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Most cadastral systems today are coordinate-based and contain only a weak or no reference to measurements or the origin of the information. In some contexts, this is largely due to the transition of land data management and maintenance from an analogue to a digital environment. This study focuses on analysing the importance of the measurement-based cadastre and the digitisation process in North Macedonia and Slovenia. The survey-based boundary data and their integration into the digital environment were not considered in either case study. The positional differences between the survey-based boundary coordinates and the graphical coordinates of the boundaries are significant. The RMSE(2D) for Trebosh was 48 cm, and the RMSE(2D) for Ivanjševci was 56 cm. Consequently, the differences in location affected the areas of the cadastral parcels, resulting in an RMSE of 26 m2 and 23 m2 for Trebosh and Ivanjševci, respectively. These differences can be considered as differences within the cadastral boundary data. Therefore, before harmonising the data between the cadastre and the land register, the inconsistencies within the cadastral data should be eliminated first. The differences in the location of cadastral boundaries and parcel area create new challenges in cadastral procedures (formatting of parcels), conflicts in the relocation of boundaries, and impacts on the land market. The solution lies in the way data is maintained, avoiding duplication of attributes or eliminating inconsistencies (after duplication). Both solutions require further modifications of the legal framework for cadastral procedures related to boundary adjustments and data compliance. This study provides a basis for evaluating inconsistencies in cadastral data and highlights the importance of proper source data selection in the digitization process. Večina katastrskih sistemov je danes koordinatnih katastrov, ki vsebuje slabo povezavo na podatke geodetske izmere oziroma izvora podatka. Mnogokrat je razlog v prehodu vzdrževanja katastrskih podatkov iz analognega v digitalno okolje. V študiji se osredotočamo na pomen podatkov katastrske izmere in postopka digitalizacije za primer Slovenije in Severne Makedonije. Prva pomembna ugotovitev je, da se pri digitalizaciji katastrskih podatkov ni vključevalo podatkov opazovanj – niti v Sloveniji, niti v Severni Makedoniji. Pri tem ugotavljamo, da prihaja do položajnih odstopanj med grafičnimi koordinatami in izračunanimi koordinatami iz opazovanj. RMSE (2D) tako za študijsko območje Trebosh znaša 48 cm, za študijsko območje Ivanjševci pa 56 cm. To vpliva na odstopanje v površinah, izračunanih iz teh koordinat, kjer RMSE za Trebosh znaša 26 m2 in za Ivanjševce 23 m2. V primeru, da se te površine prenašajo v zemljiško knjigo, bi bilo potre bno najprej uskladiti podatke o površini. Ta neskladja v koordinatah in nadalje v površinah parcel prinašajo nove izzive pri interpretaciji poteka parcelnih mej v naravi, prinašajo več možnosti za mejne spore in vplivajo tudi na zemljiški trg. Rešitev je lahko v načinu, kako so podatki vzdrževani, kjer se moramo izogibati podvojevanju zapisov atributov ali pa moramo zapise (vrednosti) uskladiti. Oba pristopa zahtevata spremembo pravnega okvirja katastrskih postopkov, vezanih na določevanje poteka parcelnih meja in usklajevanje podatkov. Študija podaja temelj za ocenjevanje neskladnosti katastrskih podatkov o poteku parcelnih meja in površinah parcel ter poudarja pomen upoštevanja ustreznih podatkovnih virov v procesu digitalizacije.

In order to transcend the challenge of accelerating the establishment of cadastres and to efficiently maintain them once established, innovative, and automated cadastral mapping techniques are needed. The focus of the research is on the use of high-resolution optical sensors on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms. More specifically, this study investigates the potential of UAV-based cadastral mapping, where the ENVI feature extraction (FX) module has been used for data processing. The paper describes the workflow, which encompasses image pre-processing, automatic extraction of visible boundaries on the UAV imagery, and data post-processing. It shows that this approach should be applied when the UAV orthoimage is resampled to a larger ground sample distance (GSD). In addition, the findings show that it is important to filter the extracted boundary maps to improve the results. The results of the accuracy assessment showed that almost 80% of the extracted visible boundaries were correct. Based on the automatic extraction method, the proposed workflow has the potential to accelerate and facilitate the creation of cadastral maps, especially for developing countries. In developed countries, the extracted visible boundaries might be used for the revision of existing cadastral maps. However, in both cases, the extracted visible boundaries must be validated by landowners and other beneficiaries.