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This study aims to develop a detection method based on morphological features of spike–wave (SW) patterns in the EEG of epilepsy patients and evaluate the effect of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) treatment. The proposed method is based on several simple features describing the shape of SW patterns and their synchronous occurrence on at least two EEG channels. High sensitivity, specificity and selectivity values were achieved for each patient and condition. ctDCS resulted in a significant reduction in the number of detected patterns, a decrease in spike duration and amplitude, and an increased spike mobility. The proposed method allows efficient identification of SW patterns regardless of brain condition, although the recruitment of patterns may be modified by ctDCS. This method can be useful in the clinical evaluation of ctDCS effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ALK detection was performed on 2813 EGFR-unmutated NSCLC cases by simultaneous use of immunohistochemistry (VENTANA® anti-ALK D5F3, Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., Rotkreuz, Switzerland) and fluorescence in situ hybridization with the ALK break apart and the ALK/EML4 fusion probe (ZytoVision, Bremerhaven, Germany). A total of 33 cases were positive discordant (FISH-positive, IHC-negative) and 17 cases were negative discordant (FISH-negative, IHC-positive). This study's aim was to reevaluate the methods used and compare discordant samples to positive concordant samples in order to ellucidate the differences. FISH signal variants were examined and compared. Positive discordant cases featured one pattern of ALK rearrangement in 41.4%, two patterns in 48.3%, and three patterns in 10.3% of analysed samples, with a higher variability of detected patterns and a higher number of ALK copy gains. Positive concordant cases displayed one pattern of rearrangement in 82%, two patterns in 17.8%, and three patterns in 0.6% of analysed samples. The association between number of patterns and concordance/discordance was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Eleven positive discordant and two negative concordant cases underwent NGS analysis, which resulted in identification of ALK fusion in one positive discordant and two negative discordant cases. Positive protein expression regardless of FISH result correlated more with a positive NGS result compared to samples with a positive FISH result with negative protein expression. FISH analysis was able to detect atypical or heterogenous patterns of rearrangement in a proportion of cases with negative protein expression, which may be associated with more extensive genetic alterations rather than true ALK rearrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the frequency of extreme streamflow in Italy, adopting the innovative perspective of the theory of records, and focusing on record-breaking floods. (i.e., annual maximum series, AMS) observed in Italy between 1911 and 2020. Our research employs an extensive dataset of 522 annual maximum series (AMS) of streamflow observed across Italy between 1911 and 2020. We consider three time intervals (1911–2020, 1911–1970, and 1971–2020), and we define pooling-groups of AMSs based on (a) hydrological (e.g., catchment size, mean annual precipitation, etc.) and (b) spatial proximities of the gauged sites. First, within each group and for each time period, we compute the regional average number of record-breaking events (NRbins). Second, with a series of resampling experiments that preserve the spatial correlation among the AMSs, we test the hypothesis that NRbins result from a group of stationary sequences. Our results show spatially coherent patterns of an increasing number of record-breaking floods in central and in northeastern Italy over the last 50 years. In the same time interval, significant deviations in the regional number of record-breaking events from what would be expected for stationary flood sequences seem to be more common in drier climates or at higher altitudes, while the catchment size does not seem to be a meaningful descriptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of sustained reading on the temporal changes in the wavefront error in the presbyopic eye. The wavefront aberration of the eyes was measured using an IRX3 Shack–Hartmann aberrometer before and after (immediately, 5 min, and 10 min after) a reading task. Temporal changes in C 2 0 , C 4 0 , and C 3 − 1 coefficient values of the eyes were plotted, showing a predominant number of V-shaped patterns (for C 4 0 and C 3 − 1 ) and inverse V-shaped patterns (for C 2 0 ) among the study group, and the percentages (between 27 and 73%) were reported. The median of the total RMS of aberrations and the RMS of HOA (higher-order aberrations), which included comatic (3rd order) and spherical-like aberrations (4th and 6th order), increased immediately after finishing the near-vision reading task and then decreased. The median of RMS of comatic aberrations had a similar pattern of variations, while the median of RMS of spherical-like aberrations displayed an opposite pattern. Simulating the aberration changes due to lens decentration caused by relaxed zonules during 4 D accommodation in an eye model demonstrated that the expected range of changes for the vertical coma and spherical aberrations are in the order of 0.001 and 0.01 μm, respectively, which could justify why the observed changes were not statistically significant. The observed dynamic changes in HOA might be linked to the biomechanical characteristics and alterations in the displacement of the crystalline lens following prolonged near-vision tasks in presbyopic people. Although some predominant patterns under some conditions were shown, they exhibit considerable inter-subject and inter-ocular variability. This might be due to slight misalignments while fixating on the internal extended object in the aberrometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bird monitoring is an important approach to studying the diversity and abundance of birds, especially during migration, as it can provide core data for bird conservation purposes. The previous methods for bird number estimation are largely based on manual counting, which suffers from low throughput and a high error rate. In this study, we aimed to provide an alternative bird-counting method from video datasets by using five available ImageJ methods: Particle Analyzer, Find Maxima, Watershed segmentation, TrackMate, and trainable WEKA segmentation. The numbers of birds and their XY coordinates were extracted from videos to conduct a side-by-side comparison with the manual counting results, and the three important criteria of the sensitivity, precision, and F1 score were calculated for the performance evaluation. From the tests, which we conducted for four different cases with different bird numbers or flying patterns, TrackMate had the best overall performance for counting birds and pinpointing their locations, followed by Particle Analyzer, Find Maxima, WEKA, and lastly, Watershed, which showed low precision in most of the cases. In summary, five ImageJ-based counting methods were compared in this study, and we validated that TrackMate obtains the best performance for bird counting and detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flooding, a pervasive and severe natural disaster, significantly damages environments and infrastructure and endangers human lives. In affected regions, disruptions to transportation networks often lead to critical shortages of essential supplies, such as food and water. The swift and adaptable delivery of relief goods via vehicle is vital to sustain life and facilitate community recovery. This paper introduces a novel model, the Vehicle Routing Problem for Relief Item Distribution under Flood Uncertainty (VRP-RIDFU), which focuses on optimizing the speed of route generation and minimizing waiting times for aid delivery in flood conditions. