study, we established a set of inbred families of Fenneropenaeus chinensis, with an inbreeding coefficient of 0.25, and investigated elimination patterns and the manifestations of inbreeding depression during major larval developmental stages. Reduced-representation genome sequencing was utilized to explore the genotype frequency characteristics across two typical elimination stages. The results revealed notable mortality in hatching and metamorphosis into mysis and post-larvae stages. Inbreeding depression was also evident during these developmental stages, with depression rates of 24.36%, 29.23%, and 45.28%. Segregation analysis of SNPs indicated an important role of gametic selection before hatching, accounting for 45.95% of deviation in the zoea stage. During the zygotic selection phase of larval development, homozygote deficiency and heterozygote excess were the main selection types. Summation of the two types explained 82.31% and 89.91% of zygotic selection in the mysis and post-larvae stage, respectively. The overall distortion ratio decreased from 22.37% to 12.86% in the late developmental stage. A total of 783 loci were identified through selective sweep analysis. We also found the types of distortion at the same locus could change after the post-larvae stage. The predominant shifts included a transition of gametic selection toward normal segregation and other forms of distortion to heterozygous excess. This may be attributed to high-intensity selection on deleterious alleles and genetic hitchhiking effects. Following larval elimination, a greater proportion of heterozygous individuals were preserved. We detected an increase in genetic diversity parameters such as expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content in the post-larvae stage. These findings suggest the presence of numerous recessive deleterious alleles and their linkage and suggest a major role of the partial dominance hypothesis. The results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of inbreeding depression in marine animals and offer guidance for formulating breeding strategies in shrimp populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve species of atyid shrimps are reported from three Micronesian islands (Babeldaob, Pohnpei, and Guam) and studied using a combined morphological and molecular approach. Among them, three are new records for the area (Caridina appendiculata, Caridina lobocensis, and Caridina rubella), while three new species are here described: Atyoida chacei sp. nov., Caridina ponapensis sp. nov., and Caridina rintelenorum sp. nov. Descriptions for these new species, diagnoses for poorly known species, and taxonomic notes are provided herein and their biogeography is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of SO (shrimp oil) at various levels (5, 10, and 15%) on the stability of mayonnaise was investigated. Droplet size (d32 and d43), polydispersity index, and microstructure results showed an upsurge in droplet sizes with augmenting level of SO in mayonnaise (5 to 15%) (p < 0.05). SO imparted a bright orange color to the mayonnaise as evidenced by increased a* and b* values with lower L* values (p < 0.05). Moreover, the impact of a fish myofibrillar protein (FMP) substitution for egg yolk (0, 25, 50, 75%) in mayonnaise containing SO (5% and 10%) was also studied. Increasing the level of FMP substitution in SO-added mayonnaise showed a dilution effect and reduced a* and b* values (p < 0.05). In addition, excessive FMP substitution up to 75% drastically increased centrifugal and thermal creaming indices, indicating lowered stability (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, with the augmenting FMP substitutions, the viscosity, texture, and rheological properties in mayonnaise became lower (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in overall acceptability scores between 5% SO-added mayonnaise with 25% FMP substitution (SO5:FMP25) and 5% SO-added mayonnaise without FMP substitution (SO5:FMP0) (p > 0.05). A confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) study revealed a smaller droplet and less aggregation in the SO5:FMP0 sample, compared to SO5:FMP25. The incorporation of SO and FMP substitution yielded the resulting mayonnaise, which met the requirements of a healthy food since SO is rich in PUFA and the replacement of egg yolk by FMP can contribute several health benefits. The incorporation of SO as well as FMP as substitution for egg yolk therefore has potential in the development of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, its virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and its resistance determinants in shrimp. This study was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, to identify and select relevant peer-reviewed articles published between January 2020 and December 2022. The search strategy involved multiple online databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria focused on studies that examined V. parahaemolyticus prevalence, virulence factors, and AMR in shrimp from farms to retail outlets. A total of 32 studies were analyzed, revealing a pooled estimate prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp at 46.0%, with significant heterogeneity observed. Subgroup analysis highlighted varying prevalence rates across continents, emphasizing the need for further investigation. Virulence factor analysis identified thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin (trh) as the most common. Phenotypic AMR analysis indicated notable resistance to glycopeptides, nitrofurans, and beta-lactams. However, the correlation between antimicrobial usage in shrimp farming and observed resistance patterns was inconclusive. Funnel plots suggested potential publication bias, indicating a need for cautious interpretation of findings. This study underscores the urgency of coordinated efforts to address AMR in V. parahaemolyticus to safeguard public health and to ensure sustainable aquaculture practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent contaminant that has been found globally within the environment. Key data gaps exist in the toxicity of PFOS to marine organisms, especially estuarine species that are crucial to the food web: fish, shrimp, and mollusks. This study developed toxicity thresholds for larval estuarine species, including grass shrimp (Palaemon pugio), sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), mysids (Americamysis bahia), and Eastern mud snails (Tritia obsoleta). Multiple abiotic stressors (salinity and temperature) were included as variables in testing the toxicity of PFOS. Acute 96 h toxicity testing under standard test conditions of 25 °C and 20 ppt seawater yielded LC50 values of 0.919 mg/L for C. variegatus, 1.375 mg/L for A. bahia, 1.559 mg/L for T. obsoleta, and 2.011 mg/L for P. pugio. The effects of increased temperature (32 °C) and decreased salinity (10 ppt) varied with test species. PFOS toxicity for the sheepshead minnows increased with temperature but was not altered by decreased salinity. For grass shrimp and mud snails, PFOS toxicity was greater under lower salinity. The combination of higher temperature and lower salinity was observed to lower the toxicity thresholds for all species. These data demonstrate that expanding toxicity testing to include a wider range of parameters will improve the environmental risk assessment of chemical contaminants, especially for species inhabiting dynamic estuarine ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp is a rich source of bioactive molecules that provide health benefits. However, the high cholesterol content in shrimp oil may pose a risk. We utilized the cholesterol elimination method to obtain cholesterol-free shrimp lipids (CLs) and investigated their anticancer potential, focusing on cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our study focused on CSCs and EMT, as these factors are known to contribute to cancer metastasis. The results showed that treatment with CLs at doses ranging from 0 to 500 µg/mL significantly suppressed the cell migration ability of human lung cancer (H460 and H292) cells, indicating its potential to inhibit cancer metastasis. The CLs at such concentrations did not cause cytotoxicity to normal human keratinocytes. Additionally, CL treatment was found to significantly reduce the levels of Snail, Slug, and Vimentin, which are markers of EMT. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of CLs on CSC-like phenotypes and found that CLs could significantly suppress the formation of a three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, CLs induced apoptosis in the CSC-rich population and significantly depleted the levels of CSC markers CD133, CD44, and Sox2. A mechanistic investigation demonstrated that exposing lung cancer cells to CLs downregulated the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR, as well as c-Myc expression. Based on these findings, we believe that CLs may have beneficial effects on health as they potentially suppress EMT and CSCs, as well as the cancer-potentiating pathway of Akt/mTOR/c-Myc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the intensification on the performance of the Amazon River prawn hatchery carried out in a simple recirculation system were investigated. Newly hatched larvae were stocked in 120 L tanks at 80, 100, 120 and 140 larvae L−1 in a closed recirculating system. The experiment used a randomized block design with five replicates. An exponential equation was adjusted to express the relationship between the stocking density and productivity (postlarvae L−1). The development, larval quality, survival and postlarval (PL) dry weight did not significantly differ among the treatments (p > 0.05). When 80 larvae were stocked, the productivity (54 ± 11 PL L−1) was lower than those at higher densities (p < 0.05). Stocking 120 and 140 larvae L−1 resulted in higher productivities (75 ± 18 and 80 ± 17 PL L−1, respectively) with a lower use of Artemia nauplii to produce each postlarvae (~1200 Artemia nauplii PL−1). The maximum mean M. amazonicum postlarval production estimated by the exponential model was 93 PL L−1. This means that despite the increase in stocking density, productivity tends to stabilize. The results showed that M. amazonicum tolerates high intensification in recirculating