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This study investigates the diversity and ecological dynamics of macroalgae in Maxwell Bay, King George Island, Antarctica, focusing on species distribution, substrate composition, and interspecific interactions. Across nine survey sites, 31 macroalgal species were recorded, with 12 species identified as significant due to their considerable relative frequency, coverage, and biomass. Palmaria decipiens was the most dominant species in terms of frequency and coverage, while Desmarestia anceps had the highest biomass. The study revealed distinct substrate preferences, with P. decipiens favoring cobble and mud substrates, and Himantothallus grandifolius associating predominantly with pebble substrates. A core group of species, including Plocamium sp., H. grandifolius, Picconiella plumosa, Iridaea sp., and Trematocarpus antarcticus, exhibited strong ecological interactions characterized by high substrate similarity and mutual affinity. In contrast, pioneer species like P. decipiens and Monostroma hariotii showed lower affinity with other species, reflecting their early successional roles. These findings enhance our understanding of the complex interspecific relationships within Antarctic macroalgal assemblage and provide valuable baseline data for future ecological studies in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive impairments are frequently reported after ischemic strokes. Novel and effective treatments are required. This study aimed to develop a functional ingredient obtained from marine algae and to determine the effect of the extract on antioxidative stress, as well as neuroprotective effects, in a rat model of MCAO-induced ischemic stroke. Among the selected marine algal extracts, Sargassum polycystum displayed the highest total phenolic content and antioxidative potential, and was subsequently used to evaluate cognitive function in rat models of ischemic stroke. The S. polycystum extract, administered at doses of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg BW, significantly improved cognitive function by enhancing cognitive performance in the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. Biochemical changes revealed that providing S. polycystum increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px by 52.48%, 50.77%, and 66.20%, respectively, and decreased the concentrations of MDA by 51.58% and S100B by 36.64% compared to the vehicle group. These findings suggest that S. polycystum extract may mitigate cognitive impairment in ischemic stroke by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting S100B expression, thus highlighting its potential as a functional ingredient for drugs and nutraceuticals aimed at neuroprotection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global seaweed market is expected to reach USD 17.8 billion by 2032, fuelled by growing demand for sustainable and healthy food solutions and expanding applications in agriculture and aquaculture. However, this rapid growth poses significant challenges, particularly in managing diseases that often establish themselves in intensive macroalgal culture facilities. Red rot disease, Olpidiopsis, and green spot disease often affect marine macroalgae species of high commercial interest, as seen in Pyropia/Porphyra as has already happened for "ice-ice" malaise on Kappaphycus, causing huge economic losses. These diseases are caused by infectious agents that find their place in extreme environmental conditions, such as those characterized by sudden changes in temperature and pollution. Despite technological advances aimed at monitoring the well-being of cultivated seaweed, discrepancies between regions' technological capabilities and species vulnerability exacerbate management difficulties. This review provides an overview of diseases prevalent among marine algae, their impact on aquaculture, and the effectiveness of currently adopted treatments. This study highlights the need to improve disease management strategies and highlights the importance of understanding host–pathogen interactions in order to mitigate future epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of Espírito Santo has one of the greatest diversities of macroalgae along the Brazilian coast. Beach-cast seaweeds are a frequent phenomenon and exhibit great diversity. This study assessed stranded macroalgae's composition and reproductive status to evaluate their potential for sustainable use by the local community. Monthly collections were carried out from March to November 2022, covering the rainy and dry seasons, on five beaches in Espírito Santo: three in the north and two in the south. At each beach, two 50 m transects were set up parallel to the coastline over the stranded algae patches, one near the wave-breaking zone during low tide and another around high tide, and three 1 × 1 m quadrants were randomly selected in each transect. All material within each quadrant was collected, resulting in six samples per beach. We identified 81 taxa, including 54 Rhodophyta, 16 Ulvophyceae and 11 Phaeophyceae. The taxon composition was relatively consistent across the studied regions, with the rainy season exhibiting the greatest species richness. Seventeen of the identified taxa had reproductive structures, although only four consistently presented these structures. Our results suggest that removing stranded macroalgae does not significantly impact their role as propagule sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroalgae are a natural oceanic resource of inexhaustible abundance for the biomass energy industry with growth rates that are three to four times greater than those of terrestrial plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of macroalgae as biomass for biorefining through two investigations. Firstly, the deposition of macroalgae was sampled through 28 collections on seven beaches in the city of Maceió, Brazil, over a two-year period using a zigzag sampling method, covering a deposition area of 135,000 m2. From this, it was estimated that daily collection would yield 5.03 t/ha of dry biomass. Secondly, the calorific values of macroalgal biomass energy and pellet compounds were calculated. The lower calorific value (8.82 MJ/kg) found from a compound of 13 species analyzed was similar to that of the main biomass used in Brazil to obtain energy, i.e., sugarcane bagasse, which has been evaluated as 8.91 MJ/kg. Macroalgal biomass in the form of condensed energy pellets was found to have a higher calorific value of 20.18 MJ/kg, i.e., 1.2% greater than the average for terrestrial biomass pellets. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that macroalgal biomass has the possibility of becoming a new renewable feedstock with potential for bioenergy. The estimates for the deposition of biomass show possibilities for producing biofuels from marine algal raw material, which provides scope for creating another sustainable alternative for global energy issues with a reduction in environmental problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroalgae are beneficial for consumers and producers due to their high productivity, their chemical composition and their efficient cultivation without additional feed. Asia dominates global macroalgae production, while European production is still marginal and mainly based on wild harvesting in the North Atlantic. The European Commission has launched initiatives to promote the sustainable production, safe consumption and innovative use of macroalgae products in European regional seas, including the Mediterranean Sea. A variety of coastal and seabed types and a wide range of environmental conditions make the Mediterranean a hotspot of marine biodiversity while providing good conditions for the cultivation of macroalgae. The aim of this paper is to compare the global macroalgae production and macroalgae production in the Mediterranean Sea, focussing on the cultivation of edible macroalgae. The paper also discusses the limitations and possibilities of macroalgae production in the region. Macroalgae production is one of the most promising sectors of the blue economy in the Mediterranean. The production of edible macroalgae suitable for human consumption has great potential, considering future population growth and related food security and health issues, as well as the additional ecosystem benefits of macroalgae production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible brown seaweeds, sea spaghetti (SS) and Irish wakame (IW), were incorporated at 2.5% into the formulation of reduced-fat (fat reduced from 25% to 20%, 15%, and 10%) and -salt (sodium chloride—NaCl) (salt reduced from 2% to 1.5%, 1%, and 0.5%) pork sausages. The physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the reformulated sausages were analysed. Subsequently, shelf-life evaluation (lipid oxidation and microbiological analyses) was performed on selected sausages stored under aerobic (AP), MAP70/30 (70% N2:30% CO2), MAP80/20 (80% O2:20% CO2), and vacuum (VP) conditions. Relative to the control, seaweed sausages containing 10% fat had higher (p < 0.05) protein and 1.5% salt seaweed sausages had higher (p < 0.05) ash content. The addition of seaweed did not affect the pH of reduced-fat and -salt sausages, and cook loss increased in reduced-fat sausages. Reduced-fat and -salt seaweed sausages were darker in colour than the experimental controls. Based on sensory results, the most accepted sausages using SS and IW were 10% fat, 