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This study reports a comparative analysis of the polyphenolic composition and nutraceutical properties of different olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and corresponding extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) extracts. Specifically, four OMWWs and corresponding EVOOs from cultivars Frantoio (A) and Leccino (B) obtained from different crushing seasons (early-stage (A1 and B1) and later-stage (A2 and B2)) were analyzed. Employing HPLC-DAD and LC-MS methods, the primary polyphenol content was identified and quantified. Overall, OMWW extracts showed a greater polyphenolic content compared to corresponding EVOO extracts, with OMWW B1 displaying the highest levels of polyphenols. The antiradical properties of extracts towards radical species (DPPH, ABTS, O2−, and HOCl−) were demonstrated in vitro, revealing a correlation with polyphenolic content. In fact, OMWW B1 and B2 demonstrated the strongest antiradical activity. Exploring nutraceutical properties of OMWWs, the intestinal permeation of the main polyphenols in a co-culture model (Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cell lines) was assessed, with tyrosol achieving a permeation of almost 60%. Furthermore, the involvement in the inflammation process has been evaluated in cell studies on THP1-derived macrophages by immunocytochemistry, demonstrating that OMWW B1 may exert an anti-inflammatory effect by modulating specific phenotype expression on macrophages. In conclusion, this study provides evidence supporting the reuse of OMWWs as a source of polyphenols with nutraceutical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 remains a significant threat, particularly to vulnerable populations. The emergence of new variants necessitates the development of treatments and vaccines that induce both humoral and cellular immunity. This study aimed to identify potentially immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 peptides and to explore the intricate host–pathogen interactions involving peripheral immune responses, memory profiles, and various demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors. Using in silico and experimental methods, we identified several CD8-restricted SARS-CoV-2 peptides that are either poorly studied or have previously unreported immunogenicity: fifteen from the Spike and three each from non-structural proteins Nsp1-2-3-16. A Spike peptide, LA-9, demonstrated a 57% response rate in ELISpot assays using PBMCs from 14 HLA-A*02:01 positive, vaccinated, and mild-COVID-19 recovered subjects, indicating its potential for diagnostics, research, and multi-epitope vaccine platforms. We also found that younger individuals, with fewer vaccine doses and longer intervals since infection, showed lower anti-Spike (ELISA) and anti-Wuhan neutralizing antibodies (pseudovirus assay), higher naïve T cells, and lower central memory, effector memory, and CD4hiCD8low T cells (flow cytometry) compared to older subjects. In our cohort, a higher prevalence of Vδ2-γδ and DN T cells, and fewer naïve CD8 T cells, seemed to correlate with strong cellular and lower anti-NP antibody responses and to associate with Omicron infection, absence of confusional state, and habitual sporting activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of biological pesticides as alternatives to chemical phytosanitary products is a natural and innovative method to improve environmental protection and sustainable agricultural production. In this work, the compatibility between Trichoderma spp. and a commercial lignin extract was assessed in vitro and in vivo. The beneficial effects of lignin in combination with different Trichoderma consortia were evaluated in terms of improved growth and quantitative and qualitative tomato productivity. T. virens GV41 + T. asperellum + T. atroviride + lignin formulation was the most effective in growth promotion and increased root and stem dry weight compared to control (45.4 and 43.9%, respectively). This combination determined a 63% increase in tomato yield compared to the control, resulting in the best-performing treatment compared to each individual constituent. Consistent differences in terms of lycopene, GABA, ornithine, total, essential, and branched-chain amino acids were revealed in fruits from tomato plants treated with Trichoderma–lignin formulations (T. asperellum + T. virens GV41 + lignin) or with the microbial consortia (T. asperellum + T. virens GV41, T. atroviride + T. virens GV41). The developed bioformulations represent a sustainable biological strategy to increase yield and produce nutritional compound-enriched vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer represents one of the leading causes of death among women. Surgery can be effective, but once breast cancer has metastasized, it becomes extremely difficult to treat. Conventional therapies are associated with substantial toxicity and poor efficacy due to tumor heterogeneity, treatment resistance and disease relapse. Moreover, immune checkpoint blockade appears to offer limited benefit in breast cancer. The poor tumor immunogenicity and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment result in scarce T-cell infiltration, leading to a low response rate. Thus, there is considerable interest in the development of improved active immunotherapies capable of sensitizing a patient's immune system against tumor cells. Methods: We evaluated the in vitro anti-tumor activity of a personalized vaccine based on dendritic cells generated in the presence of interferon (IFN)-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (IFN-DC) and loaded with an oxidized lysate from autologous tumor cells expanded as 3D organoid culture maintaining faithful tumor antigenic profiles. Results: Our findings demonstrate that stimulation of breast cancer patients' lymphocytes with autologous IFN-DC led to efficient Th1-biased response and the generation in vitro of potent cytotoxic activity toward the patients' own tumor cells. Conclusions: This approach can be potentially applied in association with checkpoint blockade and chemotherapy in the design of new combinatorial therapies for breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroinflammation is a critical aspect of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This study investigates the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of oleocanthal and its oxidation product, oleocanthalic acid, using the BV-2 cell line activated with lipopolysaccharide. Our findings revealed that oleocanthal significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced the expression of inflammatory genes, counteracted oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide, and increased cell phagocytic activity. Conversely, oleocanthalic acid was not able to counteract lipopolysaccharide-induced activation. The docking analysis revealed a plausible interaction of oleocanthal, with both CD14 and MD-2 leading to a potential interference with TLR4 signaling. Since our data show that oleocanthal only partially reduces the lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of NF-kB, its action as a TLR4 antagonist alone cannot explain its remarkable effect against neuroinflammation. Proteomic analysis revealed that oleocanthal counteracts the LPS modulation of 31 proteins, including significant targets such as gelsolin, clathrin, ACOD1, and four different isoforms of 14-3-3 protein, indicating new potential molecular targets of the compound. In conclusion, oleocanthal, but not oleocanthalic acid, mitigates neuroinflammation through multiple mechanisms, highlighting a pleiotropic action that is particularly important in the context of neurodegeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the artworks stored in museums are often kept in inappropriate climatic and environmental conditions that facilitate the formation and growth of microorganisms, such as fungi, which are responsible for many types of biodegradation phenomena. To mitigate and prevent these deteriorative processes, functionalized packaging materials can be used for the storage and handling of artworks. The aim of this study was to develop a potential anti-biodeterioration coating suitable for packaging purposes. TiO2 and ZnO doped with different amounts of Ag (0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, and 3 wt%) were synthesized and dispersed in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and acrylic resin (Paraloid B72), then applied on different types of packaging materials (cellulose and the high-density spunbound polyethylene fiber Tyvek®, materials that are frequently used as packaging in museums). Analytical investigations (SEM/EDS, Raman, FTIR, and XRD) were employed to assess dispersion on the packaging material. Furthermore, resistance against biodeteriogens was assessed using Cladosporium sp., a bioluminometer, to define the biocidal efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a symbol of the Mediterranean diet, constituting its primary source of fat. The beneficial effect of EVOO is strictly related to the presence of fatty acids and polyphenols, bioactive compounds endowed with nutraceutical properties. Among EVOO polyphenols, lignans possess a steroid-like chemical structure and are part of the phytoestrogen family, which is renowned for its health properties. The natural lignans (+)-pinoresinol and 1-acetoxypinoresinol (1-AP) are commonly present in olives and in EVOO. Although (+)-pinoresinol is found in different edible plants, such as flaxseed, beans, whole-grain cereals, sesame seeds, and certain vegetables and fruit, 1-AP was exclusively identified in olives in 2000. So far, the scientific literature has extensively covered different aspects of (+)-pinoresinol, including its isolation and nutraceutical properties. In contrast, less is known about the olive lignan 1-AP. Therefore, this review aimed to comprehensively evaluate the more important aspects of 1-AP, collecting all the literature from 2016 to the present, exploring its distribution in different cultivars, analytical isolation and purification, and nutraceutical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This analysis of the ARISE study, a multicenter observational cohort trial, is based on a modern statistical approach, integrating the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator algorithm and the Classification and Regression Tree analysis. The results of this study show significant shortcomings in pain management for breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, particularly highlighting that younger patients and those with non-neoplastic pain, especially in southern and central Italy, experience even poorer pain management. This research underscores the urgent need for tailored pain management strategies in breast cancer patients, taking into account patient age, pain type, and geographic disparities to enhance care quality and outcomes for subjects across different regions. Background: The primary objective of this study was to assess the adequacy of analgesic care in radiotherapy (RT) patients, with a secondary objective to identify predictive variables associated with pain management adequacy using a modern statistical approach, integrating the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) algorithm and the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis. Methods: This observational, multicenter cohort study involved 1387 patients reporting pain or taking analgesic drugs from 13 RT departments in Italy. The Pain Management Index (PMI) served as the measure for pain control adequacy, with a PMI score < 0 indicating suboptimal management. Patient demographics, clinical status, and treatment-related factors were examined to discern the predictors of pain management adequacy. Results: Among the analyzed cohort, 46.1% reported inadequately managed pain. Non-cancer pain origin, breast cancer diagnosis, higher ECOG Performance Status scores, younger patient age, early assessment phase, and curative treatment intent emerged as significant determinants of negative PMI from the LASSO analysis. Notably, pain management was observed to improve as RT progressed, with a greater discrepancy between cancer (33.2% with PMI < 0) and non-cancer pain (73.1% with PMI < 0). Breast cancer patients under 70 years of age with non-cancer pain had the highest rate of negative PMI at 86.5%, highlighting a potential deficiency in managing benign pain in younger patients. Conclusions: The study underscores the dynamic nature of pain management during RT, suggesting improvements over the treatment course yet revealing specific challenges in non-cancer pain management, particularly among younger breast cancer patients. The use of advanced statistical techniques for analysis stresses the importance of a multifaceted approach to pain management, one that incorporates both cancer and non-cancer pain considerations to ensure a holistic and improved quality of oncological care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the analytical investigations on clayey and ceramic finds, characterised by high variability in terms of prime materials, with the aim to determine the role of this important ceramic production situated close to the city walls, fortuitously found during service excavations developed in the garden of Palazzo Corsini in