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed because it effectively handles the uncertainties typical of NP-Hard problems. This model features a dual-population strategy: random and enhanced populations, with the latter specifically designed to manage uncertainties through anticipated route performance evaluations, incorporating factors like waiting times and flood risks. The Population Sizing Module (PSM) is implemented to dynamically adjust the population size based on the dispersion of affected nodes, using standard deviation assessments. Introducing the Complete Subtour Order Crossover (CSOX) method improves solution quality and accelerates convergence. The model's efficacy is validated through simulated flood scenarios that emulate various degrees of uncertainty in road conditions, affirming its practicality for real-life rescue operations. Focusing on prioritizing waiting times over travel times in routing decisions has proven effective. The model has been tested using standard CVRP problems with 20 distinct sets, each with varying node numbers and patterns, demonstrating superior performance and efficiency in generating vehicle routing plans compared to the shortest routes, which serve as the benchmark for optimal solutions. The results highlight the model's capability to deliver high-quality solutions more rapidly across all tested scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the effect of a ship's rolling on the fluidization quality of fluidized beds, in this study, a simulation of a rolling fluidized bed with longitudinal internal members added (R-FBLIM) was carried out and compared with that of a rolling fluidized bed without internal members added (R-FBWIM). The transient motion, as well as the behavioral characteristics of the bubbles within the R-FBLIM, was analyzed; the variation patterns of the number of bubbles, as well as the equivalent diameter of the bubbles, were compared for different apparent gas velocities, oscillation periods, and amplitudes; and the mechanism of the action of the longitudinal internal members was investigated. The results show that the structural design of the longitudinal internal members can effectively improve the gas–solid fluidization quality of the rolling fluidized bed. The horizontal support plate and the cap hole structure can effectively break the air bubbles, the cap hole structure promotes the radial mixing of the gas–solid fluid, and the internal and outer rings of the curved surface plate roll in rows, which inhibit the aggregation behavior of the gas–solid fluid to the two sides of the oscillating planes, respectively, by cooperating with the cap hole structure. Compared with R-FBWIM, the gas–solid phase within R-FBLIM is more spatially distributed, with the number of bubbles increasing by about 2–4 times and the mean diameter decreasing by about 50–60%. The number of bubbles increases with the gas velocity but decreases with the rolling amplitude; the mean diameter decreases with the gas velocity but responds less to the rolling amplitude change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An assessment of the projected changes in precipitation extremes for the 21st century is presented here for Greece and its individual administrative regions. The analysis relies on an ensemble of high-resolution Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations following various Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5). The simulated changes in future annual total precipitation (PRTOT) under the examined scenarios are generally negative but statistically non-robust, except towards the end of the century (2071–2100) over high-altitude mountainous regions in Western Greece, Peloponnese, and Crete under RCP8.5. The pattern of change in the number of very heavy precipitation days (R20) is linked to the respective pattern of the PRTOT change with a statistically robust decrease of up to −5 days per year only over parts of the high-altitude mountainous regions in Western Greece, Peloponnese, and Crete for 2071–2100 under RCP8.5. Contrasting the future tendency for decrease in total precipitation and R20, the changes in the intensity of precipitation extremes show a tendency for intensification. However, these change patterns are non-robust for all periods and scenarios. Statistical significance is indicated for the highest 1-day precipitation amount in a year (Rx1day) for the administrative regions of Thessaly, Central Greece, Ionian Islands, and North Aegean under RCP8.5 in 2071–2100. The changes in the contribution of the wettest day per year to the annual total precipitation (RxTratio) are mainly positive but non-robust for most of Greece and all scenarios in the period 2021–2050, becoming more positive and robust in 2071–2100 for RCP8.5. This work highlights the necessity of taking into consideration high-resolution multi-model RCM estimates in future precipitation extremes with various scenarios, for assessing their potential impact on flood episodes and the strategic planning of structure resilience at national and regional level under the anticipated human-induced future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, large quantities of dust are transported from North Africa to the Americas, Europe, and West Asia. The purpose of this study is to analyze four intense and pervasive dust storms that entered the Middle East from Northern Africa. Satellite products, ground-based remote sensing measurements, reanalysis data, and the outputs of the Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational-Dust (ALADIN-Dust) and the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic weather and climate model with Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases (ICON-ART) forecasting models were synergized. The dust storms originated from different source regions located in the north, northeastern, and central parts of the Sahara Desert. The transport height of the main dust plumes was about 3–5 km, triggered by the westerly zonal winds. The presence of a closed low over the Eastern Mediterranean and the penetration of a deep trough into North Africa at 500 hPa were the main synoptic circulation patterns favoring long-range dust transport during the four dust events. A comparison of aerosol optical depth (AOD) outputs from the two models with satellite data revealed that although both models forecasted dust transport from Africa to the Middle East, they considerably underestimated the AOD values, especially near the dust sources. The ICON-ART model performed slightly better than ALADIN in forecasting these dust storms, and for longer forecasting leading time, although the performance of both models decreased, the superiority of the ICON-ART model became more apparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing interest in determining if there exist observable patterns or structures within the digits of irrational numbers. We extend this search by investigating the interval in position between two consecutive occurrences of the same digit, a kind of waiting time statistics. We characterise these by the burstiness measure which distinguishes if the inter-event times are periodic, bursty, or Poisson processes. Furthermore, the complexity–entropy plane was used to determine if the intervals are stochastic or chaotic. We analyse sequences of the first 1 million digits of the numbers π , e, 2 , and ϕ. We find that the intervals between single, double, and triple digits are Poisson processes with a burstiness measure in the range − 0.05 ≤ B ≤ 0.05 for the four numbers studied. This result is supported by a complexity–entropy plane analysis, which shows that the time intervals have the same characteristics as Gaussian noise. The four irrational numbers have identical degrees of complexity and burstiness in their inter-event analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) is widely used for high-accuracy 3D imaging. However, employing multiple sets of fringe patterns ensures 3D reconstruction accuracy while inevitably constraining the measurement speed. Conventional dual-frequency FPP reduces the number of fringe patterns for one reconstruction to six or fewer, but the highest period-number of fringe patterns generally is limited because of phase errors. Deep learning makes depth estimation from fringe images possible. Inspired by unsupervised monocular depth estimation, this paper proposes a novel, weakly supervised method of depth estimation for single-camera FPP. The trained network can estimate the depth from three frames of 64-period fringe images. The proposed method is more efficient in terms of fringe pattern efficiency by at least 50% compared to conventional FPP. The experimental results show that the method achieves competitive accuracy compared to the supervised method and is significantly superior to the conventional dual-frequency methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explored the dynamic field of fuzzy logic and artificial intelligence (AI) in financial analysis from 1990 to 2023. Utilizing the bibliometrix package in RStudio and data from the Web of Science, we focused on identifying mathematical models and the evolving role of fuzzy information granulation in this domain. The research addresses the urgent need to understand the development and impact of fuzzy logic and AI within the broader scope of evolving technological and analytical methodologies, particularly concentrating on their application in financial and banking contexts. The bibliometric analysis involved an extensive review of the literature published during this period. We examined key metrics such as the annual growth rate, international collaboration, and