hatchery systems based on a crushed shell bed biofilter, and the intensification optimizes Artemia use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute ammonia exposure has detrimental effects on shrimp, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully explored. In the present study, we investigated the impact of acute ammonia exposure on the gut microbiota of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its association with shrimp mortality. Exposure to a lethal concentration of ammonia for 48 h resulted in increased mortality in L. vannamei, with severe damage to the hepatopancreas. Ammonia exposure led to a significant decrease in gut microbial diversity, along with the loss of beneficial bacterial taxa and the proliferation of pathogenic Vibrio strains. A phenotypic analysis revealed a transition from the dominance of aerobic to facultative anaerobic strains due to ammonia exposure. A functional analysis revealed that ammonia exposure led to an enrichment of genes related to biofilm formation, host colonization, and virulence pathogenicity. A species-level analysis and experiments suggest the key role of a Vibrio harveyi strain in causing shrimp disease and specificity under distinct environments. These findings provide new information on the mechanism of shrimp disease under environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new species of the genus Caridina are described from the northernmost part of Australia. Caridina darwin n. sp. resembles Caridina temasek Choy and Ng, 1991 but differs in the armature of the rostrum, the development of epipods on the pereiopods and the absence of an appendix interna on the male first pleopods. Caridina magnovis n. sp. resembles Caridina serratirostris de Man, 1892 but differs in the armature of the ventral margin of the rostrum, a shorter stylocerite, a stouter carpus of the first pereiopod, the number and size of spiniform setae on the third and fifth pereiopods, the shape of the preanal carina and the size of the embryos (referred to as "eggs" in most previous publications). Caridina wilsoni n. sp. resembles Caridina gracilirostris de Man, 1892 but differs in the size of the embryos and in some length to width ratios of the segments of the pereiopods. Detailed morphological descriptions of all three new species are given. A molecular phylogeny (mt DNA 16S) supports the morphospecies hypothesis and illustrates the phylogenetic relationship with morphologically similar species from outside Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on evaluating the effect of different concentrations of nutrients and total suspended solids on the removal rate of nutrients and biocompounds from the macroalgae U. lactuca in an integrated system with the shrimp Penaeus vannamei in biofloc. The experiment lasted 45 days and included five treatments with three replicates each, with percentages of 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, and 100% biofloc inoculum (73.3 ± 5.7 and 325.0 ± 21.2 mg L−1 initial nitrate and solids, respectively, in the 100% inoculum), from a shrimp farm, resulting in different concentrations of solids and nutrients. The macroalgae were introduced into 280 L tanks at a density of 0.88 kg m−2, along with 200 shrimp m−3. The algae were separated by a floating structure. Water quality parameters were measured, and the nutrient removal rate was evaluated. The treatment with 75% inoculum showed a removal rate of 55.0 ± 4.0 and 31.0 ± 10.0% of nitrate and phosphate, respectively. There was no difference in macroalgae growth between the treatments; however, macroalgae grown in 75% inoculum had higher protein, chlorophyll-a, and lower ash values compared with the control. The use of macroalgae in integrated production with shrimp under the conditions of the treatment with 75% biofloc inoculum proved to be viable and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of seafood is crucial for food security, but poor hygiene along the food production chain can result in low microbiological quality, posing significant risks for public health and seafood quality. Thus, this study aimed to assess the microbiological quality and antimicrobial sensitivity of E. coli from 69 samples of illegally marketed shrimp and mussels in the Vitória Region, Brazil. These foods exhibited poor microbiological quality due to high counts of mesophilic, psychrotrophic, and enterobacteria microorganisms. While this issue is widespread in this area, shrimp samples displayed higher microbial counts compared to mussels, and fresh mussels had elevated counts of enterobacteria compared to frozen ones. Among the 10 E. coli isolates, none carried the genes blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and tet, associated with antibiotic resistance. Phenotypical resistance to tetracycline and fosfomycin was not observed in any isolate, while only 20% demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin. Regarding ampicillin and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, 60% of isolates were resistant, 10% showed intermediate susceptibility, and 30% were sensitive. One isolate was considered simultaneously resistant to