Rome. The complexity of the finds led to the choices of appropriate methodologies and techniques suitable for defining the diagnostic elements of each find. Optical microscopy (OM) combined with micro-Raman (µ-Raman) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to analyse the nature and microstructure of the ceramic and burned clay that were found. In such a complicated setting, the objective of conducting chemical analyses is to provide clues to describe the various kinds of ceramics produced, the production and processing methods, and, as a result, the typology of the workshop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Atmospheric" painting stands as a new frontier in contemporary art, presenting challenges and new considerations in museum practices. This article aims to analyze the possible evolution of four atmospheric paintings created by artist Luca Vitone during their transition from exhibition halls to the storage facilities of the MAXXI museum. The presence of active microbiological consortium raises question regarding the potential interaction these artworks may have with the surrounding environment. The year-long monitoring involved macroscopic and microscopic observation, spectrophotometric analyses, and cell vitality assessments using a bioluminometer. Additionally, the collected data were correlated with the prevailing microclimate within the storage. Indeed, the canvases underwent an evolution during their transfer to the storage; it was mainly the photosynthetic part of the consortium that underwent the greatest changes, resulting in changes in the color tones of the canvases. The viability of the cells in the consortium also underwent changes as indicated by measurements obtained with the bioluminometer. The monitoring has provided invaluable insights into the dynamic evolution of Vitone's artworks and allowed the authors to hypothesize some strategies for the conservation of these types of artworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as environmentally sustainable alternatives to traditional solvents for the removal of low-polarity materials commonly found in cultural heritage artefacts. Recognizing the environmental and health concerns associated with conventional solvents, this research focuses on FAME to remove low/non-polarity or non-polar substances used in cultural heritage preservation. Laboratory samples coated with low molecular synthetic resins (LMW) such as Regalrez 1094 and microcrystalline wax were treated with FAME applied in gel to prevent solvent–substrate interactions. Photographic documentation under UV-vis light, optical microscope observations, and spectrocolorimetric analysis were used for assessing surface "cleanness", while FTIR-ATR spectroscopy was used to detect possible residue from treatment. Moreover, SEM analysis was used for a better understanding of the results. The best results were obtained using FAME base on methyl stearate according to Hansen-RED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigates how the assessment of body mass index (BMI), together with body fat and muscle mass, might influence the success of treatments for advanced cervical cancer. Unlike most research which focuses on general health and cancer stages, this research pays particular attention to the patient's weight-to-height ratio, muscle mass, and especially the condition known as sarcopenic obesity—a combination of high body fat and low muscle mass. The findings reveal that sarcopenic obesity significantly affects patient outcomes, suggesting that it could be a key factor in deciding the best course of treatment. Recognizing these body composition indicators could lead to more personalized and effective treatment plans, marking a step forward in the way we approach care for cervical cancer patients. Locally advanced cervical cancer represents a significant treatment challenge. Body composition parameters such as body mass index, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity, defined by sarcopenia and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, have been identified as potential prognostic factors, yet their overall impact remains underexplored. This study assessed the relationship between these anthropometric parameters alongside clinical prognostic factors on the prognosis of 173 cervical cancer patients. Survival outcomes in terms of local control (LC), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using Kaplan regression methods—Meier and Cox. Older age, lower hemoglobin levels, higher FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stages, and lower total radiation doses were significantly associated with worse outcomes. Univariate analysis showed a significant correlation between BMI and the outcomes examined, revealing that normal-weight patients show higher survival rates, which was not confirmed by the multivariate analysis. Sarcopenia was not correlated with any of the outcomes considered, while sarcopenic obesity was identified as an independent negative predictor of DFS (HR: 5.289, 95% CI: 1.298–21.546, p = 0.020) and OS (HR: 2.645, 95% CI: 1.275–5.488, p = 0.009). This study highlights the potential of sarcopenic obesity as an independent predictor of clinical outcomes. These results support their inclusion in prognostic assessments and treatment planning for patients with advanced cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder and presents a complex therapeutic challenge due to limited treatment modalities. Recent focus has converged on the endocannabinoid system (ECS) as a prospective modulator of psychopathological processes in BPD. To address this hypothesis, we analysed plasma endocannabinoid concentrations, specifically anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), in a cohort of 49 female BPD patients and 32 matched healthy controls (HC). Additionally, we examined the effect of the FAAH polymorphism rs324420 and correlates with psychopathology. The results indicate heightened AEA levels and, by trend, augmented 2-AG levels within the patient group, as compared to the HC group. Significant between group differences in AEA levels were evident in the CC genotype (FAAH_rs324420) but not in A-allele carriers while the commonly observed difference in AEA levels between A-allele carriers as compared to the CC genotype was not evident in patients. An effect of genotype was found with higher ratings of depression (Beck's depression inventory, BDI-II) in the CC genotype compared to A-allele carriers (FAAH_rs32442), particularly in the patients. Significant alterations in AEA (and by trend in 2-AG) in patients with BPD may relate to compensatory ECS activity. The finding that the effect is most pronounced in