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Photodetectors are critical components in a wide range of applications, from imaging and sensing to communications and environmental monitoring. Recent advancements in material science have led to the development of emerging photodetecting materials, such as perovskites, polymers, novel two-dimensional materials, and quantum dots, which offer unique optoelectronic properties and high tunability. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis methodologies for these cutting-edge materials, highlighting their potential to enhance photodetection performance. Additionally, we explore the design and fabrication of photodetectors with novel structures and physics, emphasizing devices that achieve high figure-of-merit parameters, such as enhanced sensitivity, fast response times, and broad spectral detection. Finally, we discuss the demonstration of new applications enabled by these advanced photodetectors, including flexible and wearable devices, next-generation imaging systems, and environmental sensing technologies. Through this review, we aim to provide insights into the current trends and future directions in the field of photodetection, guiding further research and development in this rapidly evolving area.

Dioryctria abietella Denis Schiffermuller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an oligophagous pest that mainly damages Pinaceae plants. Here, we investigated the effects of the Bacillus thuringiensis 2913 strain ( Bt 2913), which carries the Cry 1Ac, Cry 2Ab, and Vip 3Aa genes, on the D. abietella midgut transcriptome at 6, 12, and 24 h after infection. In total, 7497 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the midgut transcriptome of D. abietella larvae infected with Bt 2913. Among these DEGs, we identified genes possibly involved in Bt 2913-induced perforation of the larval midgut. For example, the DEGs included 67 genes encoding midgut proteases involved in Cry / Vip toxin activation, 74 genes encoding potential receptor proteins that bind to insecticidal proteins, and 19 genes encoding receptor NADH dehydrogenases that may bind to Cry 1Ac. Among the three transcriptomes, 88 genes related to metabolic detoxification and 98 genes related to immune defense against Bt 2913 infection were identified. Interestingly, 145 genes related to the 60S ribosomal protein were among the DEGs identified in the three transcriptomes. Furthermore, we performed bioinformatic analysis of zonadhesin, GST, CYP450, and CarE in the D. abietella midgut to determine their possible associations with Bt 2913. On the basis of the results of this analysis, we speculated that trypsin and other serine proteases in the D. abietella larval midgut began to activate Cry / Vip prototoxin at 6 h to 12 h after Bt 2913 ingestion. At 12 h after Bt 2913 ingestion, chymotrypsin was potentially involved in degrading the active core fragment of Vip 3Aa toxin, and the detoxification enzymes in the larvae contributed to the metabolic detoxification of the Bt toxin. The ABC transporter and several other receptor-protein-related genes were also downregulated to increase resistance to Bt 2913. However, the upregulation of 60S ribosomal protein and heat shock protein expression weakened the resistance of larvae to Bt 2913, thereby enhancing the expression of NADH dehydrogenase and other receptor proteins that are highly expressed in the larval midgut and bind to activating toxins, including Cry 1Ac. At 24 h after Bt 2913 ingestion, many activated toxins were bound to receptor proteins such as APN in the larval midgut, resulting in membrane perforation. Here, we clarified the mechanism of Bt 2913 infection in D. abietella larvae, as well as the larval immune defense response to Bt 2913, which provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent control of D. abietella using B. thuringiensis .

Background: Receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIPKs) and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) are crucial in regulating innate immune responses and cell death signaling (necroptosis and apoptosis), and are potential candidates for genetic improvement in breeding programs. Knowledge about the RIPK family and MLKL in sea cucumber remains limited. Methods: We searched the genomes of sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota for genes encoding RIPKs and MLKL, performed phylogenetic tree, motif and functional domain analyses, and examined tissue distribution and embryonic development patterns using qPCR. Results: RIPK5 ( Hl -RIPK5), RIPK7 ( Hl -RIPK7) and MLKL ( Hl -MLKL) were identified in sea cucumber H . leucospilota . Hl -RIPK5 and Hl -RIPK7 were mainly expressed in coelomocytes, suggesting that they play a role in innate immunity, whereas Hl -MLKL exhibited relatively low expression across tissues. During embryonic development, Hl -MLKL was highly expressed from the 2-cell stage to the morula stage, while Hl -RIPK5 and Hl -RIPK7 were primarily expressed after the morula stage, indicating different roles in embryonic development. In primary coelomocytes, Hl -RIPK5 transcriptional activity was significantly depressed by LPS, poly(I:C), or pathogen Vibrio harveyi . Hl -RIPK7 expression levels were unchanged following the same challenges. Hl -MLKL mRNA levels were significantly decreased with poly(I:C) or V. harveyi , but did not change with LPS. Conclusions: These findings provide valuable insights into the evolutionary tree and characterization of RIPK and MLKL genes in sea cucumber, contributing to the broader understanding of the RIPK gene family and MLKL in ancient echinoderms.

Background : Mental health issues are increasingly prominent worldwide, posing significant threats to patients and deeply affecting their families and social relationships. Traditional diagnostic methods are subjective and delayed, indicating the need for an objective and effective early diagnosis method. Methods : To this end, this paper proposes a lightweight detection method for multi-mental disorders with fewer data sources, aiming to improve diagnostic procedures and enable early patient detection. First, the proposed method takes Electroencephalography (EEG) signals as sources, acquires brain rhythms through Discrete Wavelet Decomposition (DWT), and extracts their approximate entropy, fuzzy entropy, permutation entropy, and sample entropy to establish the entropy-based matrix. Then, six kinds of conventional machine learning classifiers, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), Naive Bayes (NB), Generalized Additive Model (GAM), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Decision Tree (DT), are adopted for the entropy-based matrix to achieve the detection task. Their performances are assessed by accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score. Concerning these experiments, three public datasets of schizophrenia, epilepsy, and depression are utilized for method validation. Results : The analysis of the results from these datasets identifies the representative single-channel signals (schizophrenia: O1, epilepsy: F3, depression: O2), satisfying classification accuracies (88.10%, 75.47%, and 89.92%, respectively) with minimal input. Conclusions : Such performances are impressive when considering fewer data sources as a concern, which also improves the interpretability of the entropy features in EEG, providing a reliable detection approach for multi-mental disorders and advancing insights into their underlying mechanisms and pathological states.

Ti 4+ -doped V 2 O 5 films with nanowires on top and a dense, long nanorod layer on the bottom were successfully fabricated using the spin-coating route. During the electrochromic cycling, charge transfer resistance ( R ct ) decreases while ion-diffusion ability ( K Ω ) rapidly drops in the first ten cycles and then levels off. Low R ct and morphology of nanowires collaboratively improved the electrochromic behavior of Ti 4+ -doped V 2 O 5 films by enhancing the charge transfer speed and minimizing polarization and dissolution. The obtained Ti 4+ -doped V 2 O 5 film shows better electrochromic properties than the undoped V 2 O 5 film, with a coloration efficiency (CE) of 34.15 cm 2 /C, coloration time of 9.00 s, and cyclic retention of 82.6% at cycle 100. In contrast, the corresponding values for the undoped V 2 O 5 film were 23.57 cm 2 /C, 13.16 s, and 43.6%.