average citations per document, which highlighted the field's expansion and collaborative nature. The results revealed a significant annual growth rate of 19.54%, international collaboration of 21.16%, and an average citation per document of 25.52. Major journals such as IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, the Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, and Information Sciences emerged as significant contributors, aligning with Bradford's Law's Zone 1. Notably, post-2020, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems showed a substantial increase in publications. A significant finding was the high citation rate of seminal research on fuzzy information granulation, emphasizing its mathematical importance and practical relevance in financial analysis. Keywords like "design", "model", "algorithm", "optimization", "stabilization", and terms such as "fuzzy logic controller", "adaptive fuzzy controller", and "fuzzy logic approach" were prevalent. The Countries' Collaboration World Map indicated a strong pattern of global interconnections, suggesting a robust framework of international collaboration. Our study highlights the escalating influence of fuzzy logic and AI in financial analysis, marked by a growth in research outputs and global collaborations. It underscores the crucial role of fuzzy information granulation as a mathematical model and sets the stage for further investigation into how fuzzy logic and AI-driven models are transforming financial and banking analysis practices worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present paper is to further investigate the mathematical structure of sentences—proposed in a recent paper—and its connections with human short–term memory. This structure is defined by two independent variables which apparently engage two short–term memory buffers in a series. The first buffer is modelled according to the number of words between two consecutive interpunctions—variable referred to as the word interval, I P —which follows Miller's 7 ± 2 law; the second buffer is modelled by the number of word intervals contained in a sentence, M F , ranging approximately for one to seven. These values result from studying a large number of literary texts belonging to ancient and modern alphabetical languages. After studying the numerical patterns (combinations of I P and M F ) that determine the number of sentences that theoretically can be recorded in the two memory buffers—which increases with the use of I P and M F —we compare the theoretical results with those that are actually found in novels from Italian and English literature. We have found that most writers, in both languages, write for readers with small memory buffers and, consequently, are forced to reuse sentence patterns to convey multiple meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply the inherent dynamic consistency of a dynamic system as the basis for correlation analysis among different variables in a system. We use network analysis to measure the correlativity of multiple variables, find the interdependence between multiple variables with nonlinear interactions, and study the complex relationship between the stock index and trading volume. We explore the change pattern of the number of edges in the networks derived from the correlation among different time series by gradually increasing the length of the time series. We found that the evolution trend of the corresponding network edges is the same or similar for multiple series with the same dynamic properties or mutual effects, which is called network topology evolution synchronization (NTES). The correlation among time series can be determined by investigating the existence of NTES. Using this method, we detected that both the stock price and trading volume are chaotic series and have complex correlations with varying randomness caused by different markets and series lengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to elucidate the transformative integration of computational techniques within power systems, underscoring their critical role in enhancing system modeling, control, and the efficient integration of renewable energy. It breaks down the two-sided nature of technological progress, highlighting both gains in operational efficiency and new challenges such as real-time processing, data management, and cybersecurity. Through meticulous analysis of query-based research patterns and mathematical frameworks, this study delves into the balancing act between specificity and breadth in scholarly inquiries while evaluating the impact and evolution of research trends through citation analysis. The convergence of interests and transient research trends is evident, particularly in Artificial Intelligence and optimization. This comprehensive narrative anticipates a sophisticated trajectory for power systems, advocating for continuous innovation and strategic research to foster sustainable, resilient, and intelligent energy networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate mathematical patterning of friction has always been a significant research project in the domains of machinery and control, and has played a crucial role in the analysis, control and compensation of mechanical systems containing friction. For high-property electrohydraulic servo control systems, friction compensation is an urgent problem to be solved. The LuGre friction pattern can represent most frictional behaviors, but the LuGre friction pattern is piecewise-continuous, making it non-differentiable. Therefore, the question of how to combine the LuGre friction pattern, enhancing its tracking capacity and robust performance problem, to friction perturbation in hydraulic backstep devices is an important focus for research. In this study, the conventional LuGre friction pattern was enhanced using the continuous differentiability of a friction of rest pattern that laid the foundation of a smooth tangent function. Laying the foundation of an electrohydraulic servo pump-controlled hydraulic roll-gap thickness automatic control system (pump-controlled AGC) pattern, a self-adapting friction compensation controller laid the foundation of the enhanced LuGre pattern. The gradual tracking capacity was determined academically using conditions of parameter, uncertainty and nonlinear friction, and the position control precision of the pump-controlled AGC system was enhanced. The steady-state error of the self-adapting friction compensation control system, which laid the foundation of the enhanced LuGre pattern, attained ±0.1 μm, and the tracking capacity was better than the LuGre pattern control and the conventional PID control strategy at low input speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes can offer high density and high-capacity communication. The traditional phased array antenna can only produce a limited number of OAM beam modes l, usually less than half of the number of array elements (N): −N/2 < lmax < N/2. An OAM antenna array for generating high-order OAM modes is proposed in this letter. The proposed antenna array consists of a ring patch antenna that can generate vortex waves with OAM mode l = 1 or −1 and a phase-shifting feeding network. By adding different feed excitation signals to each element, the generated beam carries a higher-order mode: l = N or −N, breaking the previous limitations. Near-field measurements were conducted on antenna arrays composed of 3, 4, and 5 elements, revealing a high degree of correspondence between their phase distribution and radiation patterns with numerical simulation results. This alignment further substantiates the practical efficacy of this approach in significantly enhancing the generation of high-order OAM modes within antenna arrays. This advancement improves component utilization efficiency, reduces system complexity, and meets the high demands for spectral resources and channel capacity in future communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodic itemset patterns (PIPs) are widely used in predicting the occurrence of periodic events. However, extensive redundancy arises due to a large number of patterns. Mining skyline periodic itemset patterns (SPIPs) can reduce the number of PIPs and guarantee the accuracy of prediction. The existing SPIP mining algorithm uses FP-Growth to generate frequent patterns (FPs), and then identify SPIPs from FPs. Such separate steps lead to a massive time consumption, so we propose an efficient bit-based approach named BitSPIM to mine SPIPs. The proposed method introduces efficient bitwise representations and makes full use of the data obtained in the previous steps to accelerate the identification of SPIPs. A novel cutting mechanism is applied to eliminate unnecessary steps. A series of comparative experiments were conducted on various datasets with different attributes to