CC homozygotes, might point towards a countermeasure to balance physiologically lower baseline AEA levels. The findings warrant further research to develop potentially beneficial psychopharmacological therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays key roles in glycogen metabolism, Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade, synaptic modulation, and multiple autophagy-related signaling pathways. GSK3β is an attractive target for drug discovery since its aberrant activity is involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In the present study, multiple machine learning models aimed at identifying novel GSK3β inhibitors were developed and evaluated for their predictive reliability. The most powerful models were combined in a consensus approach, which was used to screen about 2 million commercial compounds. Our consensus machine learning-based virtual screening led to the identification of compounds G1 and G4, which showed inhibitory activity against GSK3β in the low-micromolar and sub-micromolar range, respectively. These results demonstrated the reliability of our virtual screening approach. Moreover, docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were employed for predicting reliable binding modes for G1 and G4, which represent two valuable starting points for future hit-to-lead and lead optimization studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of this review was to evaluate the feasibility and the effectiveness of radiation therapy combined with local tumor ablation therapy in the treatment of primary and recurrent lung cancer in terms of toxicity profile and local control rate. Six studies featuring a total of 115 patients and 119 lesions were selected, showing encouraging outcomes that appear to be promising in terms of toxicity profile. Further prospective studies are need to better delineate combining LTA-RT treatment benefits in this setting. In patients with early-stage or recurrent NSCLC who are unable to tolerate surgery, a benefit could derive only from a systemic therapy or another few forms of local therapy. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the feasibility and the effectiveness of radiotherapy combined with local ablative therapies in the treatment of primary and recurrent lung cancer in terms of toxicity profile and local control rate. Six studies featuring a total of 115 patients who met eligibility criteria and 119 lesions were included. Three studies evaluated lung cancer patients with a medically inoperable condition treated with image-guided local ablative therapies followed by radiotherapy: their local control rate (LC) ranged from 75% to 91.7% with only 15 patients (19.4%) reporting local recurrence after combined modality treatment. The other three studies provided a salvage option for patients with locally recurrent NSCLC after RT: the median follow-up period varied from 8.3 to 69.3 months with an LC rate ranging from 50% to 100%. The most common complications were radiation pneumonitis (9.5%) and pneumothorax (29.8%). The proposed intervention appears to be promising in terms of toxicity profile and local control rate. Further prospective studies are need to better delineate combining LTA-RT treatment benefits in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented which discusses the role of these compounds in reducing the risk of chronic disorders, such as cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It also mentions the effects of natural extracts on gastrointestinal disorders, the potential of byproducts from olive oil and beer production, and the exploration of bioactive compounds in fruits, mushrooms, and tangerine peel.

Traditional cleaning methods for removing undesired substances from artworks often involve the use of toxic volatile solvents, raising concerns about human health and environmental impact. Over time, various cleaning systems, such as thickeners, rigid, peelable, and nanostructured gels, have been introduced in the conservation sector to minimize solvent use and toxicity. However, these methods are primarily tailored for aqueous solutions or medium-to-high-polar solvents, leaving sustainable organogels for low-polar solvents largely unexplored. This paper explores the application of Low-Molecular-Weight Gelators (LMWGs) in the field of cultural heritage conservation, focusing on their potential to gel low-polar organic solvents. LMWGs, including cholesterol derivatives, fatty acid-derived compounds, anthryl, anthraquinone, amino acid, and saccharide-based organogelators, offer biocompatible and cost-effective options by forming supramolecular gels that immobilize solvents and reduce their release into the environment. This study highlights the need to transition from traditional, often toxic, solvents to greener and more sustainable cleaning systems by emphasizing LMWGs' biodegradability, biocompatibility, and sustainability. While challenges such as optimizing gel properties and ensuring compatibility with artwork surfaces still need to be addressed, LMWGs hold promise as organogelators in conservation practice. Further research into LMWGs should focus on their optimization for conservation applications by adjusting their rheological properties and physico-chemical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of traditional biocidal products in cultural heritage has suffered a slowdown due to the risks related to human health and the environment. Thus, many studies have been carried out with the aim of testing innovative and environmentally friendly alternatives. In this framework, this review attempts to provide an overview of some novel potential products with biocidal action, tested to counteract the process of degradation of paper and stone materials due to microbial activity, keeping in mind the sustainability criteria. In particular, we have focused our attention on the testing of nanotechnologies, essential oils, DES (deep eutectic solvents) with low toxicity, and colloidal substances for conservation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Preoperative chemoradiation (CRT) for rectal cancer with the intensification of radiotherapy (RT) using dose escalation to the tumor volume has been shown effective in improving tumor regression with high compliance to treatment and low toxicity rates. Most dose-escalation trials used conventional 3D conformal RT with concurrent capecitabine. More recently, phase I-II trials investigated intensified RT programs with advanced intensity-modulated RT and simultaneous boost (IMRT-SIB) supported by image-guided RT (IGRT) techniques, highlighting their feasibility and promising activity. However, only limited data on long-term outcomes