Search

Accurately determining if the sample parameters from a natural gas pipeline's sampling system reflect the fluid characteristics of the main pipe has been a significant industry concern for many years. In this paper, samples of natural gas in a horizontal pipeline are investigated. CFD is used in this work and the turbulence is considered in the simulation. Firstly, the critical diameter for particles affected by gravity within such pipeline is determined. And then, the effects of the operation pressure and velocity of sampling branches on sample parameters, and the influence of particle density on these sample parameters, are analyzed. Finally, four different structures of sample branches for natural gas in a horizontal pipeline are compared. It is found that 100 μm is the critical diameter at which particles are affected by gravity; the operating pressure of the sampling branch has a significant impact on the particle mass concentration. The particle density has little impact on the sampling system. Overall, the design of the sampling branches does not cause significant sampling errors. This study provides guidance for optimal sampling in existing natural gas pipelines and enables effective monitoring of particle impurity content and properties in natural gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades, natural and artificial colloids, as well as nanoparticles, have been increasingly used in various applications. Consequently, with this rising consumption, surface and subsurface environments are more exposed to these particles. The presence of these particles and the colloid-facilitated transport of microorganisms, the interactions between dissolved contaminants and mobile colloids in porous media, and the fate and transport of colloids through groundwater—one of the primary sources of water supply for human societies—have attracted extensive research. This study investigates the performance of several image processing methods in the field of colloid detection, which is a prerequisite for the subsequent steps in porous media research. We employed four different categories of image processing approaches on microscopy images—segmentation-based methods, background-detection-based methods, filter-based methods, and morphology-based methods—to conduct the detection process of colloids. Eight methods were applied and subsequently analyzed in terms of their drawbacks and advantages to determine the best ones in this domain. Finally, we proposed an ensemble approach that leverages the strengths of the three best methods using a majority vote to detect colloids more accurately. In experiments, Precision, Recall, F-measure, and TCR criteria were considered as evaluation tools. Experimental results demonstrate the high accuracy of image processing methods in recognizing colloids. Among all these methods, morphology-based methods were the most successful, achieving the best detection performance and improving the limited distinguishing features of small colloids. Moreover, our ensemble approach, achieving perfect scores across all evaluation criteria, highlights its superiority compared with other detection methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA molecules of 200 nucleotides or more in length that are not translated into proteins. Their expression is tissue-specific, with the vast majority involved in the regulation of cellular processes and functions. Many human diseases, including cancer, have been shown to be associated with deregulated lncRNAs, rendering them potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for differential diagnosis. The expression of lncRNAs in the nervous system varies in different cell types, implicated in mechanisms of neurons and glia, with effects on the development and functioning of the brain. Reports have also shown a link between changes in lncRNA molecules and the etiopathogenesis of brain neoplasia, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is an aggressive variant of brain cancer with an unfavourable prognosis and a median survival of 14–16 months. It is considered a brain-specific disease with the highly invasive malignant cells spreading throughout the neural tissue, impeding the complete resection, and leading to post-surgery recurrences, which are the prime cause of mortality. The early diagnosis of GBM could improve the treatment and extend survival, with the lncRNA profiling of biological fluids promising the detection of neoplastic changes at their initial stages and more effective therapeutic interventions. This review presents a systematic overview of GBM-associated deregulation of lncRNAs with a focus on lncRNA fingerprints in patients' blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third-body particle-involved sliding contact between two rough rubbers with wavy surfaces is experimentally studied. The experiment is designed to isolate the direct contact between the first bodies so that friction resistance is induced completely by the interactions between the third-body particle and the surfaces of the rubbers. In dry contact of a single particle, it is found that the particle exhibits pure rolling during the sliding of the first bodies, and the macroscopic friction resistance for overcoming sliding does not depend on the particle size, but it is significantly influenced by the initial position of the surface waviness relative to the particle's position. The behavior of the particle under lubricated conditions exhibited significant differences. Due to the low local friction at the interface, the particle rapidly glided down to the valley of the waviness during compression. This abrupt motion of the particle resulted in it coming to rest in a stable position, awaiting a substantial force to push it forward. The friction resistance in the case with lubrication was found to be independent of the initial position of the waviness, and its value consistently remained at the maximum found in dry contact. Therefore, lubrication actually increases the macroscopic friction resistance. An approximate solution for the specific case of dry contact is proposed to understand the friction behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manipulation of single particles remains a topic of interest with many applications. Here we characterize the impact of selected parameters on the motion of single particles thanks to dielectrophoresis (DEP) induced by visible light, in a technique called Light-induced Dielectrophoresis, or LiDEP, also known as optoelectronic tweezers, optically induced DEP, and image-based DEP. Baker's yeast and Candida cells are exposed to an electric field gradient enabled by shining a photoconductive material with a specific pattern of visible light, and their response is measured in terms of the average cell velocity towards the gradient. The impact on cell velocity when varying the shape and color of the light pattern, as well as the distance from the cell to the pattern, is presented. The experimental setup featured a commercial light projector featuring digital light processing (DLP) technology but mechanically modified to accommodate a 40× microscope objective lens. The minimal resolution achieved on the light pattern was 8 µm. Experimental results show the capability for single cell manipulation and the possibility of using different shapes, colors, and distances to determine the average cell velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical simulation of the Herschel–Bulkley laminar steady state shear flow around a stationary particle located on a sedimentation layer was carried out. The surface of the sedimentation layer was formed by hemispheres of the same radius as the particle. The drag force, lift force, and torque values were obtained in the following ranges: shear Reynolds numbers