verify the efficiency of BitSPIM. The experiment results demonstrate that our algorithm significantly outperforms the latest SPIP mining approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although elliptical tubes are stronger and more stable than circular tubes, few studies have fully considered the behavior of elliptical tubes under cyclic bending loads. This study experimentally investigated the response and failure of SUS304 stainless steel elliptical tubes with four different ratios of long and short axes (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0) under cyclic bending along four different orientation angles (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°). The wall thickness was 0.7 mm, and cyclic bending was applied until buckling failure occurred. The moment–curvature curves exhibited cyclic hardening, and stable loops were formed for all long–short axis ratios and orientation angles. Increasing the long–short axis ratio slightly decreased the peak bending moment while increasing the orientation angle increased the peak bending moment. For a given orientation angle, the curves relating the short-axis variation (i.e., change in length divided by the original length of the short axis) and curvature demonstrated symmetry, serrations, and a growth pattern as the number of cycles increased regardless of the long–short axis ratio. At long–short axis ratios of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0, these curves even exhibited a butterfly-like trend. Increasing the long–short axis ratio increased the short-axis variation, while increasing the orientation angle decreased the short-axis variation. Regarding the curves relating the curvature and number of cycles required to initiate buckling, for each orientation angle, the four long–short axis ratios corresponded to four straight lines when plotted on double-logarithmic co-ordinates. Based on the experimental results, empirical equations are proposed to describe the above relationships. The empirical equations were applied to predicting experimental data and showed close agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinookan art centered on the Lower Columbia River and was created by Chinookan-speaking people living along the river and its tributaries. The style is unique, focusing on geometric forms, numerical patterns, and anatomical representation. It is embedded in Chinookan mythology and differs considerably from the more widely recognized Formline of Indigenous artists from the northern Pacific Northwest. It also receives less attention, both publicly and scholarly. Due to high rates of death along the Columbia from introduced diseases during colonial invasion, and high levels of looting that followed, Chinookan art nearly disappeared from the landscape. In the 21st century Chinookan art has had a resurgence, led by Chinookan practitioners. The resurgence occurs not only within individual households but also in public settings. This resurgence also includes an emphasis on teaching the style to youth, who learn that this is not just about making art but is integrally attached to culture more broadly, including connection to language, stories, protocols, and Indigenous identity itself. It is ultimately a source of pride, resilience, and resistance. As a result, where there were once generations who never saw a landscape with Chinookan art, there are now generations who will never know a landscape without it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past three decades, describing the reality surrounding us using the language of complex networks has become very useful and therefore popular. One of the most important features, especially of real networks, is their complexity, which often manifests itself in a fractal or even multifractal structure. As a generalization of fractal analysis, the multifractal analysis of complex networks is a useful tool for identifying and quantitatively describing the spatial hierarchy of both theoretical and numerical fractal patterns. Nowadays, there are many methods of multifractal analysis. However, all these methods take into account only the fact of connection between nodes (and eventually the weight of edges) and do not take into account the real positions (coordinates) of nodes in space. However, intuition suggests that the geometry of network nodes' position should have a significant impact on the true fractal structure. Many networks identified in nature (e.g., air connection networks, energy networks, social networks, mountain ridge networks, networks of neurones in the brain, and street networks) have their own often unique and characteristic geometry, which is not taken into account in the identification process of multifractality in commonly used methods. In this paper, we propose a multifractal network analysis method that takes into account both connections between nodes and the location coordinates of nodes (network geometry). We show the results for different geometrical variants of the same network and reveal that this method, contrary to the commonly used method, is sensitive to changes in network geometry. We also carry out tests for synthetic as well as real-world networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the changes in the atmospheric conditions favorable to storm surges over the Santos Coast in Southeast Brazil. Storm surges can favor high sea level rises and coastal erosion, affecting people and strategic structures in coastal areas. The assessment of the atmospheric conditions was based on the downscaling of climate simulations of the Brazilian Earth System Model by the Eta regional climate model at higher spatial resolution. The detection scheme used by the model was able to reproduce the three observed atmospheric patterns favorable to storm surges found by recent studies: Pattern 1 is characterized by a cyclone on the synoptic scale over the ocean; Pattern 2 presents an intense wind fetch from the southeast; Pattern 3 is characterized by winds parallel to the coast. The simulations underestimated the number of cases in Patterns 1 and 2. However, it overestimated the number of days in Pattern 3. The model presented more intense winds in the three patterns. The storm surges characterized by Pattern 1 will become more intense. However, it will be equal to or less frequent. In Pattern 2, the number of events will decrease. Nevertheless, these episodes will be associated with more precipitation along the coastline. Pattern 3 will have a similar number of storm surges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, anti-counterfeiting schemes based on the combination of anti-counterfeiting patterns and two-dimensional codes is a research hotspot in digital anti-counterfeiting technology. However, many existing identification schemes rely on special equipment such as scanners and microscopes; there are few methods for authentication that use smartphones. In particular, the ability to classify blurry pattern images is weak, leading to a low recognition rate when using mobile terminals. In addition, the existing methods need a sufficient number of counterfeit patterns for model training, which is difficult to acquire in practical scenarios. Therefore, an authentication scheme for an anti-counterfeiting pattern captured by smartphones is proposed in this paper, featuring a single classifier consisting of two modules. A feature extraction module based on U-Net extracts the features of the input images; then, the extracted feature is input to a one-class classification module. The second stage features a boundary-optimized OCSVM classification method. The classifier only needs to learn positive samples to achieve effective identification. The experimental results show that the proposed approach has a better ability to distinguish the genuine and counterfeit anti-counterfeiting pattern images. The precision and recall rate of the approach reach 100%, and the recognition rate for the blurry images of the genuine anti-counterfeiting patterns is significantly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presented in this paper follows the line of research created by the fact that by employing the monomiality principle, new outcomes are produced. This article deals with the inducement of Δ h tangent-based Appell polynomials and derivation of certain of its characterizations such as explicit form, determinant form, monomiality principle, etc. These polynomials are designed to exhibit certain symmetries themselves or to capture and describe symmetrical patterns in mathematical structures. Further, certain members of Δ h Appell polynomials such as Δ h Bernoulli, Euler, and Genocchi polynomials are taken, and their corresponding results are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business processes (BPs) have become extremely complex with thousands of tasks