The inactivated COVID-19 vaccine has demonstrated high efficacy in the general population through extensive clinical and real-world studies. However, its effectiveness in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those living with HIV (PLWH), remains limited. In this study, 20 PLWH and 15 HIV-seronegative individuals were recruited to evaluate the immunogenicity of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in PLWH through a prospective cohort study. The median age of the 20 PLWH and 15 HIV-seronegative individuals was 42 years and 31 years, respectively. Of the PLWH, nine had been on ART for over five years. The median anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG antibody level on d 224 was higher than that on d 42 (8188.7 ng/mL vs. 3200.9 ng/mL, P < 0.05). Following COVID-19 infection, the antibody level increased to 29,872.5 ng/mL on d re+90 , 12.19 times higher than that on d 300 . Compared with HIV-seronegative individuals, the antibody level in PLWH was lower on d 210 (183.3 ng/mL vs. 509.3 ng/mL, P < 0.01), while there was no difference after d 224 . The symptoms of COVID-19 infection in PLWH were comparable to those in HIV-seronegative individuals. In this study, the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine demonstrated good immunogenicity in PLWH. The protective benefit of booster vaccinations for PLWH cannot be ignored. Implementing a booster vaccination policy for PLWH is an effective approach to providing better protection against the COVID-19 pandemic.

A time-synchronized (TS) convergence control method for robotic manipulators is proposed. Adversely to finite-time control, a notion of time-synchronization convergence is introduced based on the ratio persistence property, which can ensure that all system components converge simultaneously in a finite time. Firstly, a robust disturbance observer is constructed to be compatible with the time-synchronized control framework and precisely estimate system uncertainties. Furthermore, we design a (finite) time-synchronized controller to ensure that all states of the robotic manipulator simultaneously converge to an equilibrium point, irrespective of initial conditions. Stability analysis shows the feasibility of the proposed TS control method. At last, simulations are performed with a two-link rehabilitation robotic system, and the comparison results indicate its superiority.

With the development of material science and increasing awareness of ecological environmental protection, liquid biodegradable mulch films (LBDMs) have garnered significant public interest. In this research, new LBDMs were developed using hydrophobically modified polymer materials, surfactants, and photosensitive catalysts. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed good material compatibility. LBDMs exhibited excellent wettability and degradability, effectively covering soil surfaces and enhancing soil moisture conservation, with a degradation rate of 76.09% after 80 days of burial. The field performance experiment was conducted over two consecutive years, 2021 and 2022, to assess differences in soil temperature and moisture, peanut agronomic traits, pod traits, and yield under four treatments: non-mulching (CK), LBDMs, clear polyethylene mulch films (CPEMs), and black polyethylene mulch films (BPEMs). LBDMs increased soil temperature by 0.56 °C and soil moisture by 19.25%, accelerated the seedling stage by 4-to-6 days, and improved the average emergence rate by 15.91%. Furthermore, LBDMs significantly promoted peanut growth, and it increased yield by 14.34% compared to CK. LBDMs performed comparably to the two types of PE films in maintaining soil conditions and different crop phenotype traits, including plant height, branch number, yield, and quality, and they even outperformed PE films in productivity per plant and 100-kernel weight. These findings suggest that LBDMs are a promising eco-friendly alternative to traditional PE films.

Tomato plants favor warmth, making them particularly susceptible to cold conditions, especially their reproductive development. Therefore, understanding how pollen reacts to cold stress is vital for selecting and improving cold-resistant tomato varieties. The programmed cell death (PCD) in the tapetum is particularly susceptible to cold temperatures which could hinder the degradation of the tapetal layer in the anthers, thus affecting pollen development. However, it is not clear yet how genes integral to tapetal degradation respond to cold stress. Here, we report that SlHB8 , working upstream of the conserved genetic module DYT1-TDF1-AMS-MYB80, is crucial for regulating cold tolerance in tomato anthers. SlHB8 expression increases in the tapetum when exposed to low temperatures. CRISPR/Cas9-generated SlHB8-knockout mutants exhibit improved pollen cold tolerance due to the reduced temperature sensitivity of the tapetum. SlHB8 directly upregulates SlDYT1 and SlMYB80 by binding to their promoters. In normal anthers, cold treatment boosts SlHB8 levels, which then elevates the expression of genes like SlDYT1 , SlTDF1 , SlAMS , and SlMYB80 ; however, slhb8 mutants do not show this gene activation during cold stress, leading to a complete blockage of delayed tapetal programmed cell death (PCD). Furthermore, we found that SlHB8 can interact with both SlTDF1 and SlMYB80, suggesting the possibility that SlHB8 might regulate tapetal PCD at the protein level. This study sheds light on molecular mechanisms of anther adaptation to temperature fluctuations.

Zirconium alloys possess excellent wear resistance, which ensures the durability and longevity of the components, making them widely used in medical and other fields. To enhance the functionality of these materials, it is often necessary to fabricate functional microstructures on their surfaces. Electrochemical machining (ECM) techniques demonstrate excellent machining performance for these metals, particularly in the processing of microstructures on complex curved surfaces. However, ECM often faces challenges due to the fluid nature of the electrolyte, resulting in low machining accuracy and localization. This paper proposes a novel method for fabricating complex patterned microstructures using a maskless electrochemical direct writing technique with a polyacrylamide (PAM) polymer electrolyte. By leveraging the non-Newtonian properties of PAM, this method effectively confines the electrolyte to specific areas, thus addressing the issue of poor localization in traditional ECM and reducing stray corrosion. To elucidate the electrochemical removal mechanism of Zr702 in the presence of PAM, polarization curves, viscosity characteristics, and current efficiency parameters were analyzed. Additionally, an experimental study was conducted using a custom-designed nozzle structure. The results showed that the PAM electrolyte could effectively reduce the EF, positively impacting machining accuracy and localization. By controlling the nozzle's motion trajectory, complex microstructures were successfully fabricated through direct writing, demonstrating promising application prospects.

Tea is a highly popular beverage, primarily due to its unique flavor and aroma as well as its perceived health benefits. The impact of tea on the gut microbiome could be an important means by which tea exerts its health benefits since the link between the gut microbiome and health is strong. This review provided a discussion of the bioactive compounds in tea and the human gut microbiome and how the gut microbiome interacts with tea polyphenols. Importantly, studies were compiled on the impact of differently processed tea, which contains different polyphenol profiles, on the gut microbiota from in vivo animal feeding trials, in vitro human fecal fermentation experiments, and in vivo human feeding trials from 2004-2024. The results were discussed in terms of different tea types and how their impacts are related to or different from each other in these three study groups.