for a particle  R e S H = 2 – 200 , corresponding to laminar flow; power law index  n = 0.6 – 1.0 ; and Bingham number  B n = 0 – 10 . A significant difference in the forces and torque acting on a particle in shear flow in comparison to the case of a smooth wall is shown. It is shown that the drag coefficient is on average 6% higher compared to a smooth wall for a Newtonian fluid but decreases with the increase in non-Newtonian properties. At the edge values of  n = 0.6  and  B n = 10 , the drag is on average 25% lower compared to the smooth wall. For a Newtonian fluid, the lift coefficient is on average 30% higher compared to a smooth wall. It also decreases with the increase in non-Newtonian properties of the fluid, but at the edge values of  n = 0.6  and  B n = 10 , it is on average only 3% lower compared to the smooth wall. Approximation functions for the drag, lift force, and torque coefficient are constructed. A reduction in the drag force and lifting force leads to an increase in critical stresses (Shields number) on the wall on average by 10% for incipient motion (rolling) and by 12% for particle detachment from the sedimentation bed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs are tectonically complex; their reservoirs are dominated by holes and fractures, which are extremely nonhomogeneous and are difficultly exploited. Conventional water injection can lead to water flooding, and the recovery effect is poor. This paper takes the injection of foam and solid particles to control bottom water as the research direction. Firstly, the rheological properties of foam were studied under different foam qualities and the presence of particles. The ability of foam to carry particles was tested. By designing a microcosmic model of a fractured-vuggy reservoir, we investigated the remaining oil types and the distribution caused by bottom water. Additionally, we analyzed the mechanisms of remaining oil mobilization and bottom water plugging during foam flooding and foam–particle co-injection. The experimental results showed that foam was a typical power-law fluid. Foam with a quality of 80% had good stability and apparent viscosity. During foam flooding, foam floated at the top of the dissolution cavities, effectively driving attic oil. Additionally, the gas cap is released when the foam collapses, which can provide pressure energy to supplement the energy of the reservoir. Collaborative injection of foam and solid particles into the reservoir possessed several advantages. On one hand, it inherited the benefits of foam flooding. On the other hand, the foam transported particles deep into the reservoir. Under the influence of gravity, particles settled and accumulated in the fractures or cavities, forming bridge plugs at the connection points, effectively controlling bottom water channeling. The co-injection of foam and solid particles holds significant potential for applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogeneity of the glioma subtype glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) challenges effective neuropathological treatment. The reliance on in vitro studies and xenografted animal models to simulate human GBM has proven ineffective. Currently, a dearth of knowledge exists regarding the applicability of cell line biomolecules to the realm of GBM pathogenesis. Our study's objectives were to address this preclinical issue and assess prominin-1, ICAM-1, PARTICLE and GAS5 as potential GBM diagnostic targets. The methodologies included haemoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR. The findings identified that morphology correlates with malignancy in GBM patient pathology. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed prominin-1 in pseudo-palisades adjacent to necrotic foci in both animal and human GBM. Evidence is presented for an ICAM-1 association with degenerating vasculature. Significantly elevated nuclear PARTICLE expression from in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR reflected its role as a tumor activator. GAS5 identified within necrotic GBM validated this potential prognostic biomolecule with extended survival. Here we present evidence for the stem cell marker prominin-1 and the chemotherapeutic target ICAM-1 in a glioma animal model and GBM pathology sections from patients that elicited alternative responses to adjuvant chemotherapy. This foremost study introduces the long non-coding RNA PARTICLE into the context of human GBM pathogenesis while substantiating the role of GAS5 as a tumor suppressor. The validation of GBM biomarkers from cellular models contributes to the advancement towards superior detection, therapeutic responders and the ultimate attainment of promising prognoses for this currently incurable brain cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the air quality and infection risk in classrooms were the focus of many investigations. Despite general recommendations for sufficient ventilation, quantitative analyses were often lacking due to the large number of combinations of boundary conditions. Hence, in this paper, we describe a computational fluid dynamics model that predicts the time-resolved airflow for a typical 45 min classroom scenario. We model 28 students and a teacher, each emitting CO2 and an individual aerosol. We investigated 13 ventilation setups with window or mechanical ventilation and different positions and operating conditions of an additional air purifier. The ventilation performance is assessed by evaluating the ventilation effectiveness, aerosol removal effectiveness, local air exchange efficiency and overall inhaled aerosol mass of the occupants, which is a measure of the infection risk. If the window is opened according to the "20-5-20" recommendation, the incoming airflow reduces both the CO2 and aerosol concentration whilst decreasing the thermal comfort at low ambient temperatures. An active air purifier enhances aerosol removal, but, depending on the position, the local air exchange efficiency and individual aerosol inhalation vary. If mechanical ventilation with 700 m3/h is utilised, the CO2 concentration is kept below 1250 ppm while also effectively removing aerosol from the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emulsions containing crystalline dispersed phases hold significant importance in pharmaceutical, chemical, and life science industries. The industrial agitation and storage of these emulsions can prompt crystallization effects within the flow field, intersecting with the primary nucleation mechanisms. Notably, contact-mediated nucleation, in which subcooled droplets crystallize upon contact with a crystalline particle, and shear-induced crystallization due to droplet deformation, are both conceivable phenomena. This study delves into the crystallization processes of emulsions in a 1 L stirred vessel, integrating an ultrasonic probe to monitor droplet crystallization progression. By scrutinizing the influence of the flow field and of the emulsifiers stabilizing the droplets, our investigation unveils the direct impact of enhanced rotational speed on accelerating the crystallization rate, correlating with increased energy input. Furthermore, the concentration of emulsifiers is observed to positively affect the crystallization process. Significantly, this pioneering investigation marks the first evaluation of emulsion crystallization considering the overlapping nucleation mechanisms seen in industrial production of melt emulsions. The findings offer valuable insights for more systematic control strategies in emulsion crystallization processes, promising more efficient and sustainable industrial practices by enabling targeted application of shear and surfactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the comparison of fully differential ionization data for