β-lactams and quinolones, and none were conserved as ESBL producers. These findings highlight the inherent risks to local public health that arise from consuming improperly prepared seafood in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During their entire lifecycle, mariculture animals are farmed in water that contains various microorganisms with which they are in close associations. Microbial exchanges between the animals and their surrounding water can occur. However, little is known about the interactions between shrimp larvae and water, and more especially, about larval bacterial selection and microbiota modulation across ontogeny. To address this gap, using HiSeq sequencing targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA molecule, we investigated the active prokaryotic diversity and structure of healthy Penaeus stylirostris larvae and seawater. Comparisons between different larval stages revealed evidence of stage-specific microbiotas and biomarkers, a core microbiota common to all stages, and shared taxa between successive stages, suggesting vertical transmission of bacterial taxa. Comparisons between stage-specific microbiotas and core microbiotas with water storages highlighted that many taxa associated with the larvae were originally present in the natural seawater, underlining horizontal transmission of bacteria from water to larvae. As some of these lineages became active at specific larval stages, we suggest that larvae were able to modulate their microbiota. This study provides insight into larvae-microbiota interactions at the larval stage scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Shrimp aquaculture is an important industry due to its advantages of short production cycles and good economic benefits, but it faces challenges from diseases caused by tiny organisms that can lead to slow growth or large-scale shrimp deaths. Three such harmful pathogens are Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), and Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1). It is essential to quickly identify these organisms. In this study, we created a new test that can detect all three pathogens at once by using a melting curve-based Eva Green real-time PCR assay. We used this test on 190 shrimp samples from different regions in China and found that a significant number of shrimp were affected by these organisms. Our test is as accurate as the current standard test but faster because it looks for all three organisms simultaneously. This new method can help shrimp farmers identify diseases early, which is crucial for treating sick shrimp and preventing the spread of disease. This work is valuable because it offers a better way to keep shrimp healthy, which benefits the shrimp industry and supports aquaculture biosecurity. Infections with Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), and Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) pose significant challenges to the shrimp industry. Here, a melting curve-based triple real-time PCR assay based on the fluorescent dye Eva Green was established for the simultaneous detection of EHP, IHHNV, and DIV1. The assay showed high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. A total of 190 clinical samples from Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces in China were evaluated by the triple Eva Green real-time PCR assay. The positive rates of EHP, IHHNV, and DIV1 were 10.5%, 18.9%, and 44.2%, respectively. The samples were also evaluated by TaqMan qPCR assays for EHP, DIV1, and IHHNV, and the concordance rate was 100%. This illustrated that the newly developed triple Eva Green real-time PCR assay can provide an accurate method for the simultaneous detection of three shrimp pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanin extracts from purple tomato (PTA) were incorporated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), resulting in a series of colorimetric PVA/PTA films with PTA concentrations of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% (based on PVA). The role of anthocyanin on color response, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), thickness, water content, mechanical properties, antioxidant activity, and water vapor permeability (WVP) through the films was examined. In addition, its application in smart packaging to assess the freshness of shrimp was studied. It was found that the tensile strength, contact angle and WVP of PVA/PTA films increases with the addition of more PTA, while the elongation at break and water content decreased. FTIR analysis showed that there are interactions between PTA and the PVA matrix. The addition of anthocyanins caused significant improvement in the antioxidant properties of PVA films. Furthermore, the total volatile alkaline nitrogen (TVB-N), total plate count (TPC), and pH value of shrimp were monitored after 4 days of refrigeration, and the color change of the indexes was recorded. The PVA/PTA films changed color from purple to yellow-green during the storage time of 0–4 days for shrimp. This suggests that the film could be used in smart packaging as a real-time freshness indicator for shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Over