In mammals, 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (Hsd17b2) enzyme specifically catalyzes the oxidation of the C17 hydroxyl group and efficiently regulates the activities of estrogens and androgens to prevent diseases induced by hormone disorders. However, the functions of the hsd17b2 gene involved in animal sex differentiation are still largely unclear. The ricefield eel ( Monopterus albus ), a protogynous hermaphroditic fish with a small genome size (2 n = 24), is usually used as an ideal model to study the mechanism of sex differentiation in vertebrates. Therefore, in this study, hsd17b2 gene cDNA was cloned and its mRNA expression profiles were determined in the ricefield eel. The cloned cDNA fragment of hsd17b2 was 1230 bp, including an open reading frame of 1107 bp, encoding 368 amino acid residues with conserved catalytic subunits. Moreover, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that hsd17b2 mRNA expressed strongly in the ovaries at early developmental stages, weakly in liver and intestine, and barely in testis and other tissues. In particular, hsd17b2 mRNA expression was found to peak in ovaries of young fish and ovotestis at the early stage, and eventually declined in gonads from the late ovotestis to testis. Likewise, chemical in situ hybridization results indicated that the hsd17b2 mRNA signals were primarily detected in the cytoplasm of oogonia and oocytes at stage I-II, subsequently concentrated in the granulosa cells around the oocytes at stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, but undetectable in mature oocytes and male germ cells. Intriguingly, in ricefield eel ovaries, hsd17b2 mRNA expression could be significantly reduced by 17β-estradiol (E2) or tamoxifen (17β-estradiol inhibitor, E2I) induction at a low concentration (10 ng/mL) and increased by E2I induction at a high concentration (100 ng/mL). On the other hand, both the melatonin (MT) and flutamide (androgen inhibitor, AI) induction could significantly decrease hsd17b2 mRNA expression in the ovary of ricefield eel. This study provides a clue for demonstrating the mechanism of sexual differentiation in fish. The findings of our study imply that the hsd17b2 gene could be a key regulator in sexual differentiation and modulate sex reversal in the ricefield eel and other hermaphroditic fishes.

Ultra-fine dry powder extinguishing agent (UDPEA) is a promising alternative to Halon agents in aviation firefighting. The formulation of UDPEAs should balance environmental friendliness and practical engineering requirements, including high extinguishing efficiency, excellent flowability, and prolonged anti-reignition. This study investigates the effects of three modification methods (single perfluorooctyl triethoxysilane (FOTS), single N-(3-Triethoxysilylpropyl)perfluoro(2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxanonanoyl)amide (PFPE), and a combination of FOTS and PFPE at various mass ratios (2.0:0.4, 1.6:0.8, 1.2:1.2, 0.8:1.6, 0.4:2.0) (g)) on the performance of sodium bicarbonate-based UDPEA. The results indicate that using FOTS or PFPE alone improves the water and oil contact angles, but still fails to meet the required hydrophobicity and oleophobicity standards, and it also reduces the flowability and fire-extinguishing capability. A combination of FOTS and PFPE at the 1:2 ratio yields the best performance, with the water and oil contact angles of 145.169° and 143.542°, respectively, the lowest flowability index (0.224), minimal extinguishing concentration and time (14.183 g/m 3 and 1.976 s, respectively), which is only 52.7% and 68.3% of those of the unmodified UDPEA's (26.927 g/m 3 and 2.893 s), and the longest anti-reignition time (68.5 s). In addition, the fire-extinguishing mechanisms (chemical inhibition and physical heat absorption) and anti-reignition mechanisms of the modified UDPEA (with the FOTS to PFPE ratio of 1:2) were revealed. This research aims to design an eco-friendly, high-performance UDPEA as an effective substitute for Halon extinguishing agents. These findings can provide valuable insights for evaluating and selecting aviation fire-extinguishing agents.

A two-axis semi-strapdown stabilized platform is a device designed to eliminate aircraft disturbances and ensure the stability of the sensor's orientation. A traditional two-axis semi-strapdown stabilization platform for aircraft can effectively control disturbance in pitch and yaw channel, but it cannot achieve ideal disturbance control in the roll channel. In order to solve this problem, an adaptive control method based on disturbance transformation and LWOA-PID is proposed. Disturbance transformation is the process of integrating the angular position disturbance of the roll from the previous moment into the combined disturbance of the pitch and yaw at the current moment. This is followed by decoupling the combined disturbance of the pitch and yaw at the current moment, thereby eliminating the disturbance caused by the roll from the previous moment. This process is repeated to achieve the goal of eliminating roll channel disturbances. To ensure the line of sight (LOS) pointing accuracy stability in the two-axis semi-strapdown stabilized platform system for aircraft, a whale optimization adaptive proportional-integral-derivative (LWOA-PID) controller based on Latin hypercube sampling is designed. It is then compared with the classical PID controller in Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results indicate that the disturbance conversion module proposed in this paper can eliminate the impact of roll axis disturbances on the LOS pointing accuracy of the two-axis semi-strapdown stabilized platform for aircraft. Compared to the classical PID controller, the LWOA-PID controller reduces tracking errors for step and sinusoidal signals by 50% and 75%, respectively. It also shortens optimization time by 37.5% compared to the WOA-PID while maintaining the same level of accuracy. Furthermore, when combined with the conversion module, the tracking error is reduced by an additional order of magnitude.

Low or insufficient testosterone levels caused by caponization promote fat deposition in animals. However, the molecular mechanism of fat deposition in caponized animals remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the metabolomics and transcriptomic profiles of adipose tissues and study the effect of testosterone and leptin on the proliferation of adipocytes. We observed a significant enlargement in the areas of adipocytes in the abdominal fat tissues in capon, as well as increased luciferase activity of the serum leptin and a sharp decrease in the serum testosterone in caponized gander. Metabolomics and transcriptomic results revealed differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed metabolites with enhanced PARR signal pathway. The mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ, fatty acid synthase, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in goose primary pre-adipocytes were significantly upregulated with high leptin treatment and decreased significantly with increasing testosterone dose. Hence, reduced testosterone and increased leptin levels after caponization possibly promoted adipocytes proliferation and abdominal fat deposition by altering the expression of PPAR pathway related genes in caponized ganders. This study provides a new direction for the mechanism through which testosterone regulates the biological function of leptin and fat deposition in male animals.

Neuraminidases catalyze the desialylation of cell-surface glycoconjugates and play crucial roles in the development and function of tissues and organs. In both physiological and pathophysiological contexts, neuraminidases mediate diverse biological activities via the catalytic hydrolysis of terminal neuraminic, or sialic acid residues in glycolipid and glycoprotein substrates. The selective modulation of neuraminidase activity constitutes a promising strategy for treating a broad spectrum of human pathologies, including sialidosis and galactosialidosis, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and pulmonary disorders. Structurally distinct as a large family of mammalian proteins, neuraminidases (NEU1 through NEU4) possess dissimilar yet overlapping profiles of tissue expression, cellular/subcellular localization, and substrate specificity. NEU1 is well characterized for its lysosomal catabolic functions, with ubiquitous and abundant expression across such tissues as the kidney, pancreas, skeletal muscle, liver, lungs, placenta, and brain. NEU1 also exhibits a broad substrate range on the cell surface, where it plays hitherto underappreciated roles in modulating the structure and function of cellular receptors, providing a basis for it to be a potential drug target in various human diseases. This review seeks to summarize the recent progress in the research on NEU1-associated diseases and highlight the mechanistic implications of NEU1 in disease pathogenesis. An improved understanding of NEU1-associated diseases should help accelerate translational initiatives to develop novel or better therapeutics.