particle and antiparticle impact provides the ultimate tests of theoretical models, only very low antiparticle beam intensities are available. Hence, few experiments of this type have been performed. Therefore, available experimentally obtained single and double differential cross-sections, which are much easier to obtain, are compared in order to demonstrate differences when only the projectile mass or charge (+1 or −1) is changed. Included in the comparison are cross-sections calculated for positron and electron impact using a three-particle classical trajectory Monte Carlo method. The calculated cross-sections provide independent information about the ejected electron and the scattered projectile contributions, plus information about the impact parameters, all as functions of the collision kinematics. From these comparisons, suggestions as to where future investigations are both feasible and useful are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have drawn great interest among researchers as a tool to solve computational physics problems. Unlike conventional neural networks, which are black-box models that "blindly" establish a correlation between input and output variables using a large quantity of labeled data, PINNs directly embed physical laws (primarily partial differential equations) within the loss function of neural networks. By minimizing the loss function, this approach allows the output variables to automatically satisfy physical equations without the need for labeled data. The Navier–Stokes equation is one of the most classic governing equations in thermal fluid engineering. This study constructs a PINN to solve the Navier–Stokes equations for a 2D incompressible laminar flow problem. Flows passing around a 2D circular particle are chosen as the benchmark case, and an elliptical particle is also examined to enrich the research. The velocity and pressure fields are predicted by the PINNs, and the results are compared with those derived from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Additionally, the particle drag force coefficient is calculated to quantify the discrepancy in the results of the PINNs as compared to CFD outcomes. The drag coefficient maintained an error within 10% across all test scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In subtractive manufacturing processes, swarf, burrs or other residues are produced, which can impair the function of a tribological system (e.g., journal bearings). To prevent premature engine damage, cleanliness requirements are defined for production processes. Damaging particle tests are an experimental approach for validating these defined cleanliness requirements. This methodical approach is not yet widely used. For one, the test setup must be developed and proven for the respective application. For another, in order to carry out the tests in a systematic manner, defined test particles with properties similar to those of the contaminants encountered in reality are required. In the second part of the paper, the process chain for manufacturing artificial test swarf by micro powder injection molding (MicroPIM) is described. The size and shape of the swarf were derived from real swarf via several abstraction processes. Although certain design guidelines for MicroPIM parts could not be taken into account, the targeted manufacturing tolerances were achieved in most cases. During demolding, it became apparent that the higher ejection forces of the free-formed geometries must be taken more into account in the design of the mold. The experiments on the test setup also revealed that the artificial test swarf was unexpectedly brittle and was therefore ground up in the bearing gap without causing any substantial damage to the bearing. Thus, the artificial test swarf in its current sintered state is not a suitable substitute for micromilled swarf. However, MicroPIM could still be used to manufacture test particles in applications involving lower mechanical forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing population and lack of change in resources of cultivated land have led to the search for more efficient farming solutions. The recovery of soil is facilitated by using chemicals designed for the enrichment of cultivated soil. Fertilisers are made of a combination of various substances that determine not only the chemical but also the shape characteristics of the fertiliser pellets. The effect of the quality of fertilisation on yield size is related to even distribution. Shape and size are closely related to the quality of the fertilisation process. The intense control of the production process would not be possible without automatised and quick measurements within the production line. Constant control is necessary to ensure that the products meet quality standards. The contactless assessment of pellet sizes allows a quick reaction to changes in production quality and reduces the costs arising from the reprocessing of defective pellets. The results of the assessment of pellet volume using their two-dimensional image are presented in this publication. Pellets must be analysed according to their most characteristic position, which can provide valuable information about their properties. The aim is to determine the placement positions of the equipment based on calculations and to compare the results with those of gold-standard equipment. Correctly calibrated equipment ensures that the measurement results match the results of the control equipment of fertiliser producers. Reliable non-contact measurements can reduce the reaction time to production changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric aerosols have important impacts on global radiative forcing, air pollution, and human health. This study investigated the optical and physical properties of aerosol layers over Australia from 2007 to 2019 using the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Level 2 aerosol products. Australia was divided into three sub-regions (western highlands, central plains, and eastern ranges). Interannual and seasonal optical property variations in aerosol layers in the three sub-regions were analyzed and compared. Results showed that annual mean values of AODL (lowest aerosol layer AOD) and AODT (total AOD of all aerosol layers) were always higher in the eastern ranges region than the other two regions from 2007 to 2019. The reason could be that Australian population was predominantly located in the eastern ranges region, where more human activities could bring significant aerosol loadings. BL (base height of the lowest aerosol layer), HL (top height of the lowest aerosol layer), and HH (top height of the highest aerosol layer) all showed trends of "western highlands > eastern mountains > central plains", indicating that the higher the elevation, the higher the BL, HL, and HH. TL (thickness of the lowest aerosol layer) was higher during the day than at night, which might account for increased diurnal atmospheric convection and nocturnal aerosol deposition. DRL (depolarization ratio of the lowest aerosol layer) was higher in the western highlands and central plains than the eastern mountains, probably because these two regions have large deserts with more irregularly shaped dust aerosols. CRL (color ratio of the lowest aerosol layer) had slightly higher values in the eastern ranges than the other two regions, probably due to the wet climate of the eastern ranges, where aerosols were more hygroscopic and had larger particle sizes. This study can provide technical support for the control and management of regional air pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loose deposits on water supply pipe walls easily fall off and may affect the safety of the drinking water supply, and the control of them has been a hot research issue in