the years, research from other areas has suggested that tadpole shrimps could be a useful model to detect and evaluate the effects of aquatic contamination and environmental health. Its size, active swimming, short generation time, and easy lab maintenance make it an attractive alternative to the use of higher sentient animals. This investigation has thus aimed at evaluating the sensitivity of Triops longicaudatus to potassium dichromate, a common contaminant in aquatic systems, also used as reference compound in ecotoxicology. Lethal and sublethal exposure assays were carried out and biochemical to apical endpoints with an impact at the population level were measured. We found negative impacts in the growth rate, delayed reproductive maturity, and alteration in the locomotor behavior upon exposure to potassium dichromate. The sensitivity of the species was higher than that of various freshwater animals commonly used in toxicity testing. Behavior appeared as the most sensitive response to chromium exposure, discriminating well the test concentrations from the control group and from each other. The tadpole shrimp Triops longicaudatus is a freshwater crustacean with fast embryonic and larval development, short life cycle, and high fecundity. They are very active swimmers of a reasonable size, easy to spot and record. Such characteristics make it a promising candidate as an experimental model in ecotoxicology to evaluate the effects of aquatic pollutants, particularly using its locomotor behavior as an endpoint. To evaluate the sensitivity of T. longicaudatus and develop endpoints of interest, we conducted exposure experiments with lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of potassium dichromate, a compound known for its ecotoxicological importance and as a hexavalent chromium source. The endpoints evaluated were mortality, growth, sexual maturation, reproductive output, cholinesterase activity and locomotor/swimming behavior. The 96 h median lethal concentration was found to be 65 µg/L. Furthermore, exposure to potassium dichromate at higher concentrations had a significant negative impact on the growth rate of T. longicaudatus in terms of both body mass and length. The time for maturation was also delayed at higher concentrations. In addition, locomotor behavior allowed for the discrimination of all tested chromium concentrations and the control group and from each other, proving to be the most sensitive endpoint. Overall, the data support the potential of T. longicaudatus as a model for ecotoxicity testing, using apical endpoints with impact at the population level; in particular, results suggest that behavior assessments in this species might be useful for detecting hazardous compounds in environmental monitoring of freshwater ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The possibility of pain occurring in animals is often accepted if various criteria are fulfilled. These criteria include prolonged grooming or rubbing at the site of a wound or tissue damage, or other behaviour involving the site of damage. We also expect to see a reduction in such activities if a local anaesthetic is applied. Here, we report on an experiment that applied caustic soda, a known irritant in humans, to one eyestalk of the glass prawn. This caused immediate escape responses and then nipping and picking at the treated eyestalk rather than at the untreated eyestalk. Prior application of a local anaesthetic reduced the amount of directed behaviour. However, the local anaesthetic also appeared to be an irritant as it too caused immediate escape responses and directed behaviour to the eyestalk. The results provide further support to the idea that these animals can experience pain. Acceptance of the possibility of pain in animals usually requires that various criteria are fulfilled. One such criterion is that a noxious stimulus or wound would elicit directed rubbing or grooming at the site of the stimulus. There is also an expectation that local anaesthetics would reduce these responses to damage. These expectations have been fulfilled in decapod crustaceans but there has been criticism of a lack of replication. Here, we report an experiment on the effects of a noxious chemical, sodium hydroxide, applied to one eyestalk of the glass prawn. This caused an immediate escape tail-flick response. It then caused nipping and picking with the chelipeds at the treated eyestalk but much less so at the alternative eyestalk. Prior treatment with benzocaine also caused an immediate tail-flick and directed behaviour, suggesting that this agent is aversive. Subsequently, however, it reduced the directed behaviour caused by caustic soda. We thus demonstrated responses that are consistent with the idea of pain in decapod crustaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) printing provides a new method for innovative processing of shrimp surimi. However, there still exists a problem of uneven discharge during the 3D printing of surimi. The effects of different amounts of lard oil (LO), soybean oil (SO), and olive oil (OO) (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%, respectively) added