0.5% salt (SS10f/0.5s), and 15% fat, 1% salt (IW15f/1s), respectively. With regard to the shelf life of selected seaweed sausages, MAP70/30 (70% N2, 30% CO2) and VP (vacuum packaging) were the most effective approaches for the lipid oxidation and TVC (total viable counts), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds have been utilized for millennia in Asian countries, although they have only more recently become popular in Western society. They began to be used in ancient times because of their long-term properties and, nowadays, seaweeds are being targeted as a potential tool to combat climate change. There are not many laws governing seaweeds because they have just lately been utilized as food. However, guidelines are being developed to regulate their manufacture and use. Because of seaweed's tendency to accumulate components, whether helpful or poisonous, limited doses of certain substances have been established to prevent consumer overdosage. Aside from chemical safety, microbiological safety is important for people, and preventing any pathogen from spreading and infecting seaweeds is critical. As a result, systems and ways to safeguard consumers must be developed. Because various seaweed species have varied compositions, certain seaweeds may be safer nutraceuticals than others. To ensure the safety of seaweed-based food items, the HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system needs to be used. The majority of seaweeds consumed come from aquaculture; however, others come from wild harvesting. To ensure the success of the cultures, the waters must be tested for chemicals and biological risks, as well as for the pH, salinity, and temperature. Seaweeds have enormous promise in many industries, but in the food industry, they are beginning to play a major role, and seizing the chances to produce innovative, safe, and sustainable food sources is strongly advised. This critical review investigates the real potential of seaweed as a human food source and as a nutraceutical solution. This review also focuses on the usage of seaweed as a food product and the procedures required to prepare it. In addition, it compiles information on the applicable legislation and regulations, and it addresses the lengthy road that has to be traveled to increase human well-being by employing a new food source in a controlled manner while simultaneously reducing the human population's health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Rumen buffers are included in ruminant diets to prevent the accumulation of excess acid in the rumen, which can lead to animal health issues and production losses. Laboratory methods to compare different rumen buffers are useful to select the optimal buffer for inclusion in ruminant diets. The influence of key method parameters such as buffer material, threshold pH and test duration are reported. The area under the titration curve was identified as the most sensitive measure of buffer performance. Current laboratory methods to assess the efficacy of rumen buffers do not correlate very well with actual rumen measurements. A new method to model an acidotic rumen provided results that were better related to in vivo data. The inclusion of rumen buffers in ruminant feeds has gained widespread adoption for the prevention of rumen acidosis, thereby avoiding the negative production and health consequences of low rumen pH and resulting in improved feed efficiency. Benchmarking and quality controlling the performance of rumen buffer materials is of significant interest to feed mills and end-user producers. The aim of this study was to evaluate, develop and optimise a laboratory protocol to consistently and robustly evaluate rumen buffering materials in order to predict their in vivo efficacy. Three different methods were evaluated for determining the buffering potential of carbonate buffer materials: (a) 2 and 8 h static pH, (b) 8 h fixed HCl acid load addition and (c) 3 h acidotic diet simulation using acetic acid. Buffer material, threshold pH, test duration and interactions between all three variables were significant (p < 0.001) in evaluating the performance of the buffer materials. The acidotic diet simulation was found to provide a different ranking of materials to the 8 h fixed HCl acid load methodology. The results highlight the importance of method selection and test parameters for accurately evaluating the potential efficacy of rumen buffer materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some biostimulant products provide proven benefits to plant production, potentially offering more environmentally friendly, sustainable, and natural inputs into production systems. However, the transference and predictability of known benefits between different growth environments, application protocols, and management systems are fraught with difficulty. In this study, we carried out carefully controlled glasshouse and in vitro assays with applications of humic acids, protein hydrolysates, and seaweed extract to compare the variability of biostimulant effects and dosage-dependent variations across diverse conditions, encompassing a sufficient range to comprehensively assess their full spectrum of impacts. The results demonstrated a clear trend of dosage-dependent effects with each biostimulant exhibiting a significant growth-promoting effect within a critical concentration range, but detrimental effects when the concentration fell outside this range. While substantial growth-promoting effects were observed under glasshouse conditions, biostimulant applications tended to be more sensitive and generally led to negative impacts in sterilised conditions. The combined use of biostimulants mostly resulted in detrimental and toxicological responses with only two combined treatments showing marginal synergistic effects. The findings demonstrated a complex interplay between biostimulants and the growth conditions of plants. Lack of knowledge of the indirect effects of different growth media may result in negative impacts of biostimulant applications and combinations of products outside narrow critical concentration ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible algae are a natural source of nutrients, including iodine, and can also contain nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) as they can fix nitrogen from seawater. This study aimed to analyse the NO3−, NO2−, and iodine concentrations in eighteen macroalgae and five microalgae species commercially available in the United Kingdom. NO3− and NO2− concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and iodine was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). NO3− and iodine concentrations in macroalgae (NO3−: 4050.13 ± 1925.01 mg/kg; iodine: 1925.01 ± 1455.80 mg/kg) were significantly higher than in microalgae species (NO3−: 55.73 ± 93.69 mg/kg; iodine: 17.61 ± 34.87 mg/kg; p < 0.001 for both). In the macroalgae group, nori had the highest NO3− (17,191.33 ± 980.89 mg/kg) and NO2− (3.64 ± 2.38 mg/kg) content, as well as the highest iodine content. Among microalgae, Dunaliella salina had the highest concentration of NO3− (223.00 ± 21.93 mg/kg) and iodine (79.97 ± 0.76 mg/kg), while Spirulina had the highest concentration of NO2− (7.02 ± 0.13 mg/kg). These results indicate that commercially available edible algae, particularly macroalgae species, could be a relevant dietary source of NO3− and iodine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine algae, encompassing both macroalgae and microalgae, have emerged as a promising and prolific source of bioactive compounds with potent anticancer properties. Despite their significant therapeutic potential, the clinical application of these peptides is hindered by challenges such as poor bioavailability and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. To overcome these limitations, innovative delivery systems, particularly nanocarriers, have been explored. Nanocarriers, including liposomes, nanoparticles, and micelles, have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of marine algal peptides, ensuring controlled release and prolonged therapeutic effects. Marine algal peptides encapsulated in nanocarriers significantly enhance bioavailability, ensuring more efficient absorption and utilization in the body. Preclinical studies have shown promising results, indicating that nanocarrier-based delivery systems can significantly improve the pharmacokinetic profiles and therapeutic outcomes of marine algal peptides. This review delves into the diverse anticancer mechanisms of marine algal peptides, which include inducing apoptosis, disrupting cell cycle progression, and inhibiting angiogenesis. Further research focused on optimizing nanocarrier formulations, conducting comprehensive clinical trials, and continued exploration of marine algal peptides holds great promise for developing innovative, effective, and sustainable cancer therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "inflammatory bowel disease" (IBD) describes a class of relapse-remitting conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Among these, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are two of the most globally prevalent and debilitating conditions. Several articles have brought attention to the significant role that inflammation and oxidative stress cooperatively play in the development of IBD, offering a different viewpoint both on its etiopathogenesis and on strategies for the effective treatment of these conditions. Marine ecosystems