recent years. In this research, we used two simulated pipeline test reactors to systematically study the formation and shedding pattern of loose sediment on the pipeline, analyze its characteristics, and explore the control role of the ultrafiltration process on loose sediment in the water supply pipeline network. The results showed that the loose deposits adhered to the pipe reactor fed by filtered water formed slower than did that fed by unfiltered water, the maximum accumulation of the loose deposits was reduced from 2.17 to 1.46 g/m2. The reactor after ultrafiltration showed a reduction of more than 40% in the concentration of substances other than Ca and Si. Copper and zinc were reduced by more than 80%, while the iron content was reduced by 91.2%. When the shear force of the pipe wall of the water pipeline is less than 0.33 Pa, there are loose deposits formed on the pipe wall; when the shear force of the pipe wall of the water pipeline is greater than 0.94 Pa, it was found that the loose deposits on the pipe wall were shed more completely. Ultrafiltration removes most of the suspended living bacteria, but it is not effective in removing dissolved organic matter from the water, resulting in high peak levels of bacteria on the walls and in the effluent. The maximum bacterial content of the reactor effluent after ultrafiltration was 1.6 × 104 CFU/cm2 after 22 d. It is therefore necessary to consider the use of the ultrafiltration process in conjunction with other processes to achieve the ultimate goal of controlling microbial contamination in the pipeline network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the vertical distribution of aerosol optical characteristics in Nanyang City, a ground-based dual-wavelength (532 nm and 355 nm) lidar system was developed for aerosol observation at the Nanyang Normal University Station (NYNU) from November 2021 to December 2022. Spatio-temporal dynamics information on vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during polluted and non-polluted days was obtained. Aerosols were characterized by low altitudes (up to 2 km), thinner layers, and high-altitude (up to 4 km) thick layers during non-polluted and polluted days, with extinction coefficient values of ~0.03 km−1 and ~0.2 km−1, respectively. The mean values of the extinction coefficient at different altitudes (0~5 km) were all about ten-times higher on polluted days (0.04~0.19 km−1) than on non-polluted days (0.004~0.02 km−1). These results indicate that aerosol loadings and variations at different altitudes (0~5 km) were much higher and more prominent on polluted days than non-polluted days. The results show ten-times larger aerosol optical depth (AOD) values (0.4~0.6) on polluted days than on non-polluted days (0.05~0.08). At the same time, AOD values on both polluted and non-polluted days slightly decreased from 19:00 to 05:00, possibly due to dry depositions at nighttime. For the first time, this study established a ground-based lidar remote sensing system to investigate the vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosol optical characteristics in Henan Province. The experimental results can provide scientific dataset support for the local government to prevent and control air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A kitchen is an important part of a residence, and air quality in kitchens is a major factor affecting residents' health and performance. Its influence is especially more evident in kitchens with typical Chinese cooking. Thus, it is important to understand distribution characteristics of oil fume particles in Chinese kitchens, and research on typical Chinese kitchen environments and movement characteristics of soot particles should be emphasized. Therefore, to understand the air pollution in kitchen environments, a full-scale experimental platform was built based on common Chinese-style residential kitchens to monitor the soot particles, explore the space–time distribution characteristics of the soot particles, and analyze the variation characteristics and distribution laws of number concentration (NC) and mass concentration (MC). The results indicated that NC0.3μm value fluctuated slightly during the whole cooking process, while NC0.3μm~0.5μm and NC0.5μm~1.0μm fluctuated sharply. During the peak period, NC0.3μm~0.5μm and NC0.5μm~1.0μm were significantly higher than those at the beginning and end of cooking (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between values of NC0.3μm~0.5μm and NC0.5μm~1.0μm at the beginning and end of cooking (p > 0.05 for both). NC0.3μm and NC0.3μm~0.5μm were significantly different between each position (p < 0.05 for all). There were also significant differences in NC0.3μm between pure meat dishes, pure vegetable dishes, and mixed dishes (p < 0.001). The proportion of cooking meat will significantly affect the composition and concentration of lampblack particles. Type of dishes is an important influencing factor for the emission rates of particulate pollutants. Small-sized lampblack particles were more likely to diffuse to the surroundings and affected the air quality of the whole room. Particulate matter in the kitchen space during the frying process is more harmful to the health of personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high-power laser systems, the primary cause of contamination of optical components and degradation of spatial cleanliness is laser-induced sputtering of particles. To mitigate this problem, laminar flow is frequently utilized to control the direction and transport of these particles. This study characterizes the properties of laser-induced sputtering particles, including their flying trend, diameter range, and velocity distribution at varying time intervals. A time-resolved imaging method was employed to damage the rear surface of fused silica using a 355 nm Nd: YAG pump laser. The efficacy of laminar flow in controlling these particles was then assessed, with a particular focus on the influence of laminar flow direction, laminar flow velocity, particle flight height, and particle diameter. Our results indicate that the optimal laminar flow velocity for preventing particle invasion is highly dependent on the maximum particle attenuation distance (or safety distance), which can vary by up to two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, a laminar flow velocity of 0.5 m/s can effectively prevent particle sedimentation. Future research will aim to optimize laminar flow systems based on these findings to achieve high surface cleanliness in high-power laser systems with minimal energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution of water by plastic contaminants has received increasing attention, owing to its negative effects on ecosystems. Small plastic particles propagate in water and can travel long distances from the source of pollution. In order to research the settling motion of particles in water flow, a small-scale experiment was conducted, whereby spherical plastic particles of varying diameters were released in an open-channel flow. Three approaches were investigated to numerically simulate the motion of particles. The numerical simulation results were compared and validated with experimental data. The presented methods allow for deeper insight into particle motion in fluid flow and could be extended to a larger scale to predict the propagation of mesoplastics in natural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways of potential improvement of the particleboard properties, especially surface quality, can be the incorporation of wood fibers to face layers. This study aimed to evaluate the selected mechanical and physical parameters of single and multi-layered particleboards with the structure modified by the incorporation of various types and amounts of