are available. We analyzed the long-term results of a retrospective, multicenter experience with preoperative capecitabine-based CRT intensification with IMRT-SIB in real-life clinical practice in 10 Italian institutions. The use of moderate IMRT-SIB dose intensification with a full dose of concurrent capecitabine was safe and well tolerated. In addition, an organ preservation strategy has been shown feasible in carefully selected, responsive patients with a promising long-term rectal preservation rate. Long-term local control, progression-free and overall survival rates compared favorably with conventional CRT trials. Given the higher incidence of distant metastases in the subset of high-risk patients, the incorporation of IMRT-SIB and capecitabine with a more effective systemic therapy component may represent a new area of investigational interest while the use of IMRT-SIB and capecitabine in a primarily organ-preservation strategy may be a valuable option for low-intermediate-risk patients. Background: Despite the feasibility and promising activity data on intensity-modulated RT and simultaneous integrated boost (IMRT-SIB) dose escalation in preoperative chemoradiation (CRT) for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), few data are currently available on long-term outcomes. Patients and Methods: A cohort of 288 LARC patients with cT3-T4, cN0-2, cM0 treated with IMRT-SIB and capecitabine from March 2013 to December 2019, followed by a total mesorectal excision (TME) or an organ-preserving strategy, was collected from a prospective database of 10 Italian institutions. A dose of 45 Gy in 25 fractions was prescribed to the tumor and elective nodes, while the SIB dose was prescribed according to the clinical practice of each institution on the gross tumor volume (GTV). Concurrent capecitabine was administered at a dose of 825 mg/m2 twice daily, 7 days a week. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate long-term outcomes in terms of local control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The secondary objective was to confirm the previously reported feasibility, safety and efficacy (pCR, TRG1-2 and downstaging rates) of the treatment in a larger patient population. Results: All patients received a dose of 45 Gy to the tumor and elective nodes, while the SIB dose ranged from 52.5 Gy to 57.5 Gy (median 55 Gy). Acute gastrointestinal and hematologic toxicity rates of grade 3–4 were 5.7% and 1.8%, respectively. At preoperative restaging, 36 patients (12.5%) with complete or major clinical responses (cCR or mCR) were offered an organ-preserving approach with local excision (29 patients) or a watch and wait strategy (7 patients). The complete pathologic response rate (pCR) in radically operated patients was 25.8%. In addition, 4 TME patients had pT0N1 and 19 LE patients had pT0Nx, corresponding to an overall pT0 rate of 31.3%. Of the 36 patients selected for organ preservation, 7 (19.5%) required the completion of TME due to unfavorable pathologic features after LE or tumor regrowth during W-W resulting in long-term rectal preservation in 29 of 288 (10.1%) of the total patient population. Major postoperative complications occurred in 14.2% of all operated patients. At a median follow-up of 50 months, the 5-year PFS and OS rates were 72.3% (95% CI: 66.3–77.4) and 85.9% (95% CI: 80.2–90.1), respectively. The 5-year local recurrence (LR) rate was 9.2% (95% CI: 6.0–13.2), while the distant metastasis (DM) rate was 21.3% (95% CI: 16.5–26.5). The DM rate was 24.5% in the high-risk subset compared to 16.2% in the low-intermediate risk group (p = 0.062) with similar LR rates (10% and 8%, respectively). On multivariable analysis, cT4 and TRG3–5 were significantly associated with worse PFS, OS and metastasis-free survival. Conclusions: Preoperative IMRT-SIB with the moderate dose intensification of 52.5–57.5 Gy (median 55 Gy) and the full dose of concurrent capecitabine confirmed to be feasible and effective in our real-life clinical practice. Organ preservation was shown to be feasible in carefully selected, responsive patients. The favorable long-term survival rates highlight the efficacy of this intensified treatment program. The incorporation of IMRT-SIB with a more effective systemic therapy component in high-risk patients could represent a new area of investigational interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: We explored whether specific factors, like inflammation indicators in the blood, could help predict treatment outcomes for locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC). LACC is generally treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiation. We wanted to see if these factors could help physicians personalize treatments for better results. Our study involved looking at various aspects, including inflammation indices in the blood and various clinical treatment details, in LACC patients. While some factors, such as age and hemoglobin levels, seemed to predict outcomes, there was no clear connection between inflammation indicators in the blood and results. These findings challenge previous ideas and highlight the importance of considering multiple factors to predict the prognoses of LACC patients. Locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) is treated with concurrent chemoradiation (CRT). Predictive models could improve the outcome through treatment personalization. Several factors influence prognosis in LACC, but the role of systemic inflammation indices (IIs) is unclear. This study aims to assess the correlation between IIs and prognosis in a large patient cohort considering several clinical data. We retrospectively analyzed pretreatment IIs (NLR, PLR, MLR, SII, LLR, COP-NLR, APRI, ALRI, SIRI, and ANRI) in 173 LACC patients. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were also considered. Univariate and multivariate Cox's regressions were conducted to assess associations between IIs and clinical factors with local control (LC), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Univariate analysis showed significant correlations between age, HB levels, tumor stage, FIGO stage, and CRT dose with survival outcomes. Specific pretreatment IIs (NLR, PLR, APRI, ANRI, and COP-NLR) demonstrated associations only with LC. The multivariate analysis confirmed Hb levels, CRT dose, and age as significant predictors of OS, while no II was correlated with any clinical outcome. The study findings contradict some prior research on IIs in LACC, emphasizing the need for comprehensive assessments of potential confounding variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns the diagnostic campaign aimed at analyzing the mural painting representing the iconographic theme of the Deesis of the Church of St. Maria Annunziata, Motta San Giovanni, in the province of Reggio Calabria. In 1951, a flood caused the collapse of the building and the consequent breaking of the apse into two parts. The present study focused on the left side of the apse, hosting the figures of Christ and Mary, in order to plan the best conservation intervention strategy. For this purpose, non-invasive investigations and laboratory analytical methods were conducted in order to characterize the constituent materials and to identify the forms of alteration and degradation present on the surface of the painting. In particular, Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled to the chemical analysis by an EDS probe, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and ion chromatography were employed. The results highlighted the presence of a single layer of plaster made with a lime-based binder. The chromatic palette of the painting is characterized by ochres and carbon black mixed with lime to obtain the different shades. Finally, the definition of the nature of the deposits and of the overlaid materials was fundamental in order to identify the best products and methods to restore the readability of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Agrifood waste products are often considered rich sources of bioactive compounds that can be conveniently recovered. Due to these peculiar characteristics, the study of these waste products is attracting great interest in nutraceutical research. Olive mill wastewaters (OMWWs) are generated by extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) production, and they pose environmental challenges due to their disposal. This study aimed to characterize the polyphenolic profile and to evaluate the nutraceutical properties of OMWW extracts from two Tuscan olive cultivars, Leccino (CL) and Frantoio (CF), collected during different time points in EVOO production. Method: After a liquid–liquid extraction, the HPLC and LC–MS/MS analysis of OMWW extracts confirmed the presence of 18 polyphenolic compounds. Results: The polyphenol composition varied between the cultivars and during maturation stages. Notably, oleacein was detected at remarkably high levels in CL1 and CF1 extracts (314.628 ± 19.535 and 227.273 ± 3.974 μg/mg, respectively). All samples demonstrated scavenging effects on free radicals (DPPH and ABTS assays) and an anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Conclusions: This study highlights the nutraceutical potential of OMWW extracts, emphasizing their antioxidant, antiradical, and anti-inflammatory activities. The results demonstrate the influence of olive cultivar, maturation stage, and extraction process on the polyphenolic composition and the bioactivity of OMWW extracts. These findings support a more profitable reuse of OMWW as an innovative, renewable, and low-cost source of dietary polyphenols with potential applications as functional ingredients in the development of dietary supplements, as well as in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to compare the effects of some chemical agents on the removal of calcareous encrustations, which are characterized by the presence of both calcium and silicon. The experimentation was conducted during the conservation treatments of Cerriglio's nymphaeum (Massa Lubrense, Naples, Italy). Tests were carried out in the laboratory on specimens and in situ to define the most efficient choice between several chelant agents, in the recovery of calcium and silicon, using ICP/OES and spectrocolorimetric and microscopic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a 5-year survival rate of fewer than 50%, epithelial ovarian carcinoma is the most fatal of the gynecologic cancers. Each year, an estimated 22,000 women are diagnosed with the condition, with 14,000 dying as a result, in the United States. Over the last decade, the advent of molecular and genetic data has enhanced our understanding of the heterogeneity of ovarian cancer. More than 80% of women diagnosed with advanced illness have an initial full response to rigorous therapy at diagnosis, including surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. Unfortunately, these responses are infrequently lasting, and the majority of women with ovarian cancer suffer recurrent disease, which is often incurable, despite the possibility of future response and months of survival. And what therapeutic weapons do we have to counter it? For many years, radiation therapy for ovarian tumors was disregarded as an effective treatment option due to its toxicity and lack of survival benefits. Chemotherapy is widely used following surgery, and it has nearly completely supplanted radiation therapy. Even with the use of more modern and efficient chemotherapy regimens, ovarian cancer failures still happen. After receiving first-line ovarian cancer chemotherapy, over 70% of patients show evidence of recurrence in the abdomen or pelvis. It is necessary to reinterpret the function of radiation therapy in light of recent technological developments, the sophistication of radiation procedures, and the molecular and biological understanding of various histological subtypes. This review article focuses on the literature on the use of radiation in ovarian tumors as well as its rationale and current indications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic inflammation indices were found to be correlated with therapeutic outcome in several cancers. This study retrospectively analyzes the predictive role of a broad range of systemic inflammatory markers in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) including patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related potential prognostic factors. All patients underwent definitive chemoradiation and pretreatment values of several inflammatory indices (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune inflammation index (SII), leukocyte/lymphocyte ratio, combination of platelet count and NLR, aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index, aspartate aminotransferase/lymphocyte ratio index, systemic inflammatory response index, and aspartate transaminase/neutrophil ratio index) were calculated. Their correlation with local control (LC), distant metastasis-free (DMFS), disease-free (DFS), and overall survival (OS) was analyzed. One hundred and seventy-three patients were included. At multivariable analysis significant correlations were recorded among clinical outcomes and older age, advanced FIGO stage, lower hemoglobin levels, larger tumor size, and higher body mass index values. The multivariate analysis showed only the significant correlation between higher SII values and lower DMFS rates (p < 0.01). Our analysis showed no significant correlation between indices and DSF or OS. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of inflammation indices as candidates for inclusion in predictive models in this clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the analytical approach towards nine coins found in wreck A of Fontanamare for understanding the complex corrosion processes that take place in underwater conditions. Optical microscopy (OM) combined with micro-Raman (µ-Raman) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM and EDS) were used to analyze the nature and the microstructure of the corrosion patina in comparison with the non-degraded state of coins. Three main types of corrosion patina based on copper, lead chloride, and carbonate were identified: black, white, and green, and the obtained results demonstrate the complex corrosion processes that take place in underwater conditions. To better understand the role played by different chemical and physical parameters in the corrosion of bronze artefacts in an underwater environment, this study attempts to understand the nature of the patinas on the coins in relation to the specific structural and environmental parameter variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: In recent years, numerous studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) as an active ingredient against chronic diseases. The properties of EVOO are due to its peculiar composition, mainly to its rich content of polyphenols. In fact, polyphenols may contribute to counteract oxidative stress, which often accompanies chronic diseases. In this work, the antioxidant effects of high-value polyphenol oleocanthal (OC) and its main metabolites, tyrosol (Tyr) and oleocanthalic acid (OA), respectively, have been investigated along with their impact on cell viability. (2) Methods: OC, Tyr, and OA have been evaluated regarding antiradical properties in term of scavenging capacity towards biologically relevant reactive species, including O2●−, HOCl, and ROO●, as well as their antioxidant/antiradical capacity (FRAP, DPPH●, ABTS●+). Moreover, the ability to permeate the intestinal membrane was assessed by an intestinal co-culture model composed by Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cell lines. (3) Results: The capacity of OC and Tyr as radical oxygen species (ROS) scavengers, particularly regarding HOCl and O2●−, was clearly demonstrated. Furthermore, the ability to permeate the intestinal co-culture model was plainly proved by the good permeations (>50%) achieved by all compounds. (4) Conclusions: OC, OA, and Tyr revealed promising properties against oxidative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different options for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) are available based on international guidelines: chemotherapy (CHT), chemoradiation (CRT), and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). However, the role of radiotherapy is debated in LAPC. We retrospectively compared CHT, CRT, and SBRT ± CHT in a real-world setting in terms of overall survival (OS), local control (LC), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). LAPC patients from a multicentric retrospective database were included (2005–2018). Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariable Cox analysis was performed to identify predictors of LC, OS, and DMFS. Of the 419 patients included, 71.1% were treated with CRT, 15.5% with CHT, and 13.4% with SBRT. Multivariable analysis showed higher LC rates for CRT (HR: 0.56, 95%CI 0.34–0.92, p = 0.022) or SBRT (HR: 0.27, 95%CI 0.13–0.54, p < 0.001), compared to CHT. CRT (HR: 0.44, 95%CI 0.28–0.70, p < 0.001) and SBRT (HR: 0.40, 95%CI 0.22–0.74, p = 0.003) were predictors of prolonged OS with respect to CHT. No significant differences were recorded in terms of DMFS. In selected patients, the addition of radiotherapy to CHT is still an option to be considered. In patients referred for radiotherapy, CRT can be replaced by SBRT considering its duration, higher LC rate, and OS rate, which are at least comparable to that of CRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical genome mapping (OGM) is a new genome-wide technology that can reveal both structural genomic variations (SVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) in a single assay. OGM was initially employed to perform genome assembly and genome research, but it is now more widely used to study chromosome aberrations in genetic disorders and in human cancer. One of the most useful OGM applications is in hematological malignancies, where chromosomal rearrangements are frequent and conventional cytogenetic analysis alone is insufficient, necessitating further confirmation using ancillary techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization, chromosomal microarrays, or multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification. The first studies tested OGM efficiency and sensitivity for SV and CNV detection, comparing heterogeneous groups of lymphoid and myeloid hematological sample data with those obtained using standard cytogenetic diagnostic tests. Most of the work based on this innovative technology was focused on myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), whereas little attention was paid to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or multiple myeloma (MM), and none was paid to lymphomas. The studies showed that OGM can now be considered as a highly reliable method, concordant with standard cytogenetic techniques but able to detect novel clinically significant SVs, thus allowing better patient classification, prognostic stratification, and therapeutic choices in hematological malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the conservative first aid concerning the human cranium known as the "Skull with Ears", which is conserved in the crypt of Santa Luciella ai Librai's church in Naples, Italy. These remains have historically been worshipped by devotees within the cult of the "abandoned souls". The skulls were "adopted" by the Neapolitan population and treated with particular care in exchange for divine favors. The critical preservation status of the "Skull with ears" required a multidisciplinary approach aimed at defining the taphonomy and anthropological features of the cranium, while determining the state of its conservation by using a multi-analytical approach. Multispectral imaging, 3D modeling, X-ray imaging, microscopical observations, and microbiological tests enabled the documentation of the cranium while assessing this state of conservation. Electron scanning microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode, and