In response to the challenges of accurate identification and localization of garbage in intricate urban street environments, this paper proposes EcoDetect-YOLO, a garbage exposure detection algorithm based on the YOLOv5s framework, utilizing an intricate environment waste exposure detection dataset constructed in this study. Initially, a convolutional block attention module (CBAM) is integrated between the second level of the feature pyramid etwork (P2) and the third level of the feature pyramid network (P3) layers to optimize the extraction of relevant garbage features while mitigating background noise. Subsequently, a P2 small-target detection head enhances the model's efficacy in identifying small garbage targets. Lastly, a bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) is introduced to strengthen the model's capability for deep feature fusion. Experimental results demonstrate EcoDetect-YOLO's adaptability to urban environments and its superior small-target detection capabilities, effectively recognizing nine types of garbage, such as paper and plastic trash. Compared to the baseline YOLOv5s model, EcoDetect-YOLO achieved a 4.7% increase in mAP 0.5 , reaching 58.1%, with a compact model size of 15.7 MB and an FPS of 39.36. Notably, even in the presence of strong noise, the model maintained a mAP 0.5 exceeding 50%, underscoring its robustness. In summary, EcoDetect-YOLO, as proposed in this paper, boasts high precision, efficiency, and compactness, rendering it suitable for deployment on mobile devices for real-time detection and management of urban garbage exposure, thereby advancing urban automation governance and digital economic development.

Searching for natural products with anti-tumor activity is an important aspect of cancer research. Seaweed polysaccharides from brown seaweed have shown promising anti-tumor activity; however, their structure, composition, and biological activity vary considerably, depending on many factors. In this study, 16 polysaccharide fractions were extracted and purified from three large brown seaweed species ( Sargassum horneri , Scytosiphon lomentaria, and Undaria pinnatifida ). The chemical composition analysis revealed that the polysaccharide fractions have varying molecular weights ranging from 8.889 to 729.67 kDa, and sulfate contents ranging from 0.50% to 10.77%. Additionally, they exhibit different monosaccharide compositions and secondary structures. Subsequently, their anti-tumor activity was compared against five tumor cell lines (A549, B16, HeLa, HepG 2, and SH-SY5Y). The results showed that different fractions exhibited distinct anti-tumor properties against tumor cells. Flow cytometry and cytoplasmic fluorescence staining (Hoechst/AO staining) further confirmed that these effective fractions significantly induce tumor cell apoptosis without cytotoxicity. qRT-RCR results demonstrated that the polysaccharide fractions up-regulated the expression of Caspase-3 , Caspase-8 , Caspase-9 , and Bax while down-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and CDK-2 . This study comprehensively compared the anti-tumor activity of polysaccharide fractions from large brown seaweed, providing valuable insights into the potent combinations of brown seaweed polysaccharides as anti-tumor agents.

Background: Thymic neuroendocrine tumors (Th-NETs) are rare and aggressive, with a scarcity of research on predicting patient prognosis. Our study aimed to assess the impact of prognostic markers and temozolomide (TMZ)-based chemotherapy on survival in Th-NETs., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with Th-NETs between 2013 and 2023 at our institution. We collected clinicopathological data, including tumor pathological grading, staging, serum concentrations of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and pro-gastrin-releasing peptide, levels of inflammatory factors, and expression of oxygen 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Treatment details (such as surgery and chemotherapy) and survival outcomes were also documented., Results: A total of 32 patients were included in our study after excluding those without complete available information. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 12.5 months (95%CI, 8-16 months) for 19 patients who received TMZ-based chemotherapy. Twenty-one patients underwent surgery as the primary treatment, demonstrating a median disease-free survival (DFS) of 51.0 months. The inflammatory factor neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was an independent prognostic indicator of DFS in postoperative patients and PFS in TMZ-treated patients. The overall 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 86.6%, 69.5%, and 33.8%, respectively. Ki67 level exceeding 10% ( p = 0.048) and absence of surgical resection ( p = 0.003) were significantly associated with worse overall survival (OS)., Conclusion: Surgical treatment was currently the primary method for treating Th-NETs, and postoperative adjuvant therapy was an essential consideration for specific patient cohorts. Despite widespread positive MGMT expression, TMZ-based chemotherapy showed promise. Some potential prognostic biomarkers such as NLR and NSE need more attention.

Vitex negundo has strong antioxidant activity, but its primary antioxidant components are not clear. In this study, the antioxidant components were screened by offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection (2D-LC-ECD) and subsequently assessed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identification, radical scavenging capacity, and molecular docking. Various fractions were isolated from Vitex negundo leaves, and 39 antioxidant components were screened and identified. All of the fractions containing the antioxidant components exhibited certain antioxidant activity. Correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between the response of LC-ECD and the in vitro antioxidant activity of the fractions. Molecular docking demonstrated that components with high response to LC-ECD exhibited robust interaction with antioxidant-related target proteins. The main antioxidant components of Vitex negundo leaves were isoorientin, chlorogenic acid, agnuside, cynaroside, and scutellarin. The 2D-LC-ECD combined with LC-MS/MS was rapid and effective in screening the antioxidant components in Vitex negundo leaves and could also provide technical support for the discovery of antioxidant components with different polarities and contents in other medicinal and edible plants.

OVATE family proteins (OFPs) are a class of plant-specific proteins with a conserved OVATE domain that play fundamental roles in fruit development and plant growth. Mango ( Mangifera indica L.) is an economically important subtropical fruit tree characterized by a diverse array of fruit shapes and sizes. Despite extensive research on OFPs across various species, there remains a scarcity of information regarding OFPs in mango. Here, we have successfully identified 25 OFP genes ( MiOFP s) in mango, each of which exhibits the conserved OVATE domains. The MiOFP gene exhibit a range of 2-6 motifs, with all genes containing both motif 1 and motif 2. Phylogenetic analysis on 97 OFPs (including 18 AtOFPs, 24 SlOFPs, 25 MiOFPs, and 30 OsOFPs) indicated that MiOFPs could be divided into three main clades: clade I, II, and III. Comparative morphological analysis identified significant variations in fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit transverse diameter, and fruit shape index between two distinct shaped mango cultivars ('Hongxiangya' and 'Jingpingmang') at DAP5, DAP7, and DAP10 stages. The subsequent examination of paraffin sections revealed distinct patterns of cell elongation. The majority of MiOFP genes exhibited predominantly expressed in developing organs, specifically flowers and immature fruits, while displaying distinct expression patterns. RNA-Seq analysis revealed significant disparities in the expression levels of several OFP genes, including MiOFP 5, MiOFP 11, MiOFP 21, MiOFP 22, MiOFP 23, and MiOFP 25, between the two mango cultivars. These findings suggest that these six genes may play a crucial role for fruit shape in mango, especially the MiOFP 22. The findings of this study have established a basis for future investigations into MiOFP s in mango, offering a solid foundation for further research in this field.