wood fibers. Single, 3- and 5-layers particleboards were produced with two different types of wood fibers added to the face and core layers. The basic mechanical parameters (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond, surface soundness), as well as density profile and surface roughness, have been investigated. The results have shown that the single-layer panels with fibers did not meet the standard requirements due to unsatisfactory unstable parameters, probably caused by uneven resination. The remaining panels, 3- and 5-layer, met the standard requirements, and, due to fiber incorporation, there is also potential to reduce the panel density, still meeting standard requirements. The addition of fibers from 0% to 75% in face layers leads to an increase in the modulus of rupture from 10.6 N mm−2 to 15.6 N mm−2. Depending on the fibers' type, the surface soundness can vary between 0.7 N mm−2 and 1.2 N mm−2. Five-layer panels were of similar or even higher parameters, but due to much-complicated technology, it seems unreasonable to develop this type of composite. The novelty of the conducted research is the attempt to modify the structure of particleboards by adding various amounts of two different types of fibers by mixing them with particles or adding them as separate layers and producing panels of different densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Different materials such as aluminum salts and bacterial peptidoglycan are considered immunogenic enhancers. Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), a Gram-positive bacterium also known as a probiotic, is considered safe, acts as an immune enhancer when purified to form a pure peptidoglycan particle and is a possible candidate for a vaccine adjuvant. LA particles (LAPs) treated with high-pressure homogenization (HPH) with the addition of trehalose and emulsifiers had an average diameter of 179 nm. A five-fold dosage of LAPs treated with HPH and additives can induce a higher antibody titer response compared with commercial adjuvants in murine species. In comparison with ISA70, LAPs can stimulate an even antibody titer response but this decreased more quicky after a few weeks in chickens. Different formulation combinations of carbomer and LAPs induce a similar antibody response to commercial ISA70 with no acute toxicity, suggesting that LAPs are a potent vaccine adjuvant. We evaluated Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) for adjuvant application in animal vaccines. LA particles (LAPs) are made by treating LA with purification processes and high-pressure homogenization (HPH). We found that LAPs treated with HPH with trehalose and emulsifiers had an average particle size of 179 nm, considerably smaller than LAPs without additives. First, we evaluated the adjuvanticity of LAPs using a murine model with ovalbumin antigens, revealing that LAPs, especially in a five-fold concentration, could induce a considerable antibody response compared with other current adjuvants. In poultry vaccination tests using inactivated Newcastle disease virus, LAPs alone could induce a similar antibody response compared to commercial water-in-oil (W/O) adjuvant ISA70, a commercial adjuvant, at weeks 4 and 6; however, they declined faster than ISA70 at weeks 8 and 10. LAPs added to conventional adjuvant materials, such as mineral oil-based O/W emulsions, showed similar adjuvanticity to ISA70. LA-H5-C, composed of carbomer, emulsifiers and trehalose showed no significant body weight change in acute toxicity compared to other adjuvants including ISA70, making formulated LAPs a potential candidate for use as a veterinary vaccine adjuvant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollutant emission standards and, in particular, those concerning particles from an internal combustion engine (ICE) are becoming increasingly restrictive. Thus, it is important to determine the main factors related to the production of particulate matter. In this article, the phenomenon of oil sweeping by the blowby gases between the rings/piston/cylinder is investigated. First, a blowby gas simulation model based on experimental results from a Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection (TGDI) is developed. From this model, it is possible to characterise the amount of oil swept by the blowby gases. This depends on the endgap position of both the compression and sealing rings. It also depends on the intensity of the blowby flow rate, which is highest at low rpm and high load. At 1500 rpm and full load, this flowrate exceeds 25 mg.cycle−1. From this result, it is possible to quantify the amount of oil swept by these gases as a function of the endgap position. For θ r i n g s = 180 ° ,   the quantity of oil swept rises to 20 µg.cycle−1 while for θ r i n g s = 30 ° , this decreases to 6 µg.cycle−1. The oil concentration of the blowby gas has a direct impact on the particulate emissions because the oil concentration of the backflow gas is inversely proportional to the blowby gas flowrate. As the backflow gases return to the cylinder, the oil oxidises and produces particles. Therefore, it is essential to control the oil concentration of the backflow gases. In addition, the simulation model shows the blowby flowrate becomes negative and decreases to −3.4 mg. cycle−1 in idle conditions. The amount of oil swept by the blowby is no longer directed towards the oil pan, but towards the piston crown. This phenomenon of oil storage of the piston crown in idle condition is proportional to the duration of the idle time. In order to confirm these results, experimental tests are carried out on a TGDI engine. It appears that when the idling time changes from 0 s to 7 s between two strictly identical accelerations, the level of particulate emissions is multiplied by 1.3. When the idling time changes from 0 s to 22 s between two strictly identical accelerations, the level of particulate emissions is multiplied by 3. These results confirm the mechanism of oil storage at idle highlighted by the simulation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subtractive manufacturing processes are usually accompanied by the occurrence of tiny flakes and swarf, which later on cause severe wear and damage, especially in moving components such as rolling or sliding bearings, pistons, etc. However, up until now, such detrimental effects have hardly been investigated. One reason is the lack of a definition of a typical design of debris particle. Therefore, the main goal of the project described in this paper was to elaborate a draft that defines standardized test particles. It had to be evaluated whether test particles could be adequately reproduced and whether they would reveal significant damage potential. Taking into account future mass fabrication, Micro Powder Injection Molding (MicroPIM) was chosen as a production method. Five different 3D designs of geometrically defined test particles were developed. The maximum size of each design was 1167 mm in green state; however, all samples shrank in size during sintering. Specially tailored feedstocks containing 42CrMo4 steel powders were used and the related molding, debinding and sintering procedures were developed. All particle geometries and related mold inserts were developed using a commercial software routine for the layout of runner systems, gate locations and ejector positions. The damage potential of the test particles was evaluated based on trials using journal bearing and shift valve test rigs. Although only a moderate degree of damage potential could be ascertained up until now, it can be expected that the artificial swarf will enable standardized wear test procedures to be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motion of an individual particle in a circular channel flow induced with fluid injection