may be a significant source of physiologically active substances, supporting the search for new potential clinical therapeutics. Based on this evidence, this review aims to comprehensively evaluate the activity of marine algae and deriving biomolecules in decreasing pathological features of CD and UC. To match this purpose, a deep search of the literature on PubMed (MEDLINE) and Google Scholar was performed to highlight primary biological mechanisms, the modulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress biochemical parameters, and potential clinical benefits deriving from marine species. From our findings, both macroalgae and microalgae have shown potential as therapeutic solutions for IBD due to their bioactive compounds and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities which are capable of modulating markers such as cytokines, the NF-κB pathway, reactive oxidative and nitrosative species (ROS and RNS), trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), lactoferrin, SIRT1, etc. However, while we found promising preclinical evidence, more extensive and long-term clinical studies are necessary to establish the efficacy and safety of marine algae for IBD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition and use of algae in the very trend-driven cosmetic industry is progressively increasing. Up to now, the main focus was on large seaweeds and a limited number of microalgae. However, motile microalgae, flagellates, remain underscored in this aspect, although some of them are utilized commercially. Flagellates from different taxonomic groups occupy various habitats and contain bioactive high-value multifunctional compounds, some of which are novel. Moreover, they may simultaneously produce different substances, which together with the development of downstream processing technologies, makes them a promising source for modern biotechnology. The present review covers data on 411 strains, 251 species from 110 genera from 6 phyla, and is oriented generally towards less explored flagellates. It demonstrates their great potential as bearers of interesting novel compounds that can be beneficially applied in modern cosmetics. Safety aspects of both sources and products are also discussed. Considering the gaps in the knowledge, the necessity to expand the research on both well-known and yet unexplored microalgae is shown, encouraging the development of upstreaming processes, including phycoprospecting. Last but not least, this paper outlines the role of living culture collections and of using good taxonomic expertise before running the biochemical tests, cultivation, and bioengineering experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onion (Allium cepa L.), a globally cultivated vegetable crop, possesses a shallow root system, making it vulnerable to abiotic stresses. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events in recent years necessitates sustainable solutions to enhance onion growth. Biostimulants offer a promising and accessible approach to promote onion growth and quality in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner. This study investigated the effects of nine commercial microbial biostimulants (LALRISE Mycorrhizae, LALRISE Bacillus, Mighty Mycorrhizae, MycoApply, Spectrum DS, Spectrum Myco, Spectrum, Tribus Original, and Tribus Continuum) and one non-microbial commercial biostimulant (Kelpak—seaweed extract) on the seedling growth of three onion cultivars: Carta Blanca (white), Don Victoro (yellow), and Sofire (red). The results indicated that biostimulants did not significantly affect onion seed germination, but germination rates did vary among the onion cultivars. These cultivars also exhibited significant morphological and biomass differences, with principal component analysis revealing a more obvious effect on root growth compared to shoot growth. Kelpak seaweed extract increased the plant height, leaf area, and shoot fresh weight and dry weight of onion seedlings but decreased the root-to-shoot dry-weight ratio. The effects of microbial biostimulants on onion seedling growth depended on both the onion cultivar and Kelpak seaweed extract. In general, LALRISE Mycorrhizae, Mighty Mycorrhizae, Spectrum Myco, Spectrum DS, and Tribus Continuum exhibited positive effects on seedling growth in certain onion cultivars. Furthermore, the benefits of microbial biostimulants were amplified when combined with Kelpak seaweed extract application. These findings suggest a synergistic interaction between microbial and non-microbial biostimulants, leading to enhanced onion seedling growth. Further research is required to evaluate the long-term effects of these biostimulants on onion plant growth after transplanting to fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina is a highly nutritious microalgae commonly used as a food additive. During fermentation, different adjuncts are incorporated to act as a nutrient source for yeast and fortify or modify the sensory attributes of the final product. In this study, the effect of Spirulina on the characteristics of controlled yeast fermentation and the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was analyzed. Spirulina was added to malted barley during mashing and fermented under standard conditions. An unaltered mash (negative control) and yeast extract (positive control) were also fermented. The addition of Spirulina resulted in an increased fermentation rate (~14% faster) and bigger yeast cells (~34% larger) in comparison to the negative control. There were differences in color (determined as SRM) between treatments; however, there were only minor differences in VOCs, with no statistical differences observed between chemical compound groups. No differences were observed in the pH, total number of yeast cells, or final attenuation between treatments. The primary mechanism for the observed differences is believed to be an increase in amino acids available to yeast that were contributed by the Spirulina. This shows both that Spirulina has a high potential as a fermentation adjunct and that the amino acid profile of an adjunct can significantly impact fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the hydroelastic behavior of submersible circular seaweed platforms under wave action. The circular platform comprises circular collars constructed from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes and seaweed grow-out lines arranged in the radial direction. The HDPE pipes may be filled with air, seawater, or pressurized seawater. The platform is kept in place by using a single-point mooring system and buoys. The platform may be lowered to over a hundred meters below the water surface to allow the seaweed to be soaked in cold nutrient-rich waters during the night and be raised to the surface for photosynthesis during the day. Also, the platform will be submerged during storms to avoid strong surface waves. The submergence is achieved by using a service vessel and surface buoys that secure the submerged platform with ropes. The hydroelastic analysis of the platform is performed using AquaSim software (v. 2.18), which has been developed specifically for hydroelastic analysis of aquaculture infrastructure. It is found that the hydroelastic response of the seaweed platform can be reduced by filling HDPE pipes with seawater and through the installation of seaweed grow-out lines. It is also found that the compressive stresses in HDPE pipes can be reduced by pressurizing the filled seawater, thereby keeping them below the allowable compressive stresses for severe sea states where pipes with unpressurized seawater show excessive compressive stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the mechanism of copper accumulation in the marine alga Ulva compressa, it was cultivated with 10 μM of copper, with 10 μM of copper and increasing concentrations of a sulfide donor (NaHS) for 0 to 7 days, and with 10 μM of copper and a concentration of the sulfide acceptor (hypotaurine) for 5 days. The level of intracellular copper was determined as well as the level of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs) and the expression of metallothioneins (UcMTs). The level of intracellular copper in the algae treated with copper increased at day 1, slightly increased until day 5 and remained unchanged until day 7. The level of copper in the algae cultivated with copper and 100 or 200 μM of NaHS continuously increased until day 7 and the copper level was higher in the algae cultivated with 200 μM of NaHS compared to 100 μM of NaHS. In contrast, the level of intracellular copper decreased in the algae treated with copper and hypotaurine. The level of intracellular copper did not correlate with the level of GSH or with the expression of UcMTs, and PCs were not detected in response to copper, or copper and NaHS. Algae treated with copper and with copper and 200 μM of NaHS for 5 days were visualized by TEM and the elemental composition of electrondense particles was analyzed by EDXS. The algae treated with copper showed electrondense particles containing copper and sulfur, but not nitrogen, and they were mainly located in the chloroplast, but also in the cytoplasm. The algae treated with copper and NaHS showed a higher level of electrondense particles containing copper and sulfur, but not nitrogen, and they were located in the chloroplast, and in the cytoplasm. Thus, copper is accumulated as copper sulfide insoluble particles, and not bound to GSH, PCs or UcMTs, in the marine alga