to shrimp surimi on the 3D printability of surimi were evaluated. The findings showed that with the increase in the added oil, the rheological properties, texture properties, water-holding capacity (WHC), and water distribution of surimi with the same kind of oil were significantly improved; the printing accuracy first increased and then decreased; and the printing stability showed an increasing trend (p < 0.05). The surimi with 4% oil had the highest printing adaptability (accuracy and stability). Different kinds of oil have different degrees of impact on the physical properties of surimi, thereby improving 3D-printing adaptability. Among all kinds of oil, LO had the best printing adaptability. In addition, according to various indicators and principal component analysis, adding 4% LO to shrimp surimi gave the best 3D-printing adaptability. But from the aspects of 3D printing properties and nutrition, adding 4% SO was more in line with the nutritional needs of contemporary people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft-packed ready-to-eat (RTE) shrimp has gradually become popular with consumers due to its portability and deliciousness. However, the browning caused by high-temperature sterilization is a non-negligible disadvantage affecting sensory quality. RTE shrimp is processed through "boiling + vacuum soft packing + high temperature and pressure sterilization". Ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy with CIELAB color measurement showed that phytic acid (PA) + lactic acid (LA), PA + citric acid (CA), and PA + LA + CA soaking before cooking alleviated browning, as well as UVabsorbance and the browning index (BI). Meanwhile, UV spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that organic acid soaking reduced the content of carbonyl, dityrosine, disulfide bonds, surface hydrophobicity, and protein solubility, but promoted the content of free sulfhydryl and protein aggregation. However, in vitro digestion simulations showed that organic acid soaking unexpectedly inhibited the degree of hydrolysis and protein digestibility. This study provides the basis for the application of organic acids as color protectors for RTE aquatic muscle product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic (MP) pollution is a serious global issue affecting freshwater systems, coastal regions, and oceans. These non-biodegradable materials have a detrimental impact on marine species and ecosystems, disrupting their feeding, breathing, and reproduction. In this study, 120 samples of two species of shrimp, Penaus monodon and Penaus indicus, from ten locations in the Negombo lagoon in Sri Lanka were analyzed. MPs were extracted from gastrointestinal tracts (GI) and gills (GL) by alkali digestion followed by vacuum filtering. Stereomicroscopy coupled with advanced micro-imaging and analysis software was employed for analyzing the isolated MPs. A total of 415 items were identified as MPs with an average of 8.29 ± 4.63 items per gram of GI and GL in Penaus monodon and 5.52 ± 3.78 items per gram of GI and GL in Penaus indicus. The majority of MPs identified were fibers (93%), and the remaining ones were fragments. Most of the MPs were >1000 μm, and the most prevalent color was blue (61%), followed by red (15%), black (9%), and others, comprising polystyrene, polyamide, polyester, polypropylene, and rayon, as revealed by FTIR spectroscopy. This study highlights the prevalence of MPs in shrimps harvested from the Negombo lagoon and displays missing baseline data before the effects of fragmented nurdles from the X-Press Pearl incident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain benthic polychaetes, such as species within the genus Namalycastis, are employed in the diet of gravid shrimps in aquaculture due to their amino acids and highly unsaturated fatty acid content, enhancing the quality of gravid shrimp. Despite its importance in the rapidly developing shrimp culture industry, the population parameters of this economically valuable species are unknown. Therefore, the present study examines the population parameters of Namalycastis fauveli to assess its occurrence, growth, recruitment, exploitation level, and stock status in Bangladesh. Monthly samplings of N. fauveli and environmental variables were collected from five sites of the Cox's Bazar coast using a square-shaped mud corer with a 0.093 m2 (or 1.0 ft2) mouth opening from August 2020 to July 2021 to measure or estimate. Within the 8.0–30.0 cm depth range of the intertidal zone, polychaete samples were collected from the sediment. The results showed negative allometric growth (b < 3), but there was a significant L–W relationship (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.43 to 0.94). The estimated L∝, K, and ϕ were 22.05 cm, 0.99 year−1, and 2.69, respectively, while total mortality (Z) was 4.56 year−1. It was calculated that the fishing mortality and capture probability proportionally increased with the total length at a certain age. Recruitment mostly occurred in October and March, and temperature had a greater impact than salinity. The evaluated exploitation level (E = 0.57) indicated that the stock