is considered. Analysis takes into account drag and gravitational forces acting on an individual particle. The change in the radial structure of the flow in a channel with fluid injection on the motion of a particle is studied. A number of simplifying assumptions about the structure of the fluidflow in the channel makes it possible to obtain an analytical solution of the problem for particles. The results of a qualitative analysis of particle trajectories in the channel with fluid injection are compared with numerical simulations. The singular points of the particle trajectory are found in a wide range of characteristic non-dimensional parameters of the problem. The modes of motion of an individual particle in a channel with fluid injection are classified depending on the Stokes and Froude numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article focuses on the aluminum-based metal matrix composites (Al-based MMCs). Studies or investigations of their mechanical and tribological properties performed by researchers worldwide in the past are presented in detail. The processing techniques and applications for Al-based MMCs are also documented here. A brief background on the composite materials, their constituents, and their classification, as well as the different matrix materials and particulates used in Al-based MMCs, can be found in this review. Then, an overview of dual-particle-size reinforced composites, heat treatment of Al alloys, and temper designations used in heat treatment are also included. In addition, the factors influencing the mechanical and wear properties of Al-based MMCs are discussed. The primary objective is that both present and future researchers and investigators will be assisted by the comprehensive knowledge compiled in this article to further explore and work towards the betterment of society in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of shear flow on the morphological pattern of particles in an undercooled melt is studied by using the asymptotic method. The mathematical model of the particle includes the anisotropic interface kinetic undercooling. The asymptotic solution for the mathematical model of the particle shows that shear flow in an undercooled melt intensifies the deformation and distortion of the particle in the initial stage of crystal growth. Due to the shear flow, the growth rate of the interface increases in the shear direction of the flow and strengthens the inward decay of the part of the interface induced by the anisotropic interface kinetics in the initial stage of crystal growth. As the shear rate of the flow increases, the interface of the particle is seriously deformed and distorted until it breaks into smaller particles. The analytical result provides the prediction of the formation of interface microstructures during solidification through the change of processing parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor air quality is an important consideration for the health and well-being of building occupants, and the SARS CoV-2 pandemic highlighted the importance of maintaining proper ventilation in buildings. Air handling units (AHUs) are used to provide fresh air and maintain occupant comfort. The objective of this work was to study the evolution of filtration efficiency in an AHU fitted with bag filters, installed to treat office air in a low-energy building, over a 12-month period. The particulate filtration efficiency (PFE) and the microbial filtration efficiency (MFE) were quantified by measuring particle size distribution and bacterial and fungal concentration in the air circulating in the AHU. The resulting microbial concentration measurements in the fresh air (between 10²–103 CFU/m3 for fungi and around 103 CFU/m3 for bacteria) were higher than those in the extracted air from the offices (between 101 and 102 CFU/m3 for fungi and around 102 CFU/m3 for bacteria). The PFE and MFE measured were almost constant throughout the 12 months, with an increase of the filter pressure drop from 70 to 90 Pa. The PFE and MFE were quite comparable for a particle diameter. Therefore, the measurement of PFE is a reliable indicator of the MFE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid electrostatic precipitators consisting of electrostatic precipitation (ESP) and a bag filter are potential devices for ultralow emissions. The ESP captures and charges the particles; subsequently, the charged particles that escape enter the bag filter. The charged particles can cause the electric field of the filter bag to develop, thereby enhancing the filtration efficiency due to the force of the electric field. Experiments based on the coupling-reinforced electrostatic–fabric integrated precipitator system were conducted to investigate the outlet total dust concentration, dust removal efficiency, pressure drop, energy consumption of bag filter, and hybrid electrostatic precipitators with various filter bags. The measured results demonstrate that the removal performance of filter bags with smaller fiber diameters was superior. However, the pressure drop and energy consumption were high due to the increased filtration resistance. Compared to bag filters, hybrid electrostatic precipitators had lower total and grade dust mass concentrations at the outlet, higher total and grade dust removal efficiencies, a minor average pressure drop variation per minute, and lower total energy consumption. Consequently, the quality factor was utilized to comprehensively evaluate the overall performance of dust collectors. The hybrid electrostatic precipitators had a significant greater quality factor; their overall performance was superior to that of bag filters. Overall, a smaller filter bag's fiber diameter resulted in more effective dust removal capabilities. Hybrid electrostatic precipitators with various filter bags were significantly better than bag filters in terms of dust removal performance, cycle life, and energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, more and more new oil fields entering commercial production are complicated by the content of high-viscosity products, which are located at relatively shallow depths. For the rational development of such fields, a network of horizontal wells is used. A special feature of these objects is a weakly cemented reservoir, which leads to significant sand occurrence during well operation. At the same time, the removal of mechanical impurities cannot be avoided even when using complex measures, including the use of various filters. There are quite a few methods describing the behavior of mechanical impurities in gas–liquid flows. The purpose of the work was to analyze the removal of mechanical impurity particles from horizontal wells with high-viscosity oil. A model of a typical well in the OLGA software was created, and data on the types of particle removal were obtained. As a result of calculations, the quality of removal for different diameters of mechanical impurities was determined, and the dependence of the critical diameter on the well flow rate was constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro lung cell models like air-liquid interface (ALI) and 3D cell cultures have advanced greatly in recent years, being especially valuable for testing advanced materials (e.g., nanomaterials, fibrous substances) when considering inhalative exposure. Within this study, we established submerged and ALI cell culture models utilizing A549 cells as mono-cultures and co-cultures with differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1), as well as mono-cultures of dTHP-1. After ALI and submerged exposures towards α-quartz particles (Min-U-Sil5), with depositions ranging from 15 to 60 µg/cm2, comparison was made with respect to their transcriptional cellular responses employing high-throughput RT-qPCR. A