The proliferation of large green macroalgae in marine environments has led to the occurrence of green tides, particularly in the South Yellow Sea region of China, where Ulva prolifera has been identified as the primary species responsible for the world's largest green tide events. Allelopathy among plants is a critical factor influencing the dynamics of green tides. This review synthesizes previous research on allelopathic interactions within green tides, categorizing four extensively studied allelochemicals: fatty acids, aldehydes, phenols, and terpenes. The mechanisms by which these compounds regulate the physiological processes of green tide algae are examined in depth. Additionally, recent advancements in the rapid detection of allelochemicals are summarized, and their potential applications in monitoring green tide events are discussed. The integration of advanced monitoring technologies, such as satellite observation and environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis, with allelopathic substance detection is also explored. This combined approach addresses gaps in understanding the dynamic processes of green tide formation and provides a more comprehensive insight into the mechanisms driving these phenomena. The findings and new perspectives presented in this review aim to offer valuable insights and inspiration for researchers and policymakers.

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the impact of quenching roll speed on enhancing the low-temperature toughness of a low-carbon copper-containing steel. The microstructure characteristics, such as the prior austenite grains, and the distribution and volume fraction of precipitates, are observed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and small-angle scattering X-ray. The results show that a decrease in the quenching roller speed (2 m/min) contributes to the achievement of more excellent low-temperature toughness (the average value is 232 J), although the prior austenite grains exhibit a relatively larger size in this case. The tempering treatment results in the precipitation of a large amount of 9R-type Cu-rich particles, regardless of the quenching roller speed. Reducing the quenching roller speed contributes to the increase in the volume fraction of Cu-rich particles, which is considered to be the main factor contributing to the achievement of excellent low-temperature toughness.

Skin is the largest organ in the human body and requires proper dressing to facilitate healing after an injury. Wounds on movable parts, such as the elbow, knee, wrist, and neck, usually undergo delayed and inefficient healing due to frequent movements. To better accommodate movable wounds, a variety of functional hydrogels have been successfully developed and used as flexible wound dressings. On the one hand, the mechanical properties, such as adhesion, stretchability, and self-healing, make these hydrogels suitable for mobile wounds and promote the healing process; on the other hand, the bioactivities, such as antibacterial and antioxidant performance, could further accelerate the wound healing process. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in hydrogel-based movable wound dressings and propose the challenges and perspectives of such dressings.

In this research, with an aim to develop novel pyrazole oxime ether derivatives possessing potential biological activity, thirty-two pyrazole oxime ethers, including a substituted pyridine ring, have been synthesized and structurally identified through 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and HRMS. Bioassay data indicated that most of these compounds owned strong insecticidal properties against Mythimna separata , Tetranychus cinnabarinus , Plutella xylostella , and Aphis medicaginis at a dosage of 500 μg/mL, and some title compounds were active towards Nilaparvata lugens at 500 μg/mL. Furthermore, some of the designed compounds had potent insecticidal effects against M. separata , T. cinnabarinus , or A. medicaginis at 100 μg/mL, with the mortalities of compounds 8a , 8c , 8d , 8e , 8f , 8g , 8o , 8s , 8v , 8x , and 8z against A. medicaginis , in particular, all reaching 100%. Even when the dosage was lowered to 20 μg/mL, compound 8s also expressed 50% insecticidal activity against M. separata , and compounds 8a , 8e , 8f , 8o , 8v , and 8x displayed more than 60% inhibition rates against A. medicaginis . The current results provided a significant basis for the rational design of biologically active pyrazole oxime ethers in future.

Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a highly contagious disease in chickens and seriously endangers the poultry industry. The emergence and co-circulation of diverse IBV serotypes and genotypes with distinct pathogenicity worldwide pose a serious challenge to the development of effective intervention measures. In this study, we report the epidemic trends of IBV in China from 2019 to 2023 and a comparative analysis on the antigenic characteristics and pathogenicity of isolates among major prevalent lineages. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses based on the nucleotide sequences of the spike (S) 1 gene clustered a total of 205 isolates into twelve distinct lineages, with GI-19 as a predominant lineage (61.77 ± 4.56%) exhibiting an overall increasing trend over the past five years, and demonstrated that a majority of the variants were derived from gene recombination events. Further characterization of the growth and pathogenic properties of six representative isolates from different lineages classified four out of the six isolates as nephropathogenic types with mortality rates in one-day-old SPF chickens varying from 20-60%, one as a respiratory type with weak virulence, and one as a naturally occurring avirulent strain. Taken together, our findings illuminate the epidemic trends, prevalence, recombination, and pathogenicity of current IBV strains in China, providing key information for further strengthening the surveillance and pathogenicity studies of IBV.

As the thickness of an ultra-thin flattened heat pipe (UTHP) decreases, the fabrication difficulty increases exponentially, and the thermal performance deteriorates rapidly. In this study, three types of composite wicks were developed for UTHPs with a 0.6 mm thickness: copper foam and mesh wick (CFMW), two layers of different mesh wick (TDMW), and three layers of the same mesh wick (TSMW). The startup and steady-state performances of the UTHPs with liquid filling ratios of 60% to 120% were investigated. The findings indicated that the CFMW UTHP with a filling ratio of 100% exhibited the best startup performance, with the highest equilibrium temperature of 58.37 °C. The maximum heat transport capacities of the CFMW, TDMW, and TSMW UTHP samples were 9, 8, and 8.5 W, respectively, at their corresponding optimum filling ratios of 110%, 90%, and 100%. The CFMW UTHP exhibited the lowest evaporation and condensation thermal resistances of 0.151 and 0.189 K/W, respectively, which were 24.67% and 41.85% lower than those of the TSMW UTHP. CFMW can be used to improve the thermal performance of UTHPs. This study provides important guidelines for the structural design, fabrication technology, and performance improvement of high-performance UTHPs used in portable electronic devices.

Curcumin (Cur) is a phytochemical with various beneficial properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. However, its hydrophobicity, poor bioavailability, and stability limit its application in many biological approaches. In this study, a novel amphiphilic chitosan wall material was synthesized. The process was carried out via grafting chitosan with succinic anhydride (SA) as a hydrophilic group and deoxycholic acid (DA) as a hydrophobic group; 1 H-NMR, FTIR, and XRD were employed to characterize the amphiphilic chitosan (CS-SA-DA). Using a low-cost, inorganic solvent-based procedure, CS-SA-DA was self-assembled to load Cur nanomicelles. This amphiphilic polymer formed self-assembled micelles with a core-shell structure and a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 0.093 mg·mL -1 . Cur-loaded nanomicelles were prepared by self-assembly and characterized by the Nano Particle Size Potential Analyzer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mean particle size of the spherical Cur-loaded micelles was 770 nm. The drug entrapment efficiency and loading capacities were up to 80.80 ± 0.99% and 19.02 ± 0.46%, respectively. The in vitro release profiles of curcumin from micelles showed a constant release of the active drug molecule. Cytotoxicity studies and toxicity tests for zebrafish exhibited the comparable efficacy and safety of this delivery system. Moreover, the results showed that the entrapment of curcumin in micelles improves its stability, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity.