U. compressa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization and climate change are both contributing to an increase in the number of potentially invasive algae in coastal areas. In terms of biodiversity and financial losses, the invasiveness of algae has become a significant issue in Orbetello Lagoon. Indeed, studies from the Tuscany Regional Agency for Environmental Protection show that the reduction in dissolved oxygen caused by algal diffusion is detrimental to fisheries and biodiversity. Considering that wakame and numerous other potentially invasive seaweeds are consumed as food in Asia, we assess the nutritional and nutraceutical qualities of two potentially invasive seaweeds: Valonia aegagrophila and Chaetomorpha linum. We found that both algae are a valuable source of proteins and essential amino acids. Even if the fat content accounts for less than 2% of the dried weight, its quality is high, due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids. Both algae are rich in antioxidants pigments and polyphenols, which can be exploited as nutraceuticals. Most importantly, human gastrointestinal digestion increased the quantity of polyphenols and originated secondary metabolites with ACE inhibitory activity. Taken together, our data strongly promote the use of Valonia aegagrophila and Chaetomorpha linum as functional foods, with possible application in the treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global food industry faces a critical challenge in ensuring sustainable practices to meet the demands of a growing population while minimizing environmental impact. At the same time, consumer awareness and the demand for quality products drive innovation and inspire positive changes in the food supply chain. Aiming to create a more sustainable and nutrient-rich alternative, this study is summarized by characterizing the physical and chemical characteristics of algae-enriched chickpea hummus: an innovative approach to popular food products. The algae-enriched hummuses were developed with an incorporation (6% w/w) of Gelidium corneum and Fucus vesiculosus seaweeds and Chlorella vulgaris (hetero and autotrophic) microalgae to reveal their technological potential and evaluate the nutritional and rheological characteristics relative to a control hummus (without algae). From a nutritional perspective, the main results indicated that hummus enriched with microalgae showed an increase in protein content and an improved mineral profile. This was particularly notable for the seaweed F. vesiculosus and the autotrophic microalga C. vulgaris, leading to claims of being a "source of" and "rich in" various minerals. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of hummus containing F. vesiculosus and C. vulgaris increased significantly compared to the control. From a rheological perspective, incorporating algae into the humus strengthened its structure. The microalgae further enhanced the dish's elasticity and firmness, thus improving this chickpea-based dish´s overall texture and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroalgae seaweeds such as Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa cause problems on the northern coast of the Italian Adriatic Sea because their overabundance hinders the growth of cultivated clams, Rudatapes philippinarum. This study focused on the green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles from U. lactuca and G. verrucosa. The biosynthesized CuO NPs were successfully characterized using FTIR, XRD, HRTEM/EDX, and zeta potential. Nanoparticles from the two different algae species are essentially identical, with the same physical characteristics and almost the same antimicrobial activities. We have not investigated the cause of this identity, but it seems likely to arise from the reaction of Cu with the same algae metabolites in both species. The study demonstrates that it is possible to obtain useful products from these macroalgae through a green synthesis approach and that they should be considered as not just a cause of environmental and economic damage but also as a potential source of income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gelidiales comprises economically valuable species of marine red algae that are found globally, in cold, temperate, and warm waters. Although there is much known about the species diversity and distribution of this order, it remains underexplored on the temperate coast of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. This study aimed to update current knowledge about the intertidal Gelidiaceae found on the temperate coast of Argentina using a combination of rbcL data and morpho-anatomical studies and to evaluate the morphological variability among species related to habitat characteristics. Three morphotypes were found at the six localities surveyed; two were identified as different morphologies of Gelidium crinale and one was identified as Gelidium carolinianum. Populations of both species were widespread and coexisted extensively from 37° S to 40° S along the Argentinean coast. G. carolinianum is newly reported in the Southern Hemisphere, indicating it has a disjunct distribution that includes the North Atlantic and Mediterranean as well. Molecular data confirmed previous reports of G. crinale in Argentina, a species that exhibited broad morphological variability among sites. The development of both spermatangia and carpogonia on the same fertile gametophyte thalli in G. crinale and G. carolinianum was described for the first time and demonstrated that they are monoecious. These findings shed light on the diversity and biogeography of Gelidiales from temperate South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargassum fusiforme and Sargassum fulvellum are types of brown algae used for their nutritional value and medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Despite their importance in various industries, many seaweed byproducts containing dietary fiber and polysaccharides are discarded in landfills. These byproducts can be recycled and repurposed for different applications. In this study, we investigated the impact of S. fusiforme food processing byproducts (MbP-SFF) and S. fulvellum food processing byproducts (MbP-SFV) on improving intestinal motility and reducing inflammation in mice with constipation induced by loperamide. To evaluate this, mice were orally administered 500 mg/kg/day of the byproducts once daily for 8 days. Constipation was induced by 5 mg/kg/day of loperamide for two days after oral administration for 6 days. Each sample contained approximately 70% carbohydrates. MbP-SFF had 52.0% mannuronic acid and 18.8% guluronic acid, while MbP-SFV had 36.9% mannuronic acid and 32.9% guluronic acid. These byproducts enhanced fecal excretion and intestinal motility by modulating inflammatory responses. Furthermore, they restored the balance of the gut microbiota disrupted by loperamide, increasing beneficial Bifidobacterium and reducing harmful Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, MbP-SFF and MbP-SFV improved intestinal motility and inflammation by influencing the gut microbiota and inflammatory responses in a loperamide-induced mouse model. These byproducts show potential as ingredients in functional foods aimed at enhancing gut health, potentially reducing waste disposal costs and addressing environmental concerns associated with their utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to eliminate the fishy odor and improve the aroma quality of seafood. In this study, the Saccharina japonica (S. japonica) seedling, which is a new food material, was investigated for the effects of fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) through sensory evaluation, GC–MS, and odor activity value (OAV) analysis. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of 43 volatile compounds in the unfermented S. japonica seedling, with 1-octen-3-ol, hexanal, and trans-2,4-decadienal identified as the main contributors to its fishy odor. After fermentation with S. cerevisiae, 26 volatile compounds were identified in the S. japonica seedling. Notably, the major malodorous fish compounds, including 1-octen-3-ol, hexanal and trans-2,4-decadienal, were no longer present. The results indicate that fermentation with S. cerevisiae is an effective method for removing fishy malodor compounds and enhancing the volatile components with fruity, sweet, green, and floral notes in the Saccharina japonica seedling. This process facilitates the elimination of fishy malodor and enhance the fruity, sweet, green, and floral notes of S. japonica seeding and other seaweeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed, a diverse and abundant marine resource, holds promise as a renewable feedstock for bioplastics due to its polysaccharide-rich composition. This review explores different methods for extracting and processing seaweed polysaccharides, focusing on the production of alginate plastic materials. Seaweed emerges as a promising solution, due to its abundance, minimal environmental impact, and diverse industrial applications, such as feed and food, plant and soil nutrition, nutraceutical hydrocolloids, personal care, and bioplastics. Various manufacturing techniques, such as solvent casting, injection moulding, and extrusion, are discussed for producing seaweed-based bioplastics. Alginate, obtained mainly from brown seaweed, is particularly known for its gel-forming properties and presents versatile applications in many sectors (food, pharmaceutical, agriculture). This review further examines the current state of the bioplastics market, highlighting the growing demand for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. The integration of seaweed-derived bioplastics into mainstream markets presents opportunities for reducing plastic pollution and promoting sustainability in material production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most canopy-forming macroalgae have disappeared from temperate reefs in southern Japan, one of the ocean warming hotspots, but Sargassum nipponicum is surviving in this region. As this species' annual shoots emerge from holdfasts during summer, both plant components may be highly tolerant to warm and nutrient-poor conditions in this season. The present study examined the effects of temperature and nutrient conditions on holdfast growth, shoot emergence from holdfasts, and shoot growth in S. nipponicum samples collected in Tanegashima Island, southern Japan. The summer temperature in this region (30 °C) allowed holdfast growth and shoot emergence but inhibited shoot growth. Nutrient-poor conditions had limited effects on the first two parameters but suppressed shoot growth. These results suggested that during warm summers and under nutrient-poor conditions in southern Japan, shoots can emerge from S. nipponicum holdfasts but cannot further grow. Additionally, nutrient loading from a nearby river was higher at the only site dominated by S. nipponicum, than at the other sites where this species was absent on Tanegashima Island. This was observed especially between autumn and winter, implying that such a nutrient-rich environment may contribute to shoot growth in S. nipponicum and to the persistence of its population in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research assessed the feasibility of adding Cochayuyo seaweed flour (at 30, 50, and 70% levels) to rice flour-based paste to improve its 3D printing quality. The paste's rheological properties, printing quality, texture profile, thermal properties, and color of 3D-printed foods were explored. Results showed that pastes with Cochayuyo addition exhibited shear-thinning behavior, and viscosity increased with increased Cochayuyo concentration. Viscoelastic properties and a Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) revealed that Cochayuyo improved mechanical strength and made the paste easier to flow, improving printed food's extrudability, fidelity, and shape retention, which was better observed in RC50 and RC70 printed at 15 mm s−1. A differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed a partial substitution of rice flour for Cochayuyo flour in the formulation. This increased the onset and melting peak temperatures and reduced the enthalpy of fusion. CIE color parameters a*, b*, and L* showed that Cochayuyo addition increased the color to yellow and red; however, lightness was considerably reduced. Therefore, Cochayuyo flour could have the potential to be used for the manufacture improvement of 3D-printed food with better rheological, mechanical, thermal, printing quality, and nutritional properties, making possible the exploitation of the native Cochayuyo seaweed, which is highly available in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Seaweed aquaculture plays an important role in global food supply, but single-species intensive seaweed aquaculture has problems related to simple industrial structure and risk susceptibility. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a series of large-scale seaweed rotational culture models to address the current industrial challenges in algae culture. The culture of macroalgae is mainly affected by environmental factors such as water temperature and light. In this study, we constructed a rotational culture model by carrying out experiments with three species of macroalgae, observing in situ their photosynthetic activity responses to different temperature and light conditions. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of large-scale rotational aquaculture, which can effectively improve the ecological and economic value of macroalgae aquaculture. Seaweed farming has made outstanding contributions to food supply and the restoration of the ecological environment despite the limitations in production and ecological effects due to the current intensive farming of single algae species. These limitations can be overcome by selecting suitable algal species based on their physiological characteristics and by constructing a large-scale seaweed rotation model. This study carried out a trial culture in aquaculture sea areas, and performed in situ monitoring of the environmental conditions and physiological characteristics of Saccharina japonica, Hizikia fusiformis, and Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. Additionally, a comparative analysis of the three macroalgae at different times was conducted to determine their response characteristics to environmental factors. The results showed that: (1) The three macroalgae had varying light tolerance. The effective quantum yield of Hizikia fusiformis and Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis remained unchanged during the changes in light environment, while that of Saccharina japonica first decreased and then recovered. (2) The relative electron transport rates of the three macroalgae were significantly different under different temperature conditions. Hizikia fusiformis and Saccharina japonica exhibited the highest relative electron transport rates (70.45 and 106.75, respectively) in May (20.3 °C). Notably, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis demonstrated good growth and exhibited the highest relative electron transport rate (93.07) in September (27.5 °C). These findings collectively support the feasibility of establishing a macroalgae rotation model. Based on the combined environmental conditions of the seas in Shandong, Zhejiang, and Fujian, a macroalgae rotation model was proposed. The application of this model in the construction of artificial seaweed farms in marine ranches can provide a stable output of large-scale seaweed production and ecological benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While edible algae might seem low in fat, the lipids they contain are crucial for good health and preventing chronic diseases. This study introduces a binary matrix to analyze all the polar lipids in both macroalgae (Wakame—Undaria pinnatifida, Dulse—Palmaria palmata, and Nori—Porphyra spp.) and microalgae (Spirulina—Arthrospira platensis, and Chlorella—Chlorella vulgaris) using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The key lies in a new dual matrix made by combining equimolar amounts of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and 9-aminoacridine (9AA). This combination solves the limitations of single matrices: 9AA is suitable for sulfur-containing lipids and acidic phospholipids, while DAN excels as an electron-transfer secondary reaction matrix for intact chlorophylls and their derivatives. By employing the equimolar binary matrix, a wider range of algal lipids, including free fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, pigments, and even rare arsenosugarphospholipids were successfully detected, overcoming drawbacks related to ion suppression from readily ionizable lipids. The resulting mass spectra exhibited a good signal-to-noise ratio at a lower laser fluence and minimized background noise. This improvement stems from the binary matrix's ability to mitigate in-source decay effects, a phenomenon often encountered for certain matrices. Consequently, the data obtained are more reliable, facilitating a faster and more comprehensive exploration of algal lipidomes using high-throughput MALDI-MS/MS analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroalgae populations are influenced by various factors that define their spatial and temporal distribution in different habitats and regions. In Mexico, studies addressing the abundance and diversity of macroalgae communities related to environmental factors are scarce. The objective is to determine the spatio-temporal variation of the structure of the community of seaweeds in Xpicob and Villamar, Campeche, during three climatic seasons. Sampling took place during each season using transects and quadrants; additionally, the type of substrate, water temperature, transparency, depth, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, were recorded. The total richness was 74 taxa, corresponding to three classes: Phaeophyceae (3), Florideophyceae (36), and Ulvophyceae (35). Filamentous algae dominate in species richness in the intertidal zone at low depths, while fleshy and calcareous algae predominate in number and biomass in the subtidal zone at higher depths (60–200 cm). Twenty-eight species were common to both sites; meanwhile, 46 taxa were exclusive of specific sites, including 13 found exclusively in Xpicob and 33 in Villamar. The most favorable climatic season for the macroalgae located in Xpicob was the winter rain. For the macroalgae community in Villamar, the most favorable climatic season was the dry. These differences are likely attributed to the predominant environmental and physicochemical characteristics of each site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brining and dry salting are traditional preservation techniques used to extend the shelf life of foods including seaweeds. In this study, brining (40% NaCl solution weight/volume) and dry salting (30% weight/weight) processes were applied to fresh kelp to achieve a target water activity of less than 0.77, and the effect of salting treatment on consumer acceptance was assessed. The processed samples were stored at 4 °C for 2 weeks until the sensory analysis. Processed kelp samples were used as the primary ingredient in a salad with shredded carrots and sesame dressing. Three salad samples (salad with fresh kelp (control), brined, or dry salted sugar kelp) were presented to the panelists to assess the liking of sensory attributes including salt intensity, color, aroma, flavor, texture, and overall liking. Significant differences in the liking of flavor and texture were observed, with consumers rating both treatments made with salted seaweed higher than a salad made from fresh seaweed. Panelists identified the availability and lack of information regarding nutritional benefits as barriers to their seaweed consumption. These results indicate that in addition to extending shelf life, the preservation of kelp by salting may increase consumer acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'cosmeceutical' refers to cosmetic products that offer medicinal or drug-like benefits. Marine algae are rich sources of bioactive compounds, particularly carbohydrates and peptides, which have gained attention for their potential in cosmeceuticals. These compounds are abundant, safe, and have minimal cytotoxicity effects. They offer various benefits to the skin, including addressing rashes, pigmentation, aging, and cancer. Additionally, they exhibit properties such as antimicrobial, skin-whitening, anti-aging, antioxidant, and anti-melanogenic effects. This review surveys the literature on the cosmeceutical potentials of algae-derived compounds, focusing on their roles in skin whitening, anti-aging, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial applications. The discussion also includes current challenges and future opportunities for using algae for cosmeceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale strandings of Sargassum spp. seaweeds occur annually on the beaches of the Caribbean islands and cause major environmental, health, and economic problems. In order to support an approach of valorisation of algae, an exhaustive characterisation of the composition of these seaweeds has been performed by analysing the contents in alginates, structural carbohydrates (fucans and glucans), minerals, proteins, lipids, mannitol, polyphenols, and heavy metals. Nine batches were collected at different harvesting sites over the years 2021 and 2022, to estimate the spatial and temporal variation in Sargassum composition. A batch of floats was harvested and analysed to estimate the differences in composition between floats and whole algae. Samples collected during the same year (floats or entire plant, freshly collected or stored) showed no significant differences in composition. However, slight differences were observed between batches collected in the two years. Some samples showed significant amounts of heavy metals, especially arsenic. A detailed structural carbohydrates analysis was carried out and discussed with literature data. As the nitrogen content of algae is an interesting parameter for food or agronomic uses, protein analysis enabled us to calculate a new nitrogen–protein conversion factor, specific to these algae species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited knowledge is available regarding biochar (BC) obtained from beach-cast seaweed, which needs to be characterized to better prospect its potential applications. Beach-cast seaweed BCs were produced at two temperatures (300 and 600 °C) and two residence times (1 and 3 h). First, an extensive characterization of feedstock and their derived BCs was performed. Then, an incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of these BCs as ameliorants in two acidic soils, classified as Umbrisols. Proximate and elemental analyses suggested the presence of more stable C structures in BCs at 600 °C with a high C, fixed carbon (FC) and low H, O and volatile matter (VM); additionally, thermogravimetric graphics showed less weight loss. Some features from the raw material were present in biochars obtained at 300 °C but absent at 600 °C. Dissolved organic carbon was much lower in BCs pyrolyzed at 600 °C than at 300 °C, suggesting the higher aromaticity of the former, allowing more resistance to water extraction. The breakdown of proteinaceous soluble materials after pyrolysis was revealed by fluorescence. Residence time caused minor effects in biochar properties compared to temperature. The soil pH and macronutrient availability of the two studied soils increased after beach-cast seaweed biochar addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed extracts have several functions in agriculture due to their composition that is rich in nutrients, plant hormones, and bioactive substances. It is a natural product used as a biostimulant especially to promote the growth and development of plants and their tolerance to environmental stresses. The objective of this study was to analyze the response to a biostimulant containing seaweed extract derived from Ascophyllum nodosum in the cultivation of tomato and eggplant seedlings, analyzing the growth and physiological parameters in two different regions of Brazil. Cherry tomato and eggplant were cultivated in polyethylene trays for 30 days. In each crop, five treatments were tested, comparing the use of a commercial seaweed extract in application doses and forms, which were the control (without seaweed application); 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% of the seaweed extract applied by irrigation water; and treatment with 0.2% of the seaweed extract by foliar application. This study confirms the efficacy of incorporating seaweed extract from Ascophyllum nodosum as a bio-input into the production phase of Solanaceae seedlings. The seedlings which received the seaweed extract significantly increased some morphological parameters, mainly regarding the biomass and length of leaves, stems, and roots. In general, applying both methods through irrigation water and foliar application were effective in providing benefits compared to the control treatment. The intermediate dose (0.2%) was the most effective in promoting improvement in the analyzed parameters. This underscores the importance of obtaining quality seedlings for subsequent planting in the field, potentially leading to better acclimatization and initial adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroalgal wracks can be considered unpleasant for beach users and, consequently, they are usually collected from most touristic beaches and discarded. However, seaweeds are an important source of bioactive lipid compounds, such as phospholipids, glycolipids, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), displaying multiple health-promoting properties, including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study is to characterize the lipid composition of twelve marine seaweed species (two green, six red, and four brown species) from macroalgal wracks of Gran Canaria Island, and to evaluate their potential use for several purposes, including human and animal nutrition. Lipid content, lipid classes, and fatty acid profiles of isolated specimens from the macroalgal wracks were determined. Lipid contents ranged between 0.27 and 3.17% of dry weight, with all species showing high phytosterols proportions and balanced omega-6/omega-3 (n-6/n-3) ratios. In addition, Cymopolia barbata, Asparagopsis sp., and Hypnea spinella seem to be an attractive source of both mono- and di-galactosyl-diacylglycerols, while A. stellata, Jania sp., and Lobophora sp. are relatively rich in n-3 LC−PUFA. Finally, both green algae showed the most favorable values for the nutritional indicators of cardiovascular health promotion. Overall, the macroalgal species analyzed could be considered as interesting sources for human and animal nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulva rigida green macroalgae contain a variety of polysaccharides. A recent study investigated the optimum concentration and yield of polysaccharide extraction from oven-dried U. rigida biomass using a water-soluble polysaccharide extraction method that adhered to safety standards. This study utilised complete factorial experiments to examine the effects of varying factors on polysaccharide extraction. Results showed a positive correlation between increased levels of all factors and higher polysaccharide extraction yield. This study also found that the main factors and their interaction had a significant impact on the extracted polysaccharides from U. rigida. The highest polysaccharide content and yield were 9.5 mg/mL and 189 mg/g, respectively. Water-soluble polysaccharides demonstrated the presence of reducing sugar (8 mg/g), phenolics (0.69 mg/g) and flavonoids (1.42 mg/g) and exhibited antioxidant properties. Results revealed that freeze-dried polysaccharide powders were primarily composed of the monosaccharide rhamnose. Preliminary results on the effect of these powders on probiotics demonstrated that supplementation of polysaccharides from U. rigida promoted viable Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 growth during cultivation. This discovery has the potential to revolutionise the human food industry and promote the development of functional ingredients for novel and future food products, with numerous applications