to be completed. These processes should be modelled to manage their complexity, but deviations from these models can occur during execution. To account for the potential outcomes, models are often over-specified, but in fact, it is impossible to anticipate every scenario. Therefore, the issue of how to model the response to these problems arises. The approach put forward in this study entails the creation of a primary model with the aid of domain experts. If a deviation occurs during execution, the system searches for compatible patterns in a collaborative library of workflows, rather than relying on dedicated solutions for specific problems. Nevertheless, the main challenges lie in selecting the most appropriate set of candidates from a vast number of patterns, as well as identifying the optimal injection points on the primary model to correct the deviation. One main objective is to rapidly eliminate incompatible patterns by employing simple mathematical techniques to narrow down the pool of candidate solutions. This serves to minimize the number of patterns that should be considered where more sophisticated methods can then be utilized to rank and select the best solution from this smaller set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide more accurate data support for the prevention and control of geological disasters in mines, the article counts the major mine debris flow accidents in China from 1954 to 2019; studies the distribution of debris flow disasters in each province; reveals the intra-annual and inter-annual variation patterns of the number of mine debris flow disasters; analyzes the distribution of mine debris flows under different geoenvironmental backgrounds; and combines AHP hierarchical analysis with a comprehensive regional evaluation of the likelihood of mine debris flows. The results of the study show that from 1954 to 2019, the number of major mine debris flow disasters first increased and then decreased. The proportion of mine debris flow disasters to the total number of debris flow disasters also showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with the southwestern region being the area of high occurrence of mine debris flow, and the geoenvironmental areas of middle and low hills and middle and high mountains being the topographic areas of high occurrence of mine debris flow. More than 90% of the major mine debris flow disasters occurred from May to September, with the largest number of disasters occurring in July. A comprehensive evaluation of the regional nature of mine debris flow distribution based on the regional evaluation score is derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the finite volume method and structured multigrid, the flow characteristics around a square cylinder with boundary constraint are analysed. The gap ratio G/D (G is the distance from the cylinder to the channel boundary, and D is the side length of the square cylinder) does not change the four flow patterns. Under the laminar vortex street phase, the boundary constraint only reduces the scale of the vortices. The vortex centres are pressed toward the boundaries of the channel, and a low velocity zone is formed near the boundary, but the law of vorticity attenuation along the flow direction is not changed. The flow pattern classification map shows that the boundary constraint increases the Reynolds number required to generate the turbulence flow pattern, and the range of the Reynolds number in the flow pattern of the laminar vortex street has a maximum increase range. The correlation between the time-averaged drag coefficient or the vortex shedding frequency and Reynolds number under different gap ratios indicates that the resistance of the square cylinder and the vortex shedding frequency increase accordingly with the strengthening of the boundary constraint. When G/D < 3.5, the increase is particularly obvious. Meanwhile, the correlation characteristics between the resistance or the vortex shedding frequency of the square cylinder and the Reynolds number are unrelated to the boundary constraint strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyploidization is a driving force in plant evolution. Chromosomal variation often occurs at early generations following polyploid formation due to meiotic pairing irregularity that may compromise segregation fidelity and cause homoeologous exchange (HE). The trends of chromosomal variation and especially factors affecting HE remain to be fully deciphered. Here, by whole-genome resequencing, we performed nuanced analyses of patterns of chromosomal number variation and explored genomic features that affect HE in two early generations of a synthetic rice segmental allotetraploid. We found a wide occurrence of whole-chromosome aneuploidy and, to a lesser extent, also large segment gains/losses in both generations (S2 and S4) of the tetraploids. However, while the number of chromosome gains was similar between S2 and S4, that of losses in S4 was lower than in S2. HEs were abundant across all chromosomes in both generations and showed variable correlations with different genomic features at chromosomal and/or local scales. Contents of genes and transposable elements (TEs) were positively and negatively correlated with HE frequencies, respectively. By dissecting TEs into different classes, retrotransposons were found to be negatively correlated with HE frequency to a stronger extent than DNA transposons, whereas miniature terminal inverted elements (MITEs) showed a strong positive correlation. Local HE frequencies in the tetraploids and homologous recombination (HR) rates in diploids within 1 Mb sliding windows were significantly correlated with each other and showed similar overall distribution profiles. Nonetheless, non-concordant trends between HE and HR rates were found at distal regions in some chromosomes. At local scale, both shared and polymorphic retrotransposons between parents were negatively correlated with HE frequency; in contrast, both shared and polymorphic MITEs showed positive correlations with HE frequency. Our results shed new light on the patterns of chromosomal number variation and reveal genomic features influencing HE frequency in early generations following plant polyploidization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the effects of partial differential equations on the development of spatiotemporal patterns in reaction–diffusion systems. These systems describe how the concentration of a certain substance is distributed in space or time under the effect of two phenomena: the chemical reactions of different substances into some other product and the diffusion which results in the dispersion of a certain substance over a surface in space. Mathematical representation of these types of models are named the Gray–Scott model, which exhibits the formation of patterns and morphogenesis in living organisms, e.g., the initial formation of patterns that occur in cell development, etc. To explore the nonhomogeneous steady-state solutions of the model, we use a novel high-order numerical approach based on the Chebyshev spectral method. It is shown that the system is either in uniform stabilized steady states in the case of spatiotemporal chaos or lead to bistability between a trivial steady state and a propagating traveling wave. When the diffusion constant of each morphogen is different in any two species of the reaction–diffusion equation, diffusion-driven instability will occur. For the confirmation of theoretical results, some numerical simulations of pattern formation in the Gray–Scott model are performed using the proposed numerical scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental issue in manufacturing systems is moving a local manufacturer into a supply chain network including wholesalers and retailers. In this research, a 3-phase framework is proposed to determine the food consumption pattern in food supply chains. In the first stage of this research, the consumer, availability and society factors for product classification according to the features of populations in Malaysia are identified (phase 1). Then, using statistical analysis, the effective factors are recognised (phase 2). In the third phase, the product clusters are recognised using a hybrid PCA and agglomerative clustering method. For this purpose, different clusters for the training step are used. The outcomes indicated that Age (0.94), City (0.79), Health Benefit Awareness (0.76) and Education (0.75) are the most effective factors in product consumption patterns, respectively. Moreover, the efficiency of the outcomes is evaluated using the Silhouette Coefficient, indicating that the proposed algorithm could provide solutions with a 68% score. Moreover, using Calinski-Harabasz Index, it was found that the algorithm provided more logic scores while the number of product patterns was 3 for the studied region (707.54). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the understanding of the mixing performance of double shaft, batch-type paddle mixers, the discrete element method (DEM) in combination with a Plackett–Burman design of experiments simulation plan is used to identify factor significance on the system's mixing performance. Effects of several factors, including three material properties (particle size, particle density and composition), three operational conditions (initial filling pattern, fill level and impeller rotational speed) and three geometric parameters (paddle size, paddle angle and paddle number), were quantitatively investigated using the relative standard deviation (RSD). Four key performance indicators (KPIs), namely the mixing quality, mixing time, average mixing power and energy required to reach a steady state, were defined to evaluate the performance of the double paddle mixer. The results show that the material property effects are not as significant as those of the operational conditions and geometric parameters. In particular, the geometric parameters were observed to significantly influence the energy consumption, while not affecting the mixing quality and mixing time, showing their potential towards designing more sustainable mixers. Furthermore, the analysis of granular temperature revealed that the centre area between the two paddles has a high diffusivity, which can be correlated to the mixing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is commonly used in the follow-up of patients in intensive care units, but only a small part of the information available in the ICP time series is exploited. One of the most important features to guide patient follow-up and treatment is intracranial compliance. We propose using permutation entropy (PE) as a method to extract non-obvious information from the ICP curve. We analyzed the results of a pig experiment with sliding windows of 3600 samples and 1000 displacement samples, and estimated their respective PEs, their associated probability distributions, and the number of missing patterns (NMP). We observed that the behavior of PE is inverse to that of ICP, in addition to the fact that NMP appears as a surrogate for intracranial compliance. In lesion-free periods, PE is usually greater than 0.3, and normalized NMP is less than 90 % and p (s 1) > p (s 720) . Any deviation from these values could be a possible warning of altered neurophysiology. In the terminal phases of the lesion, the normalized NMP is higher than 95 % , and PE is not sensitive to changes in ICP and p (s 720) > p (s 1) . The results show that it could be used for real-time patient monitoring or as input for a machine learning tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-pixel imaging (SPI) has attracted increasing attention in recent years because of its advantages in imaging systems. However, a low reconstruction quality and a long reconstruction time have hindered the development of SPI. Hence, in this study, we propose a Zernike SPI (ZSPI) technique to reduce the number of illumination patterns and reconstruction time whilst retaining robustness. First, the ZSPI technique was theoretically demonstrated. Phase-shifting Zernike moment projections were used to illuminate the target and an inverse Zernike transform was used to reconstruct the desired image. In order to prove the feasibility, numerical simulations were carried out with different sample ratios (SRs) ranging from 0.1 to 0.3; an acceptable reconstruction appeared at approximately 0.1. This result indicated that ZSPI could obtain satisfactory reconstruction results at low SRs. Further simulation and physical experiments were compared with different reconstruction algorithms, including noniterative, linear iterative, and nonlinear iterative methods under speckle modulation patterns at a sample of 0.1 in terms of different targets. The results revealed that ZSPI had a higher imaging quality and required less imaging time, particularly for low-frequency targets. The method presented in this study has advantages for the high-efficiency imaging of low-frequency targets, which can provide a new solution for the SPI method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of novel antityrosinase agents appears extremely important in medical and industrial sectors because an irregular production of melanin is related to the insurgence of several skin-related disorders (e.g., melanoma) and the browning process of fruits and vegetables. Because melanogenesis also involves a nonenzymatic oxidative process, developing dual antioxidant and antityrosinase agents is advantageous. In this work, we evaluated the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition ability of two new bishydroxylated and two new monohydroxylated derivatives of (1E)-2-(1-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (T1) using different experimental and computational approaches. The study was also carried out on another monohydroxylated derivative of T1 for comparison. Interestingly, these molecules have more potent tyrosinase-inhibitory properties than the reference compound, kojic acid. Moreover, the antioxidant activity appears to be influenced according to the number and substitution pattern of the hydroxyl groups. The safety of the compounds without (T1), with one (T3), and with two (T6) hydroxyl groups, has also been assessed by studying their cytotoxicity on melanocytes. These results indicate that (1E)-2-(1-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide and its hydroxylated derivatives are promising molecules for further drug development studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slope Entropy (SlpEn) is a very recently proposed entropy calculation method. It is based on the differences between consecutive values in a time series and two new input thresholds to assign a symbol to each resulting difference interval. As the histogram normalisation value, SlpEn uses the actual number of unique patterns found instead of the theoretically expected value. This maximises the information captured by the method but, as a consequence, SlpEn results do not usually fall within the classical [ 0 , 1 ] interval. Although this interval is not necessary at all for time series classification purposes, it is a convenient and common reference framework when entropy analyses take place. This paper describes a method to keep SlpEn results within this interval, and improves the interpretability and comparability of this measure in a similar way as for other methods. It is based on a max–min normalisation scheme, described in two steps. First, an analytic normalisation is proposed using known but very conservative bounds. Afterwards, these bounds are refined using heuristics about the behaviour of the number of patterns found in deterministic and random time series. The results confirm the suitability of the approach proposed, using a mixture of the two methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear free convection in an inclined rectangular porous cavity heated from below has been studied using a two-dimensional spectral decomposition. The code uses pseudo-arclength continuation to follow solution curves around fold bifurcations. The evolution with inclination of the pattern of convection is complicated and it relies strongly on both the Darcy–Rayleigh number and the aspect ratio of the cavity. When the inclination is large it is generally true that only one cell appears, and that it has a circulation that is consistent with the direction of the buoyancy forces along the heated and cooled boundaries. However, as the inclination decreases back towards the horizontal, this unicellular pattern evolves, sometimes initially via fold bifurcations, into patterns with different numbers of cells. Such evolutions always conserve the parity of the number of cells (such as one cell becoming three and then five, or two cells becoming four), but bifurcations also arise between patterns with different parities. These phenomena are illustrated using a suitable selection of solution curves that show the dependence of the Nusselt number on the inclination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sidelobe level is a key parameter for phased array design. However, the conventional method for sidelobe level calculation is time-consuming due to the high sampling number of the radiation pattern. In this paper, an iterative sidelobe-seeking method for sidelobe calculation of arbitrarily distributed planar arrays is proposed to shorten the computing time. By applying Newton's iterative method with an approximate formula, the proposed method uses less sampling to obtain the sidelobe positions and the peak sidelobe level. Numerical experiments were carried out and verified the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the conventional method, the proposed method had a similar optimization effect but saved 80% of the algorithm time in the synthesis of a sparse planar array. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flat-joint model, which constructs round particles as polygons, can suppress rotation after breakage between particles and simulate more larger compression and tension ratios than the linear parallel-bond model. The flat-joint contact model was chosen for this study to calibrate the rock for 3D experiments. In the unit experiments, the triaxial unit was loaded with flexible boundaries, and the influence of each microscopic parameter on the significance magnitude of the macroscopic parameters (modulus of elasticity E, Poisson's ratio ν, uniaxial compressive strength UCS, crack initiation strength σci, internal friction angle φ and uniaxial tensile strength TS) was analysed by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) in an orthogonal experimental design. Among them, Eƒ, kƒ has a significant effect on E; Cƒ and kƒ have a significant effect on ν; Cƒ, σƒ and kƒ have a significant effect on UCS; Cƒ; σƒ and Eƒ have a significant effect on TS; Rsd has a significant effect on σci; and φf, Eƒ, kƒ, μƒ, and σƒ have a significant effect on φ. Regressions were then carried out to establish the equations for calculating the macroscopic parameters of the rock material so that the three-dimensional microscopic parameters of the PFC can be quantitatively analysed and calculated. The correctness of the establishment of the macroscopic equations was verified by comparing the numerical and damage patterns of uniaxial compression, Brazilian splitting, and triaxial experiments with those of numerical simulation units in the chamber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the population pyramid dynamics model (PPDM) to study the evolution of the population pyramid of a determined country or society, deducing as a crucial objective its exact analytical solution. The PPDM is a first-order linear partial differential equation whose unknown variable is the population density (population per age unit) depending on time and age, jointly an initial condition in the initial time and a boundary condition given by the births in the zero age. In addition, the dynamical patterns of the crude birth, death, immigration and emigration rates depending on time, jointly with the mathematical pattern of the initial population pyramid depending on ages, take part of the PPDM. These patterns can be obtained from the historical data. An application case of the PPDM analytical solution is presented: Spain, in the 2007–2021 period for its validation, and in the 2021–2026 period for its future forecasting. This application case also permits to obtain the forecasting limits of the PPDM by comparing the historical data with those provided by the PPDM. Other variables that can be obtained from the historical population pyramids data, such as the dependency ratio and the life expectancy at birth, are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban water bodies have a cooling effect and alter the local urban thermal environment. However, current research is unclear regarding the relationships between factors such as the spatial density, area proportion, and distribution pattern of water bodies and the cooling effect of water on the local thermal environment. To clarify these relationships, it is critical to quantify and evaluate the influence these factors have on the cooling effect of water in the urban landscape. Therefore, we analyzed the cooling effect of different water bodies on the local thermal environment at the microscale by comparing their area proportions and distribution patterns using numerical simulations. Furthermore, we analyzed the day–night variation in the cooling effect of urban water bodies with different areas and distribution patterns. We used the area proportion, separation index (SI), and landscape shape index (LSI) to indicate the layouts of water bodies. The results showed that the cooling effect of a water body was higher during the day than at night. These results also showed that area proportion and LSI were positively correlated with the water body's cooling effect. However, the efficiency of the cooling effect gradually decreased with increasing area proportion. When the LSI increased, more areas within the region displayed larger cooling effect values, but the uniformity of the regional cooling diminished. Additional results showed that the cooling effect had no significant positive correlation with SI. A moderate SI could enhance the uniformity of the cooling effect in the region and link the cooling effect between water patches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the coverage path planning problem for a fixed-wing UAV in convex polygon regions with several practical task requirements in photogrammetry considered. A typical camera model pointing forward-down for photogrammetric application is developed. In addition, the coordinates of the region vertices are converted from the WGS-84 coordinate system to the local ENU coordinate system for path planning convenience. The relationship between the minimum turning radius and the camera footprint is fully studied and the span coefficient of the fixed-wing UAV is first proposed. A novel flight pattern, named as the interlaced back-and-forth pattern in this paper, is presented accordingly. The proposed algorithm is compared with a traditional back-and-forth pattern in mathematics and several important results are given. Then, a practical low-computation algorithm for waypoints generation is developed. Finally, simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The binary operation of the Beltrami-Klein ball model of hyperbolic geometry turns out to be the Einstein addition of relativistically admissible velocities in special relativity theory, and, similarly, the binary operation of the Beltrami-Poincaré ball model of hyperbolic geometry turns out to be Möbius addition. Let I G i be a given gyrogroup; they offer a new way to construct a new gyrogroup HT ht that contains a gyro-isomorphic copy of I G i . Thus, in particular, the underlying symmetry group by which Einstein's special relativity theory can be understood is the Lorentz group HT ht of signature HT ht in one temporal dimension and three spatial dimensions. Then, they prove that every strongly topological gyrogroup I G i can be embedded as a closed subgyrogroup of the path-connected and locally path-connected topological gyrogroup HT ht . [Extracted from the article]

The increase in available probabilistic information and its usefulness for understanding the world has made it necessary to promote probabilistic literate citizens. For this, the binomial distribution is fundamental as one of the most important distributions for understanding random phenomena and effective decision making, and as a facilitator for the understanding of mathematical and probabilistic notions such as the normal distribution. However, to understand it effectively, it is necessary to consider how it has developed throughout history, that is, the components that gave it the form and meaning that we know today. To address this perspective, we identify the problem situations that gave origin to the binomial distribution, the operational and discursive practices developed to find solutions, and the conflicts that caused a leap in mathematical and probability heuristics, culminating in what is now known as the binomial distribution formula. As a result, we present five historical links to the binomial phenomenon where problem situations of increasing complexity were addressed: a case study using informal means (such as direct counting), the formalization of numerical patterns and constructs related to counting cases, specific probability calculus, the study and modeling of probability in variable or complex phenomena, and the use of the distribution formula as a tool to approaching notions such as the normal distribution. The periods and situations identified correspond to a required step in the design of binomial distribution learning from a historical epistemological perspective and when solving conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computerized texture analysis uses higher-order mathematics to identify patterns beyond what the naked eye can recognize. We tested its feasibility in optical coherence tomography angiography imaging of choriocapillaris. Our objective was to determine sets of parameters that provide coherent and consistent output when applied to a homogeneous, healthy group of patients. This observational cross-sectional study involved 19 eyes of 10 young and healthy Caucasian subjects. En-face macular optical coherence tomography angiography of superficial choriocapillaris was obtained by the