A two-axis stabilizing gimbal is a device that ensures a sensor is working properly on a moving platform. When classical mechanics (Newton-Euler and Lagrange) is employed to model a two-axis stable gimbal, its limitations can complicate the modeling process. To address this issue, a method for establishing a dynamic model for a two-axis stabilizing platform based on the Kane method is proposed in this paper. The Kane method offers the advantage of a simple model structure and computational efficiency. Initially, utilizing a generalized coordinate system, expressions of the generalized velocities, deflection velocities and angular velocities are derived. Subsequently, the generalized active forces and inertial forces acting on the two-axis stabilized gimbal are analyzed. Finally, by combining force and velocity with the Kane equation, the dynamic model of the two-axis stable platform is obtained, demonstrating the validity of the Kane method for establishing the two-axis stable platform model. To ensure the pointing accuracy stability of the two-axis stabilizing platform, a Novel Particle Swarm Optimization Proportion Integration Differentiation (NPSO-PID) controller is designed using the PSO algorithm. It is then simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and compared with a classical PID controller. Simulation results demonstrate that NPSO-PID exhibits superior object tracking performance compared to classical PID controllers and better optimization of control parameters compared to traditional PSO-PID controllers.

Manufactured sand (MS) is a promising alternative aggregate to quartz sand (QS) in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) in the preparation of ultra-high-performance manufactured sand concrete (UHPMC), which possesses the characteristics of high strength, low cost, and environmental friendliness. In this study, the effects of variable compositional characteristics including the water-binder ratio, the stone powder (SP) content, and the MS replacement ratio on the mechanical and flexural strength of UHPMC were compared and analyzed based on response surface methodology (RSM). Meanwhile, the damage characteristics of UHPMC during compressive and flexural stress were monitored and evaluated using acoustic emission (AE) technology. The results reveal that the compressive and flexural strengths of UHPMC are both negatively correlated with the water-binder ratio, while they are positively correlated with the MS replacement rate. They tend to firstly increase and subsequently decrease with the increase in the stone powder content. In the load-displacement curve of concrete with a high MS replacement ratio and a low water-binder ratio, the slope in the elastic stage is steeper, the stiffness is higher, and the bending toughness and ductility are also better. The specimens with a 10% to 0% stone powder content present a steeper elastic phase slope, a slightly higher stiffness, and superior ductility. The specimens with a low MS replacement ratio and a high water-binder ratio display earlier cracking and weaker resistance, and the destruction process is complex and very unstable. The damage mode analysis based on RA-AF shows that an increase in the MS replacement ratio and a decrease in the water-binder ratio can both reduce the tensile cracking of UHPMC specimens under a four-point bending test. Although 10% stone powder can marginally slow down crack growth, the failure mode is not significantly affected.

The disruption of circadian rhythms (CRs) has been linked to metabolic disorders, yet the role of hepatic BMAL1, a key circadian regulator, in the whole-body metabolism and the associated lipid metabolic phenotype in the liver remains unclear. Bmal1 floxed ( Bmal1 f / f ) and hepatocyte-specific Bmal1 knockout ( Bmal1 hep- / - ) C57BL/6J mice underwent a regular feeding regimen. Hepatic CR, lipid content, mitochondrial function, and systemic metabolism were assessed at zeitgeber time (ZT) 0 and ZT12. Relevant molecules were examined to elucidate the metabolic phenotype. Hepatocyte-specific knockout of Bmal1 disrupted the expression of rhythmic genes in the liver. Bmal1 hep- / - mice exhibited decreased hepatic TG content at ZT0, primarily due to enhanced lipolysis, reduced lipogenesis, and diminished lipid uptake. The β-oxidation function of liver mitochondria decreased at both ZT0 and ZT12. Our findings on the metabolic profile and associated hepatic lipid metabolism in the absence of Bmal1 in hepatocytes provides new insights into metabolic syndromes from the perspective of liver CR disturbances.

Class III peroxidases (CIII PRXs) are plant-specific enzymes with high activity that play key roles in the catalysis of oxidation-reduction reactions. In plants, CIII PRXs can reduce hydrogen peroxide to catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, thereby affecting plant growth, development, and stress responses. To date, no systematic analysis of the CIII PRX gene family in litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) has been documented, although the genome has been reported. In this study, a total of 77 CIII PRX (designated LcPRX) gene family members were predicted in the litchi genome to provide a reference for candidate genes in the responses to abiotic stresses during litchi growth and development. All of these LcPRX genes had different numbers of highly conserved PRX domains and were unevenly distributed across fifteen chromosomes. They were further clustered into eight clades using a phylogenetic tree, and almost every clade had its own unique gene structure and motif distribution. Collinearity analysis confirmed that there were eleven pairs of duplicate genes among the LcPRX members, and segmental duplication (SD) was the main driving force behind the LcPRX gene expansion. Tissue-specific expression profiles indicated that the expression levels of all the LcPRX family members in different tissues of the litchi tree were significantly divergent. After different abiotic stress treatments, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the LcPRX genes responded to various stresses and displayed differential expression patterns. Physicochemical properties, transmembrane domains, subcellular localization, secondary structures, and cis-acting elements were also analyzed. These findings provide insights into the characteristics of the LcPRX gene family and give valuable information for further elucidating its molecular function and then enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in litchi through molecular breeding.

This study details the rational design and synthesis of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS)-doped anatase (A) heterostructures, utilizing earth-abundant elements to enhance the efficiency of solar-driven water splitting. A one-step hydrothermal method was employed to fabricate a series of CZTS-A heterojunctions. As the concentration of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) varied, the morphology of CZTS shifted from floral patterns to sheet-like structures. The resulting CZTS-A heterostructures underwent comprehensive characterization through photoelectrochemical response assessments, optical measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. Detailed photoelectrochemical (PEC) investigations demonstrated notable enhancements in photocurrent density and incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE). Compared to pure anatase electrodes, the optimized CZTS-A heterostructures exhibited a seven-fold increase in photocurrent density and reached a hydrogen production efficiency of 1.1%. Additionally, the maximum H 2 production rate from these heterostructures was 11-times greater than that of pure anatase and 250-times higher than the original CZTS after 2 h of irradiation. These results underscore the enhanced PEC performance of CZTS-A heterostructures, highlighting their potential as highly efficient materials for solar water splitting. Integrating Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 nanoparticles (NPs) within TiO 2 (anatase) heterostructures implied new avenues for developing earth-abundant and cost-effective photocatalytic systems for renewable energy applications.