radiocarbon dating allowed for essential data to be obtained on the cranium's history and constituent components. The results that were obtained from both the analysis of the cranium and the environmental monitoring of the crypt showed the advanced degradation of the bones due to a significant bacterial attack, which was facilitated by the inadequate environmental conditions at the site of conservation. The acquired data enabled the definition of the most suitable conservation strategy and the securing of the cranium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of non-invasive diagnostic investigations performed on the canvas oil painting depicting the Marian iconography "Mater Boni Consilii". The painting, whose author and origin are unknown, was found in an old shop in Florence following the overflowing of the Arno River in 1966. In order to define the importance of the artwork, a multianalytical analysis was performed on the painting, using multispectral imaging, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) for the definition of materials, with a particular focus on the identification of pigments. The results allowed for the drawing up of a color palette, composed mainly of ochre and earth pigments, cinnabar, lithopone, lead white, and ultramarine pigments. After cross-referencing the acquired information with other findings, it was possible to place the painting in the period between the end of the XIXth and the beginning of the XXth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic solvents are commonly used in restoration treatments, including chromatic reintegration on polychrome artworks. They are often toxic, and their vapors have a high impact on the environment and restorers, possibly causing pathological conditions. Therefore, this study aims at defining a new green solvent that can be used for chromatic reintegration, maintaining the volatility and the desired physical–chemical properties. The dispersion forces value (Fd) of ethyl lactate was taken as reference for a comparison with the proposed solvents, since it was found to be the most used solvent for the dilution of Maimeri Restoration Colors (MRC) and Gamblin Conservation Colors (GCC). Based on the Teas fractional parameters, six solutions based on acetals and ethanol have been proposed and tested. They were mixed with both MRC and GCC, and applied on prepared canvases. The difference between the backgrounds made with reference solvent and the one made with the proposed alternatives was evaluated through spectrocolorimetric measurements. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR) was performed on the applied layers to evaluate the presence of residual solvent inside them, while the volatility of the solvents was assessed by performing gravimetric analysis. The study showed that acetals, acetals' blends, and acetals–ethanol mixtures represent suitable alternatives for the dilution of Gamblin Conservation Color and Maimeri Restoration Colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the centuries, humans have developed different systems to protect surfaces from the influence of environmental factors. Protective paints are the most used ones. They have undergone considerable development over the years, especially at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Indeed, between the two centuries, new binders and pigments have been introduced in the constituent materials of paints. The years in which these compounds have been introduced and spread in the paint market allow them to be defined as markers for the dating of paints and painted artifacts. The present work is focused on the study of the paints of two vehicles of the Frankfurt Museum of Communication, i.e., a carriage and a cart, that was designed for the German Postal and Telecommunications Service roughly between 1880 and 1920. The characterization of the paints was performed through in situ non-invasive techniques, i.e., portable optical microscopy and multispectral imaging, and laboratory non-destructive techniques, i.e., FT-IR ATR spectroscopy and SEM-EDS. The analytical investigation and the comparison with the data reported in the literature allowed us to determine the historicity of the paints, which are all dated before the 1950s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is the most widely investigated inflammasome member whose overactivation can be a driver of several carcinomas. It is activated in response to different signals and plays an important role in metabolic disorders and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. NLRP3 belongs to the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) family, expressed in numerous immune cells, and it plays its primary function in myeloid cells. NLRP3 has a crucial role in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), considered to be the diseases best studied in the inflammasome context. The investigation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex is a new horizon to explore, and inhibiting IL-1β or NLRP3 could be a helpful cancer-related therapeutic strategy to improve the existing protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Nowadays, the health-promoting properties of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), including the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, are well recognized and mainly attributed to the different polyphenols, such as oleocanthal and oleacein. In EVOO production, olive leaves represent a high value by-product, showing a wide spectrum of beneficial effects due to the presence of polyphenols, especially oleuropein. Here we report the study of olive leaf extract (OLE)-enriched EVOO extracts, obtained by adding different percentages of OLE to EVOO in order to ameliorate their nutraceutical activities. (2) Methods: The polyphenolic content of the EVOO/OLE extracts was analyzed by HPLC and the Folin-Ciocalteau assay. For further biological testing, an 8% OLE-enriched EVOO extract was chosen. Therefore, antioxidant effects were evaluated by three different methods (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), and the anti-inflammatory properties were assessed in terms of cyclooxygenase activity inhibition. (3) Results: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory profiles of the new EVOO/OLE extract are significantly improved compared to those of EVOO extract; (4) Conclusions: The combination of OLE and EVOO extract can lead to an extract enriched in terms of bioactive polyphenols and endowed with better biological properties than the singular EVOO extract. Therefore, it may represent a new complement in the nutraceutical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]