in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CRISPR-Cas systems are adaptive immune mechanisms present in most prokaryotes that play an important role in the adaptation of bacteria and archaea to new environments. Shewanella algae is a marine zoonotic pathogen with worldwide distribution, which accounts for the majority of clinical cases of Shewanella infections. However, the characterization of Shewanella algae CRISPR-Cas systems has not been well investigated yet. Through whole genome sequence analysis, we characterized the CRISPR-Cas systems in S. algae. Our results indicate that CRISPR-Cas systems are prevalent in S. algae, with the majority of strains containing the Type I-F system. This study provides new insights into the diversity and function of CRISPR-Cas systems in S. algae and highlights their potential role in the adaptation and survival of these marine pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacterial communities related to seaweed can vary considerably across different locations, and these variations influence the seaweed's nutrition, growth, and development. To study this further, we evaluated the bacteria found on the green marine seaweed Ulva prolifera from Garorim Bay and Muan Bay, two key locations on Republic of Korea's west coast. Our analysis found notable differences in the bacterial communities between the two locations. Garorim Bay hosted a more diverse bacterial population, with the highest number of ASVs (871) compared to Muan Bay's 156 ASVs. In Muan Bay, more than 50% of the bacterial community was dominated by Pseudomonadota. On the other hand, Garorim Bay had a more balanced distribution between Bacteroidota and Pseudomonadota (37% and 35.5%, respectively). Additionally, Cyanobacteria, particularly Cyanothece aeruginosa, were found in significant numbers in Garorim Bay, making up 8% of the community. Mineral analysis indicated that Garorim Bay had higher levels of S, Na, Mg, Ca, and Fe. Function-wise, both locations exhibited bacterial enrichment in amino acid production, nucleosides, and nucleotide pathways. In conclusion, this study broadens our understanding of the bacterial communities associated with Ulva prolifera in Korean waters and provides a foundation for future research on the relationships between U. prolifera and its bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional food factors can play a preventive and therapeutic role in several human diseases. The marine alga Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) has restorative effects in several types of metabolic disorders, including osteoporosis, diabetes, inflammatory conditions, and cancer cell growth. Osteoporosis is widely recognized as a major public health problem. Bone loss associated with ageing and diabetic states was prevented through the intake of bioactive compounds from S. horneri water extract in vivo by stimulating osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro. The intake of S. horneri water extract was found to have preventive effects on diabetic findings with an increase in serum glucose and lipid components. Furthermore, the S. horneri component has been shown to suppress adipogenesis from rat bone marrow cells and inflammatory conditions in vitro. Notably, the growth of bone metastatic human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, which induce bone loss with osteolytic effects, was suppressed through culturing with the S. horneri water extract component in vitro. The S. horneri component, which has a molecular weight of less than 1000, was found to suppress the activation of NF-κB signaling by tumor necrosis factor-α, a cytokine associated with inflammation, in osteoblastic cells and macrophage RAW264.7 cells in vitro, suggesting a molecular mechanism. The bioactive component of S. horneri may play a multifunctional role in the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders. This review outlines the advanced knowledge of the biological activity of the aqueous extract components of S. horneri and discusses the development of health supplements using this material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, different extraction methods and conditions were used for the extraction of antioxidants from brown macroalgae Fucus spiralis. The extraction methodologies used were ultrasound-assisted extraction (ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic probe), extraction with a vortex, extraction with an Ultra-Turrax® homogenizer, and high-pressure-assisted extraction. The extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity, and evaluated through the 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction yielded the highest values of TPC (94.78–474.16 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract). Regarding the antioxidant activity, vortex-assisted extraction gave the best DPPH results (IC50 1.89–16 µg/mL), while the highest FRAP results were obtained using the Ultra-Turrax® homogenizer (502.16–1188.81 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g extract). For each extraction method, response surface methodology was used to analyze the influence of the experimental conditions "extraction time" (t), "biomass/solvent ratio" (R), "solvent" (S, water % in water/ethanol mixture), and "pressure" (P) on TPC, DPPH, and FRAP of the F. spiralis extracts. In general, higher TPC content and higher antioxidant capacity (lower IC50 and higher FRAP) were obtained with higher R, t, and P, and lower S (higher ethanol %). The model regarding the combined effects of independent variables t, R, and S on the FRAP response values for vortex-assisted extractions best fitted the experimental data (R2 0.957), with optimal extraction conditions of t = 300 s, R = 50 g, and S = 25%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the major causes of death, and its negative impact continues to rise globally. Chemotherapy, which is the most common therapy, has several limitations due to its tremendous side effects. Therefore, developing an alternate therapeutic agent with high biocompatibility is indeed needed. The anti-oxidative effects and bioactivities of several different crude extracts of marine algae have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we synthesized the aqueous extract (HA) from the marine algae Amphiroa anceps, and then, a liposome was formulated for that extract (NHA). The extracts were characterized using different photophysical tools like dynamic light scattering, UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and GC-MS analysis. The SEM image revealed a size range of 112–185 nm for NHA and the GC-MS results showed the presence of octadecanoic acid and n-Hexadecanoic acid in the majority. The anticancer activity was studied using A549 cells, and the NHA inhibited the cancer cells dose-dependently, with the highest killing of 92% at 100 μg/mL. The in vivo studies in the zebrafish model showed that neither the HA nor NHA of Amphiroa anceps showed any teratogenic effect. The outcome of our study showed that NHA can be a potential drug candidate for inhibiting cancer with good biocompatibility up to a dose of 100 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surge in global utilization of petroleum-based plastics, which notably heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic, has substantially increased its harm to ecosystems. Considering the escalating environmental impact, a pivotal shift towards bioplastics usage is imperative. Exploring and implementing bioplastics as a viable alternative could mitigate the ecological burden posed by traditional plastics. Macroalgae is a potential feedstock for the production of bioplastics due to its abundance, fast growth, and high cellulose and sugar content. Researchers have recently explored various methods for extracting and converting macroalgae into bioplastic. Some of the key challenges in the production of macroalgae bioplastics are the high costs of large-scale production and the need to optimize the extraction and conversion processes to obtain high-quality bioplastics. However, the potential benefits of using macroalgae for bioplastic production include reducing plastic waste and greenhouse gas emissions, using healthier materials in various life practices, and developing a promising area for future research and development. Also, bioplastic provides job opportunities in free enterprise and contributes to various applications such as packaging, medical devices, electronics, textiles, and cosmetics. The presented review aims to discuss the problem of petroleum-based plastic, bioplastic extraction from macroalgae, bioplastic properties, biodegradability, its various applications, and its production challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal copper (Cu) will inevitably impact the marine macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (G. lemaneiformis), which is a culture of economic importance along China's coastline. In this study, the detoxification mechanism of Cu stress on G. lemaneiformis was revealed by assessing physiological indicators in conjunction with transcriptome and metabolome analyses at 1 d after Cu stress. Our findings revealed that 25 μM Cu stimulated ROS synthesis and led to the enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid residues. This process subsequently impeded G. lemaneiformis growth by suppressing photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, protein synthesis, etc. The entry of Cu ions into the algae was facilitated