Among various non-covalent interactions, selenium-centered chalcogen bonds (SeChBs) have garnered considerable attention in recent years as a result of their important contributions to crystal engineering, organocatalysis, molecular recognition, materials science, and biological systems. Herein, we systematically investigated π-hole-type Se ∙∙∙ O/S ChBs in the binary complexes of SeO 2 with a series of O-/S-containing Lewis bases by means of high-level ab initio computations. The results demonstrate that there exists an attractive interaction between the Se atom of SeO 2 and the O/S atom of Lewis bases. The interaction energies computed at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level range from -4.68 kcal/mol to -10.83 kcal/mol for the Se ∙∙∙ O chalcogen-bonded complexes and vary between -3.53 kcal/mol and -13.77 kcal/mol for the Se ∙∙∙ S chalcogen-bonded complexes. The Se ∙∙∙ O/S ChBs exhibit a relatively short binding distance in comparison to the sum of the van der Waals radii of two chalcogen atoms. The Se ∙∙∙ O/S ChBs in all of the studied complexes show significant strength and a closed-shell nature, with a partially covalent character in most cases. Furthermore, the strength of these Se ∙∙∙ O/S ChBs generally surpasses that of the C/O-H ∙∙∙ O hydrogen bonds within the same complex. It should be noted that additional C/O-H ∙∙∙ O interactions have a large effect on the geometric structures and strength of Se ∙∙∙ O / S ChBs. Two subunits are connected together mainly via the orbital interaction between the lone pair of O/S atoms in the Lewis bases and the BD*(OSe) anti-bonding orbital of SeO 2 , except for the SeO 2 ∙∙∙ HCSOH complex. The electrostatic component emerges as the largest attractive contributor for stabilizing the examined complexes, with significant contributions from induction and dispersion components as well.

Huntington's disease (HD) arises from expanded CAG repeats in exon 1 of the Huntingtin ( HTT ) gene. The resultant misfolded HTT protein accumulates within neuronal cells, negatively impacting their function and survival. Ultimately, HTT accumulation results in cell death, causing the development of HD. A nonhuman primate (NHP) HD model would provide important insight into disease development and the generation of novel therapies due to their genetic and physiological similarity to humans. For this purpose, we tested CRISPR/Cas9 and a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) containing expanded CAG repeats in introducing an expanded CAG repeat into the HTT gene in rhesus macaque embryos. Analyses were conducted on arrested embryos and trophectoderm (TE) cells biopsied from blastocysts to assess the insertion of the ssDNA into the HTT gene. Genotyping results demonstrated that 15% of the embryos carried an expanded CAG repeat. The integration of an expanded CAG repeat region was successfully identified in five blastocysts, which were cryopreserved for NHP HD animal production. Some off-target events were observed in biopsies from the cryopreserved blastocysts. NHP embryos were successfully produced, which will help to establish an NHP HD model and, ultimately, may serve as a vital tool for better understanding HD's pathology and developing novel treatments.

Alginate is derived from brown algae, which can be cultivated in large quantities. It can be broken down by alginate lyase into alginate oligosaccharides (AOSs), which exhibit a higher added value and better bioactivity than alginate. In this study, metagenomic technology was used to screen for genes that code for high-efficiency alginate lyases. The candidate alginate lyase gene alg169 was detected from Psychromonas sp. SP041, the most abundant species among alginate lyase bacteria on selected rotten kelps. The alginate lyase Alg169 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), Ni-IDA-purified, and characterized. The optimum temperature and pH of Alg169 were 25 °C and 7.0, respectively. Metal ions including Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ni 2+ , and Ba 2+ led to significantly increased enzyme activity. Alg169 exhibited a pronounced dependence on Na + , and upon treatment with Mn 2+ , its activity surged by 687.57%, resulting in the highest observed enzyme activity of 117,081 U/mg. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that Alg169 would be a double-domain lyase with a molecular weight of 65.58 kDa. It is a bifunctional enzyme with substrate specificity to polyguluronic acid (polyG) and polymannuronic acid (polyM). These results suggest that Alg169 is a promising candidate for the efficient manufacturing of AOSs from brown seaweed.

In this work, in order to investigate the short-range interactions between molecules, the spin-magnetic unit nitronyl nitroxide (NN) was introduced to synthesize self-assembly single radical molecules with hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. The structures and magnetic properties were extensively investigated and characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). Interestingly, it was observed that the single molecules can form two different dimers (ring-closed dimer and "L"-type dimer) in different solvents, due to hydrogen bonding, when using EPR to track the molecular spin interactions. Both dimers exhibit ferromagnetic properties (for ring-closed dimer, J/k B = 0.18 K and ΔE S-T = 0.0071 kcal/mol; for "L"-type dimer, the values were J/k B = 9.26 K and ΔE S-T = 0.037 kcal/mol). In addition, the morphologies of the fibers formed by the two dimers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

The research used polyethersulfone (PES) as a membrane material, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) k30 and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as water-soluble additives, and dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as a solvent to prepare hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membranes through a nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) process. The hydrophilic nature of PVP-k30 and PEG caused them to accumulate on the membrane surface during phase separation. The morphology, chemical composition, surface charge, and pore size of the PES membranes were evaluated by SEM, FTIR, zeta potential, and dextran filtration experiments. The paper also investigated how different spinning solution compositions affected membrane morphology and performance. The separation efficiency of membranes with four different morphologies was tested in single-protein and double-protein mixed solutions. The protein separation effectiveness of the membrane was studied through molecular weight cutoff, zeta potential, and static protein adsorption tests. In addition, the operating pressure and pH value were adjusted to improve ultrafiltration process conditions. The PES membrane with an intact sponge-like structure showed the highest separation factor of 11, making it a prime candidate membrane for the separation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (LYS). The membrane had a minimal static protein adsorption capacity of 48 mg/cm 2 and had excellent anti-fouling properties. When pH = 4, the BSA retention rate was 93% and the LYS retention rate was 23%. Furthermore, it exhibited excellent stability over a pH range of 1-13, confirming its suitability for protein separation applications.

To solve the high error phenomenon of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) due to their poor signal-to-noise ratio, this paper proposes an online compensation algorithm wavelet threshold back-propagation neural network (WT-BPNN), based on a neural network and designed to effectively suppress the random error of MEMS arrays. The algorithm denoises MEMS and compensates for the error using a back propagation neural network (BPNN). To verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithm, we deployed it in a ZYNQ-based MEMS array hardware. The experimental results showed that the zero-bias instability, angular random wander, and angular velocity random wander of the gyroscope were improved by about 12 dB, 10 dB, and 7 dB, respectively, compared with the original device in static scenarios, and the dispersion of the output data was reduced by about 8 dB in various dynamic environments, which effectively verified the robustness and feasibility of the algorithm.

As a planarization technique, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) continues to suffer from pattern effects that result in large variations in material thickness, which can influence circuit performance and yield. Therefore, tools for predicting post-CMP chip morphology based on the layout-dependent effect (LDE) have become increasingly critical and widely utilized for design verification and manufacturing development. In order to characterize the impact of patterns on polishing, such models often require the extraction of graphic parameters. However, existing extraction algorithms provide a limited description of the interaction effect between layout patterns. To address this problem, we calculate the average density as a density correction and innovatively use a one-dimensional line contact deformation profile as a weighting function. To verify our hypothesis, the density correction method is applied to a density step-height-based high-K metal gate-CMP prediction model. The surface prediction results before and after optimization are compared with the silicon data. The results show a reduction in mean squared error (MSE) of 40.1% and 35.2% in oxide and Al height predictions, respectively, compared with the preoptimization results, confirming that the optimization method can improve the prediction accuracy of the model.