significant dose- and time-dependent induction of genes coding for inflammatory proteins, e.g., IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and CCL22, as well as genes associated with oxidative stress response such as SOD2, was observed, even more pronounced in co-cultures. Changes in the expression of similar genes were more pronounced under submerged conditions when compared to ALI exposure in the case of A549 mono-cultures. Hereby, the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome seem to play an important role. Regarding genotoxicity, neither DNA strand breaks in ALI cultivated cells nor a transcriptional response to DNA damage were observed. Altogether, the toxicological responses depended considerably on the cell culture model and exposure scenario, relevant to be considered to improve toxicological risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The returnability of the deep-sea mining pump has been a key issue restricting further development of deep-sea mining technologies. Although many research studies have been conducted on mining pump, the mining process still faces challenges. Particularly, the reflux capacities of externally developed mine pumps are often insufficient, resulting in blockages in the flow channels. In this study, we determine that the blade wrap angle is one of the key factors affecting the reflux of the ore pump, which is also based on earlier research. Therefore, a numerical simulation of the ore pump was performed using computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method, and it was determined to be beneficial to the reflux of particles. The hydraulic performance and reflux ability were studied via experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The engineering properties of particulate materials are the collective manifestation of interactions among their constituent particles and are structures within which particles adopt their spatial arrangement. For the first time in the literature, this paper employs an extended concept of 'fractals' to show that materials constituting particles of a certain size can be rationalized in three universal fractals. Within each fractal, materials build repeatable, reproducible, and predictable traits, and exhibit the stress-strain behaviors of nondifferentiable, self-similar trajectories. We present experimental evidence for such repeatable traits by subjecting six different particulate materials to static undrained isotropic, static undrained anisotropic, and cyclic undrained isotropic stresses. This paper shows that universal fractals are associated with fractal structures; herein, we explore the matters that influence their spatial arrangement. Within the context of sustainable design, ways of engineering natural particulate systems to improve a product's physical and hydromechanical properties are already well established. In this review, a novel extended concept of fractals is introduced to inform the biomimetic design of particulate systems, to show how biomimicry can benefit in preserving general behavioral traits, and how biomimicry can offer predicated forms, thereby enhancing the design efficiency. To pursue such an ideal, processes that lead to the engineering of natural materials should not compromise their loyalty to the parent universal fractal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural soils are often modelled as a continuum characterized by the composition of the soil, a particulate material. Yet, in situ, the fabric and structure of soil may govern its behavior. Discrete element modelling is used to simulate the composition of soil as a particulate material and develop fabric quantities. These quantities are presented as average quantities for a volume of particles. It is possible to use DEM to study the evolution of fabric at the particle level. This paper describes a state-of-the-art fabric term, referred to as geometrical stability index, ʎ , which can measure the contacts deviation of each particle from the most stable contacts arrangement during loading. The parameters required to define this new fabric term were attained from a designed algorithm. 2D discrete element method (DEM) biaxial test simulations were performed to validate the effectiveness of the geometrical stability index in defining the local instability. As the sample is loaded, a shear band is formed. The geometric stability index in that band increases relative to the surrounding relatively intact soil. Thus, a brittle failure is associated with an increase in the variation of inter-particle contacts from a stable configuration. The geometric stability index is able to model the development of discontinuities in a particulate material at the particle level. The DEM modelling results demonstrate the correlations between the new fabric term and the progressive of localized failure in densified particulate systems such as over consolidated clay, where the failure is a function of progressive development of local fissure spacing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, forces and torques on solid, non-spherical, orthotropic particles in Stokes flow are investigated by using a numerical approach on the basis of the Boundary Element Method. Different flow patterns around a particle are considered, taking into account the contributions of uniform, rotational and shear flows, to the force and the torque exerted on the particle. The expressions for the force and the toque are proposed, by introducing translation, rotation and deformation resistance tensors, which capture each of the flow patterns individually. A parametric study is conducted, considering a wide range of non-spherical particles, determined by the parametric superellipsoid surface equation. Using the results of the parametric study, an approximation scheme is derived on the basis of a multivariate polynomial expression. A coefficient matrix for the polynomial model is introduced, which is used as a tunable parameter for a minimization problem, whereby the polynomials are fitted to the data. The developed model is then put to the test by considering a few examples of particles with different shapes, while also being compared to other, currently available solutions. On top of that, the full functionality of the model is demonstrated by considering an example of a pollen grain, as a realistic non-spherical particle. First, a superellipsoid, which best fits the actual particle shape, is found from the considered range. After that, the coefficients of the translation, rotation and deformation resistance tensors are obtained from the present model and compared to the results of other available models. In the conclusion, a superior accuracy of the present model, for the considered range of particles, is established. To the best of the authors knowledge, this is also one of the first models to extend the torque prediction capabilities beyond sphere and prolate particles. At the same time, the model was demonstrated to be simple to implement and very conservative with the computational resources. As such, it is suitable for large scale studies of dispersed two-phase flows, with a large number of particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach for numerical modeling of highspeed gas-droplet flows and aeroacoustics. The proposed hybrid approach is implemented using the OpenFOAM library and two different methods. The first method is based on a hybrid convective terms approximation method employing a Kurganov-Tadmor and PIMPLE scheme. The second method employs the regularized or quasi-gas dynamic equations. The Lagrangian part of the flow description uses the OpenFOAM cloud model. Within this model, the injected droplets are simulated as packages (parcels) of particles with constant mass and diameter within each parcel. According