was overexploited. Thus, the above results provide some valuable information for shrimp farmers and stakeholders, as well as for policymakers in the move towards restoration, species conservation, and efficient management of N. fauveli natural stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp waste is a valuable source for chitin extraction and consequently for chitosan preparation. In the process of obtaining chitosan, a determining step is the chitin deacetylation. The main characteristic of chitosan is the degree of deacetylation, which must be as high as possible. The molar mass is another important parameter that defines its utilizations, and according to these, high or low molar masses are required. The present study is an attempt to optimize the deacetylation step to obtain chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation and high or low molar mass. The study was carried out based on experimental data obtained in the frame of a central composite design where three working parameters were considered: NaOH concentration, liquid:solid ratio, and process duration. The regression models defined for the degree of deacetylation (DD) and for the mean molar mass (MM) of chitosan powders were used in the formulation of optimization problems. The objectives considered were simultaneous maximum DD and maximum/minimum MM for the final chitosan samples. For these purposes, multiobjective optimization problems were formulated and solved using genetic algorithms implemented in Matlab®. The multiple optimal solutions represented by trade-offs between the two objectives are presented for each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrobrachium nipponense is gonochoristic and sexually dimorphic. The male prawn grows faster and usually has a larger size than the female. Therefore, a higher male proportion in stock usually results in higher yield. To investigate the impact of temperature on sexual differentiation in M. nipponense, two temperature treatments (26 °C and 31 °C) were conducted. The results showed that compared to the 31 °C treatment (3.20 ± 0.12), the 26 °C treatment displayed a lower female/male ratio (2.20 ± 0.11), which implied that a lower temperature could induce masculinization in M. nipponense. The temperature-sensitive sex differentiation phase was 25–35 days post hatching (DPH) at 26 °C while 15–20 DPH at 31 °C. Transcriptome and qPCR analysis revealed that a lower temperature up-regulated the expression of genes related to androgen secretion, and down-regulated the expressions of genes related to oogonia differentiation. Thirty-one temperature-regulated sex-differentiation genes were identified and the molecular mechanism of temperature-regulated sex differentiation was suggested. The finding of this study indicates that temperature regulation can be proposed as an innovative strategy for improving the culture yield of M. nipponense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of temperature fluctuations on the freshness of shrimp in simulated trays was investigated by setting a freeze–thaw (F-T) cycle of 12 h after freezing at −20 °C and thawing at 1 °C under refrigeration. The results showed that the shrimp's physicochemical properties deteriorated to different extents with the increase in F-T cycles. The total colony count of shrimp was 6.07 lg CFU/g after 21 cycles, and the volatile saline nitrogen content reached 30.36 mg/100 g, which exceeded the edible standard. In addition, the sensory quality and textural properties (hardness, elasticity, chewiness, and adhesion) declined to different degrees with increased F-T cycles. LF-NMR and protein property measurements showed that F-T cycles resulted in reduced water holding capacity and protein denaturation, which were the main factors leading to the deterioration of shrimp quality. Furthermore, flavor changes were analyzed using an electronic nose sensor to establish a freshness model. The W1W, W1S, W2S, and W5S sensors were correlated with the quality changes in shrimp and used as the main sensors for detecting the freshness of Penaeus vannamei. As a result, to better maintain the overall freshness, temperature fluctuations should be minimized in sales and storage, and fewer than 8 F-T cycles should be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pistol shrimp generate cavitation bubbles. Cavitation impacts due to bubble collapses are harmful phenomena, as they cause severe damage to hydraulic machinery such as pumps and valves. However, cavitation impacts can be utilized for mechanical surface treatment to improve the fatigue strength of metallic materials, which is called "cavitation peening". Through conventional cavitation peening, cavitation is generated by a submerged water jet, i.e., a cavitating jet or a pulsed laser. The fatigue strength of magnesium alloy when treated by the pulsed laser is larger than that of the jet. In order to drastically increase the processing efficiency of cavitation peening, the mechanism of pistol shrimp (specifically when used to create a cavitation bubble), i.e., Alpheus randalli, was quantitatively investigated. It was found that a pulsed water jet generates a