Rotavirus (RV) is the main pathogen that causes severe diarrhea in infants and children under 5 years of age. No specific antiviral therapies or licensed anti-rotavirus drugs are available. It is crucial to develop effective and low-toxicity anti-rotavirus small-molecule drugs that act on novel host targets. In this study, a new anti-rotavirus compound was selected by ELISA, and cell activity was detected from 453 small-molecule compounds. The anti-RV effects and underlying mechanisms of the screened compounds were explored. In vitro experimental results showed that the small-molecule compound ML241 has a good effect on inhibiting rotavirus proliferation and has low cytotoxicity during the virus adsorption, cell entry, and replication stages. In addition to its in vitro effects, ML241 also exerted anti-RV effects in a suckling mouse model. Transcriptome sequencing was performed after adding ML241 to cells infected with RV. The results showed that ML241 inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the MAPK signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting IκBα, activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, and playing an anti-RV role. These results provide an experimental basis for specific anti-RV small-molecule compounds or compound combinations, which is beneficial for the development of anti-RV drugs.

Due to the increasing amounts of textile waste, textile to textile recycling is of prime concern. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) represents the most extensively used type of chemical fiber. Its spinnability suffers from impurities and degradation in the processing, which limits its recycling to new fibers. Here, recycled polyester is blended with a small amount of recycled nylon, and the regenerated fibers, which demonstrated good mechanical properties, were obtained via a melt spinning machine. The mechanical properties, thermal properties, rheological properties, and chemical structure of the modified recycled fibers were investigated. It was found that when compared with rPET-T fibers, the elongation at break of rPET-A x fibers increased to 17.48%, and the strength at break decreased to 3.79 cN/dtex. The compatibility of PET and PA6 copolymer were enhanced by copolymers produced by in-situ reaction in the processing. Meanwhile, the existence of PA6 increases the crystallization temperature and improves the hydrophilicity of the fibers. This study realized the high-value recycling of waste PET fabric to new fibers, which opens a door for the large utilization of waste textiles.

Even with the best infection control protocols in place, the risk of a hospital-acquired infection of the surface of an implanted device remains significant. A bacterial biofilm can form and has the potential to escape the host immune system and develop resistance to conventional antibiotics, ultimately causing the implant to fail, seriously impacting patient well-being. Here, we demonstrate a 4 log reduction in the infection rate by the common pathogen S. aureus of 3D-printed polyaryl ether ketone (PAEK) polymeric surfaces by covalently binding the antimicrobial peptide Mel4 to the surface using plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) treatment. The surfaces with added texture created by 3D-printed processes such as fused deposition-modelled polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and selective laser-sintered polyether ketone (PEK) can be equally well protected as conventionally manufactured materials. Unbound Mel4 in solution at relevant concentrations is non-cytotoxic to osteoblastic cell line Saos-2. Mel4 in combination with PIII aids Saos-2 cells to attach to the surface, increasing the adhesion by 88% compared to untreated materials without Mel4. A reduction in mineralisation on the Mel4-containing surfaces relative to surfaces without peptide was found, attributed to the acellular portion of mineral deposition.

Precious metals exhibit promising potential for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but their limited abundance restricts widespread utilization. Loading precious metal nanoparticles (NPs) on 2D/2D heterojunctions has garnered considerable interest since it saves precious metal consumption and facilitates unidirectional electron transmission from semiconductors to active sites. In this study, Ru NPs loaded on MXenes Mo 2 C by an in-site simple strategy and then formed 2D/2D heterojunctions with 2D g-C 3 N 4 (CN) via electrostatic self-assembly were used to enhance photocatalytic H 2 evolution. Evident from energy band structure analyses such as UV-vis and TRPL, trace amounts of Ru NPs as active sites significantly improve the efficiency of the hydrogen evolution reaction. More interestingly, MXene Mo 2 C, as substrates for supporting Ru NPs, enriches photoexcited electrons from CN, thereby enhancing the unidirectional electron transmission. As a result, the combination of Ru-Mo 2 C and CN constructs a composite heterojunction (Ru-Mo 2 C@CN) that shows an improved H 2 production rate at 1776.4 μmol∙g -1 ∙h -1 (AQE 3.58% at 400 nm), which is facilitated by the unidirectional photogenerated electron transmission from the valence band on CN to the active sites on Ru (CN→Mo 2 C→Ru). The study offers fresh perspectives on accelerated unidirectional photogenerated electron transmission and saved precious metal usage in photocatalytic systems.

The rational design of advanced electrocatalysts at the molecular or atomic level is important for improving the performance of hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) and replacing precious metal catalysts. In this study, we describe the fabrication of electrocatalysts based on Fe, Co, or Ni single atoms supported on titanium carbide (TiC) using the molten salt method, i.e., TiC-Fe SA , TiC-Co SA , or TiC-Ni SA , to enhance HER performance. The introduction of uniformly distributed transition-metal single atoms successfully reduces the overpotential of HERs. Overpotentials of TiC-Fe SA at 10 mA cm -2 are 123.4 mV with 61.1 mV dec -1 Tafel slope under acidic conditions and 184.2 mV with 85.1 mV dec -1 Tafel slope under alkaline conditions, which are superior to TiC-Ni SA and TiC-Co SA . TiC samples loaded with transition-metal single atoms exhibit high catalytic activity and long stability under acidic and basic conditions. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the introduction of transition-metal single atoms effectively reduces the HER barrier of TiC-based electrocatalysts.

Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques are widely utilized to study and improve cognitive function, with the aim of modulating different cognitive processes. For workers performing high-intensity mental and physical tasks, extreme fatigue may not only affect their working efficiency but may also lead to cognitive decline or cognitive impairment, which, in turn, poses a serious threat to their physical health. The use of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques has important research value for improving and enhancing cognitive function. In this paper, we review the research status, existing problems, and future prospects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcutaneous acupoint stimulation (TAS), which are the most studied physical methods in non-invasive neuromodulation techniques to improve and enhance cognition. The findings presented in this paper will be of great reference value for the in-depth study of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques in the field of cognition.

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought many conveniences to our daily life. However, it has also introduced various security risks that need to be addressed. The proliferation of IoT botnets is one of these risks. Most of researchers have had some success in IoT botnet detection using artificial intelligence (AI). However, they have not considered the impact of dynamic network data streams on the models in real-world environments. Over time, existing detection models struggle to cope with evolving botnets. To address this challenge, we propose an incremental learning approach based on Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDT), called GBDT-IL, for detecting botnet traffic in IoT environments. It improves the robustness of the framework by adapting to dynamic IoT data using incremental learning. Additionally, it incorporates an enhanced Fisher Score feature selection algorithm, which enables the model to achieve a high accuracy even with a smaller set of optimal features, thereby reducing the system resources required for model training. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, we conducted experiments on the BoT-IoT, N-BaIoT, MedBIoT, and MQTTSet datasets. We compared our method with similar feature selection algorithms and existing concept drift detection algorithms. The experimental results demonstrated that our method achieved an average accuracy of 99.81% using only 25 features, outperforming similar feature selection algorithms. Furthermore, our method achieved an average accuracy of 96.88% in the presence of different types of drifting data, which is 2.98% higher than the best available concept drift detection algorithms, while maintaining a low average false positive rate of 3.02%.