to this model, parcels moving in the gas flow could undergo deceleration, heating, evaporation, and breakup due to hydrodynamic instabilities. The far-field acoustic noise is predicted using Ffowcs Williams and Hawking's analogy. The Lagrangian model is verified using the cases with droplet evaporation and motion. Numerical investigation of water microjet injection into the hot ideally expanded jet allowed studying acoustic properties and flow structures, which emerged due to the interaction of gas and liquid. Simulation results showed that water injection with a mass flow rate equal to 13% of the gas jet mass flow rate reduced the noise by approximately 2 dB. This result was in good coincidence with the experimental observations, where maximum noise reduction was about 1.6 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of solid particles on primary breakup and resulting droplet size for different process parameters. Two sets of Newtonian fluids (each consisting of one pure liquid and one suspension at the same respective viscosity) were used, for isolated investigation of solid particles on spray formation independent of liquid viscosity. The spray was recorded by a high-speed camera and a SpraySpy® system based on the time-shift effect, while a commonly used Spraytec® laser diffraction analyzer was employed for validation. An external-mixing twin-fluid atomizer was operated at different gas velocities and corresponding GLR at constant liquid mass flow. For the investigated suspensions an increased Sauter mean diameter was detected, compared to the pure liquids with identical dynamic viscosity. This effect was explained by the tensile strength stabilizing the suspension droplets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetically responsive fluid based on polymers of natural rubber (NR-latex) involves a magnetic compound fluid (MCF) rubber liquid. For a wide range of engineering applications of suspensions or liquids with particles, their electrical characteristics of fluidic suspensions are investigated to obtain useful results that might be important in the study of devices, such as fluidic sensors and capacitors. The author of the present paper proposes that MCF rubber liquid can be produced by combining MCF and rubber latex. The influence of the aggregation of magnetic particles and rubber molecules on electrical characteristics under a magnetic field was investigated by measuring electrical properties under an applied voltage. The electrical characteristics change with a linear or a nonlinear response, based on conditions of particle aggregation. The capacity of the electric charge also changes with the conditions of particle aggregation. These results show that MCF rubber liquid is a novel hybrid capacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a recent numerical simulation of the temporal evolution of a spherically perturbed BPS monopole, SU(2) Yang-Mills thermodynamics, Louis de Broglie's deliberations on the disparate Lorentz transformations of the frequency of an internal "clock" on one hand and the associated quantum energy on the other hand, and postulating that the electron is represented by a figure-eight shaped, self-intersecting center vortex loop in SU(2) Quantum Yang-Mills theory we estimate the spatial radius R0 of this self-intersection region in terms of the electron's Compton wave length λC. This region, which is immersed into the confining phase, constitutes a blob of deconfining phase of temperature T0 mildly above the critical temperature Tc carrying a frequently perturbed BPS monopole (with a magnetic-electric dual interpretation of its charge w.r.t. U(1)⊂SU(2)). We also establish a quantitative relation between rest mass m0 of the electron and SU(2) Yang-Mills scale Λ, which in turn is defined via Tc. Surprisingly, R0 turns out to be comparable to the Bohr radius while the core size of the monopole matches λC, and the correction to the mass of the electron due to Coulomb energy is about 2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particles can be used to improve the mechanical properties of fouling release coatings based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In this study, coatings were prepared by high speed stirring using seven types of particles, with different particle size from nanometer to micrometer. The influence of specific surface area of the particles on the dispersion tolerance was investigated. The results showed that the dispersion tolerance of particles in PDMS decreased with the increase in specific surface area of the particle, and for nano particles, the factor most affecting the dispersion tolerance was the specific surface area of agglomerate particle. Subsequently, the surface properties, mechanical properties, and biofilm adhesion assay of coatings were investigated. Results indicated that surface roughness increased with the increase of dispersion tolerance. Surface roughness of samples improved the hydrophobicity of samples, yet the polar chemical group of nano silica and fumed silica reduced the hydrophobicity of samples. Further, particles could enhance the mechanical properties of coating, especially nano particles. Compared to the coating without particle, biofilm adhesion performance of coating with particles decreased, which was determined by the increase of the elastic modulus and surface roughness of coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of particles as filler in soft rubber sensors installed in artificial skin. We examine sensors made of natural rubber (NR-latex) that include magnetic particles of Ni and Fe3O4 using magnetic compound fluid (MCF). The 1-mm thickness of the electrolytically polymerized MCF rubber makes production of comparatively thin rubber sensors feasible. We first investigate the effect of magnetic particles Ni and Fe3O4 on the curing of MCF rubber. Next, in order to adjust the electric properties of the MCF rubber, we adopt Al2O3 dielectric particles. We investigate the effect of Al2O3 particles on changes in electric current, voltage and temperature of electrolytically polymerized MCF rubber liquid, and on the electric properties under the application of normal and shear forces. By adjusting the ratio of Ni, Fe3O4, Al2O3 and water in MCF rubber with Al2O3, it is possible to change the electric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempted to provide a method to calculate progressive failure of the cohesive-frictional granular geomaterial and the spatial distribution of the stability of the cohesive granular slope. The methodology can be divided into two parts: the characterization method of macro-contact and the analysis of the slope stability. Based on the graph theory, the vertexes, the edges and the edge sequences are abstracted out to characterize the voids, the particle contact and the macro-contact, respectively, bridging the gap between the mesoscopic and macro scales of granular materials. This paper adopts this characterization method to extract a graph from a granular slope and characterize the macro sliding surface, then the weighted graph is analyzed to calculate the slope safety factor. Each edge has three weights representing the sliding moment, the anti-sliding moment and the braking index of contact-bond, respectively, E1E2E3E1E2E3. The safety factor of the slope is calculated by presupposing a certain number of sliding routes and reducingWeight E3 repeatedly and counting the mesoscopic failure of the edge. It is a kind of slope analysis method from mesoscopic perspective so it can present more detail of the mesoscopic property of the granular slope. In the respect of macro scale, the spatial distribution of the stability of the granular slope is in agreement with the theoretical solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]