RTVue-XR Avanti system. Various algorithms were used to extract texture features. The mean and standard deviation were used to assess the distribution and dispersion of data points in each metric among eyes, which included: average gray level, gray level yielding 70% threshold and 30% threshold, balance, skewness, energy, entropy, contrast, edge mean gradient, root-mean-square variation, and first moment of power spectrum, which was compared between images, showing a highly concordant homology between all eyes of participants. We conclude that computerized texture analysis for en-face optical coherence tomography angiography images of choriocapillaris is feasible and provides values that are coherent and tightly distributed around the mean in a homogenous, healthy group of patients. Homology of blob size among subjects may represent a "repeat pattern" in signal density and thus a perfusion in the superficial choriocapillaris of healthy young individuals of the same ethnic background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the disparity and depth information of corresponding pixels is inversely proportional. Thus, in order to accurately estimate depth from stereo vision, it is important to obtain accurate disparity maps, which encode the difference between horizontal coordinates of corresponding image points. Stereo vision can be classified as either passive or active. Active stereo vision generates pattern texture, which passive stereo vision does not have, on the image to fill the textureless regions. In passive stereo vision, many surveys have discovered that disparity accuracy is heavily reliant on attributes, such as radiometric variation and color variation, and have found the best-performing conditions. However, in active stereo matching, the accuracy of the disparity map is influenced not only by those affecting the passive stereo technique, but also by the attributes of the generated pattern textures. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze and evaluate the relationship between the performance of the active stereo technique and the attributes of pattern texture. When evaluating, experiments are conducted under various settings, such as changing the pattern intensity, pattern contrast, number of pattern dots, and global gain, that may affect the overall performance of the active stereo matching technique. Through this evaluation, our discovery can act as a noteworthy reference for constructing an active stereo system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-pixel imaging (SPI) is a new type of imaging technology that uses a non-scanning single-pixel detector to image objects and has important application prospects and value in many fields. Most of the modulators currently used in SPI systems are digital micromirror device (DMD) modulators, which use a higher frequency for binary modulation than other alternatives. When modulating grayscale information, the modulation frequency is significantly reduced. This paper conducts research on multiple discrete objects in a scene and proposes using binary patterns to locate and image these objects. Compared with the existing methods of using gray patterns to locate and image multiple objects, the method proposed in this paper is more suitable for DMD-type SPI systems and has wider applicability and greater prospects. The principle of the proposed method is introduced, and the effectiveness of the method is experimentally verified. The experimental results show that, compared to traditional SPI methods, the number of patterns required by the proposed method is reduced by more than 85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interaction design patterns have evolved as a resource that facilitates documentation and the reuse of proven solutions. They provide a structured and understandable mechanism for what to do in the design. Mobile devices have characteristics, configurations, and restrictions that make the construction of their interfaces full of particularities to this environment, and problems that are often common to designers and developers. This study presented a systematic mapping of the state-of-the-art regarding interaction design patterns for mobile devices. A total of 23 studies that include articles and books met the selection criteria in this mapping, examining relevant scientific databases and books that were cited in relevant articles. As a main result, 336 patterns were compiled, with 261 of these problems and solutions being dissimilar from each other. The paper describes patterns in 18 categories covering different interaction aspects. Pattern structural elements with mentions in more than five papers included: Name, Solution, Problem, Context, Examples, Related Patterns, Forces, Consequences and Figure. Four studies reported empirical evaluation of the patterns with a limited number of users. The paper contributed with a categorization of existing patterns and the challenges for uniformization of structure and empirical evidence with user evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to limited data transmission bandwidth and data storage space, it is challenging to perform fast-moving objects classification based on high-speed photography for a long duration. Here we propose a single-pixel classification method with deep learning for fast-moving objects. The scene image is modulated by orthogonal transform basis patterns, and the modulated light signal is detected by a single-pixel detector. Thanks to the property that the natural images are sparse in the orthogonal transform domain, we used a small number of basis patterns of discrete-sine-transform to obtain feature information for classification. The proposed neural network is designed to use single-pixel measurements as network input and trained by simulation single-pixel measurements based on the physics of the measuring scheme. Differential measuring can reduce the difference between simulation data and experiment data interfered by slowly varying noise. In order to improve the reliability of the classification results for fast-moving objects, we employed a measurement data rolling utilization approach for repeated classification. Long-duration classification of fast-moving handwritten digits that pass through the field of view successively is experimentally demonstrated, showing that the proposed method is superior to human vision in fast-moving digit classification. Our method enables a new way for fast-moving object classification and is expected to be widely implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a method to uncover universal patterns and similarities in the urban road networks of the 80 most populated cities in the world. To that end, we used degree distribution, link length distribution, and intersection angle distribution as topological and geometric properties of road networks. Moreover, we used ISOMAP, a nonlinear dimension reduction technique, to better express variations across cities, and we used K-means to cluster cities. Overall, we uncovered one universal pattern between the number of nodes and links across all cities and identified five classes of cities. Gridiron Cities tend to have many 90° angles. Long Link Cities have a disproportionately high number of long links and include mostly Chinese cities that developed towards the end of the 20th century. Organic Cities tend to have short links and more non-90 and 180° angles; they also include relatively more historical cities. Hybrid Cities tend to have both short and long links; they include cities that evolved both historically and recently. Finally, Mixed Cities exhibit features from all other classes. These findings can help transport planners and policymakers identify peer cities that share similar characteristics and use their characteristics to craft tailored transport policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reconstruction of moving objects based on phase shifting profilometry has attracted intensive interests. Most of the methods introduce the phase shift by projecting multiple fringe patterns, which is undesirable in moving object reconstruction as the errors caused by the motion will be intensified when the number of the fringe pattern is increased. This paper proposes the reconstruction of the isolated moving object by projecting two fringe patterns with different frequencies. The phase shift required by the phase shifting profilometry is generated by the object motion, and the model describing the motion-induced phase shift is presented. Then, the phase information in different frequencies is retrieved by analyzing the influence introduced by movement. Finally, the mismatch on the phase information between the two frequencies is compensated and the isolated moving object is reconstructed. Experiments are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]