cavitation bubble when a shrimp snaps its claws. Furthermore, two types of cavitation generators were developed, namely, one that uses a pulsed laser and one that uses a piezo actuator, and this was achieved by mimicking a pistol shrimp. The generation of cavitation bubbles was demonstrated by using both types of cavitation generators: the pulsed laser and the piezo actuator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deepwater pink shrimp (Parapenaus longirostris) has a significantly high catch yield and is a highly important food source for human nutrition in terms of its nutritional value. The reduction of salt content in seafood products while preserving taste poses a significant challenge. The aim of this study is to reduce the NaCl ratio used in the shrimp marination process by substituting it with KCl and masking the resulting bitterness from KCl using natural flavor enhancers, such as yeast extracts. The marinated shrimp were prepared using 50% KCl instead of 50% NaCl. In order to mask the bitter taste caused by KCl and enhance the flavor, two different types of yeast extracts obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were utilized in the formulation. Nutritional composition, Na and K contents, amino acid composition, color measurement, bacteriological quality, pH changes, and sensory evaluations were conducted to assess the impact of salt reduction and yeast extracts on the sensory, chemical, and physical attributes of the products. L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-leucine, L-valine, and L-lysine were found to be higher in samples with Levex Terra yeast extract. Despite a 50% reduction in NaCl content, the addition of yeast extract led to an increase in the umami taste due to the elevation of amino acids present. Yeast extracts can offer a promising solution for enhancing the sensory qualities of seafood products with reduced salt content by conducting more detailed sensory development examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gabiroba, a native fruit in Brazil's Atlantic Forest region, has significant nutritional and therapeutic properties. However, due to its seasonality, consumption by the population is limited. Thus, the development of gabiroba byproducts would add significant value to the food and therapeutic industries. Therefore, it is essential to study and support the lack of toxicity of gabiroba fruit extracts. In the present study, physicochemical analyses of fresh fruits (GF) and dehydrated whole gabiroba flour (WGF) and preliminary toxicity analyses of WGF were performed. The toxicity results showed a microcrustacean LC50 of >1000 mg/mL when exposed to WGF extracts at various concentrations (10–1000 μg/mL; p = 0.062) using the Artemia salina method, with no evidence observed of proliferative activity or toxic metabolic compounds in the WGF extract. The phytotoxicity of WGF using Lactuca sativa L. allowed germination and root growth at various concentrations of WGF extract, with the lowest (100 μg/mL) and highest (1000 μg/mL) concentrations exhibiting 98.3% and 100% seed germination, respectively. In conclusion, these results indicate that the WGF preparation preserved the nutritional and antioxidant potential of gabiroba fruits and that WGF is safe for use as a raw material in the food industry and for therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snapping Shrimps (SSs) live in a warm ocean except the North and South Poles, and they are characterized by generating strong shock waves underwater using large claws. Shock waves generated by these SSs are used for marine noise research as a signal and as a noise source, because they cause a decrease in the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), acting as one of the disruptors in fields such as sonar for target detection and underwater communication. A state-of-the-art technique to detect Snapping Shrimp Noise (SSN) is Linear Prediction (LP) analysis. Using the feature where SSN occurs for a very short time, the SSN interval was detected based on the phenomenon where the residuals appear large in the SSN interval when the LP analysis is used. In this paper, we propose an SSN interval detection technique using the Likelihood Ratio (LR) as a follow-up study to the LP-analysis-based method for further performance improvements. The proposed method was used to analyze the statistical distribution characteristics of the LP residual of SSNs compared to Gaussian, Laplace, and Gamma distributions through the Goodness-Of-Fit test. Based on this, the statistical-model-based LRs of the three distributions were computed to detect the SSN interval. Comparing the proposed method with the state-of-the-art method, the proposed method achieved 0.0620, 0.0675, and 0.0662 improvements in Gaussian, Laplace, and Gamma distributions in the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve and Area Under Curve, respectively. The study results confirmed that the proposed method can operate effectively in the marine acoustic environment. This can help find accurate intervals for the automatic labeling of or reduction in SSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]