by ZIPs and IRT transporters, presenting as Cu2+. Furthermore, there was an up-regulation of Cu efflux transporters HMA5 and ABC family transporters to achieve compartmentation to mitigate the toxicity. The results revealed that G. lemaneiformis elevated the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and ascorbate-glutathione cycle to maintain ROS homeostasis. Additionally, metabolites such as flavonoids, 3-O-methylgallic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-gama-carotene, and eicosapentaenoic acid were up-regulated compared with the control, indicating that they might play roles in response to Cu stress. In summary, this study offers a comprehensive insight into the detoxification mechanisms driving the responses of G. lemaneiformis to Cu exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) were grown in a greenhouse to evaluate organic fertilizer and foliar seaweed application effects on plant architecture, yield, and fruit quality. Many organic fertilizers contain phytohormones intrinsically. Hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed fish fertilizer and cyano-fertilizer treatments were applied in split applications every 7 days over a 135-day growing period. Control plants received no supplemental N. Each fertilizer treatment received applications of one of two different foliar seaweeds or no foliar seaweed in a 4 × 3 factorial design with three replications. Both hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed fish fertilizers and cyano-fertilizer increased the number of branches per plant compared to the N-deficient control. The plants receiving cyano-fertilizer or non-hydrolyzed fish fertilizer yielded more than the N-deficient control, and those treatments received 2–3 times the auxin application as the hydrolyzed fish fertilizer. In addition, the leaves from the plants treated with non-hydrolyzed fish fertilizer contained substantially higher levels of abscisic acid, although no abscisic acid was detected in the fertilizers. Both seaweed products decreased the number of fruits that were "bell"-shaped and increased the number of "long"-shaped fruits. Organic fertilizers are complex matrices of nutrients, phytohormones, and other metabolites, making it very challenging to determine the mechanisms behind the observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been beaching events of the marine alga pelagic sargassum in coastal regions of the Caribbean Sea, West African countries, and the north-northeast region of Brazil since 2011. Its presence has caused environmental and socioeconomic impacts while several studies were conducted in order to understand the causes of this phenomenon, as well as alternatives to mitigate its impacts. The objective of this research was to evaluate pelagic sargassum biomass from beaching as a raw material for the manufacture of medium-density multilayer particleboards, aiming for an application that can reduce the impacts generated by the disposal of this seaweed on beaches and landfills. These are composed of 30% sargassum particles in their inner layer and 70% sugarcane bagasse particles on their outer layers, which are bonded with castor-oil-based polyurethane resin. A physical and chemical characterization was carried out in order to evaluate sargassum particles while physical and mechanical tests were carried out in order to evaluate the panels. Results were subsequently compared with indications from different particleboard standards. A life cycle assessment was carried out to complement the feasibility study of these panels and to compare their different manufacturing processes. The multilayer panels met the minimum requirements for physical and mechanical properties established by regulations, indicating that the Sargassum spp. biomass can be used as filling. The life cycle assessment study indicates that sargassum panels produced in the Belém, PA, Brazil, region present lower environmental impacts in four of seven evaluated categories when compared to conventional panels. Given the results obtained, the use of sargassum from beaching events as raw material for panels can be presented as an alternative for reducing social, economic, and environmental impacts in the regions affected by these events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to a global shift towards health-conscious and environmentally sustainable food choices, seaweed has emerged as a focus for researchers due to its large-scale cultivation potential and the development of bioactive substances. This research explores the potential anticancer properties of seaweed extracts, focusing on analyzing the impact of four common edible seaweeds in Taiwan on prostate cancer (PCa) cells' activity. The study used bioassay-guided fractionation to extract Cl80 from various seaweeds with androgen receptor (AR)-inhibitory activity. Cl80 demonstrated effective suppression of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced AR activity in 103E cells and attenuated the growth and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) protein expression in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. Additionally, Cl80 exhibited differential effects on various PCa cell lines. Concentrations above 5 μg/mL significantly inhibited LNCaP cell proliferation, while 22Rv1 cells were more resistant to Cl80. PC-3 cell proliferation was inhibited at 5 μg/mL but not completely at 50 μg/mL. A clonogenic assay showed that at a concentration of 0.5 μg/mL, the colony formation in LNCaP and PC-3 cells was significantly reduced, with a dose-dependent effect. Cl80 induced apoptosis in all PCa cell types, especially in LNCaP cells, with increased apoptotic cells observed at higher concentrations. Cl80 also decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in a dose-dependent manner in all PCa cell lines. Furthermore, Cl80 suppressed the migration ability of PCa cells, with significant reductions observed in LNCaP, 22Rv1, and PC-3 cells at various concentrations. These compelling findings highlight the promising therapeutic potential of C. lentillifera J.Agardh and its isolated compound Cl80 in the treatment of PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a global health challenge, constituting a major cause of mortality and disease burden in the 21st century. Addressing the prevention and management of NCDs is crucial for improving global public health, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies, early interventions, and innovative therapeutic approaches to mitigate their far-reaching consequences. Marine organisms, mainly algae, produce diverse marine natural products with significant therapeutic potential. Harnessing the largely untapped potential of algae could revolutionize drug development and contribute to combating NCDs, marking a crucial step toward natural and targeted therapeutic approaches. This review examines bioactive extracts, compounds, and commercial products derived from macro- and microalgae, exploring their protective properties against oxidative stress, inflammation, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, metabolic diseases, and cancer across in vitro, cell-based, in vivo, and clinical studies. Most research focuses on macroalgae, demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, gut health modulation, metabolic health promotion, and anti-cancer effects. Microalgae products also exhibit anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Although studies mainly investigated extracts and fractions, isolated compounds from algae have also been explored. Notably, polysaccharides, phlorotannins, carotenoids, and terpenes emerge as prominent compounds, collectively representing 42.4% of the investigated compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine algal lectins specific for high-mannose N-glycans have attracted attention because they strongly inhibit the entry of enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2, into host cells by binding to high-mannose-type N-glycans on viral surfaces. Here, we report a novel anti-influenza virus lectin (named HBL40), specific for complex-type N-glycans, which was isolated from a marine green alga, Halimeda borneensis. The hemagglutination activity of HBL40 was inhibited with both complex-type N-glycan and O-glycan-linked glycoproteins but not with high-mannose-type N-glycan-linked glycoproteins or any of the monosaccharides examined. In the oligosaccharide-binding experiment using 26 pyridylaminated oligosaccharides, HBL40 only bound to complex-type N-glycans with bi- and triantennary-branched sugar chains. The sialylation, core fucosylation, and the increased number of branched antennae of the N-glycans lowered the binding activity with HBL40. Interestingly, the lectin potently inhibited the infection of influenza virus (A/H3N2/Udorn/72) into NCI-H292 cells at IC50 of 8.02 nM by binding to glycosylated viral hemagglutinin (KD of 1.21 × 10−6 M). HBL40 consisted of two isolectins with slightly different molecular masses to each other that could be separated by reverse-phase HPLC. Both isolectins shared the same 16 N-terminal amino acid sequences. Thus, HBL40 could be useful as an antivirus lectin specific for complex-type N-glycans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The edible brown seaweed, Ecklonia cava, is highly valued for its bioactive compounds, and is widely used in food supplements and functional foods. The increasing demand for this seaweed in the food industry emphasizes the necessity for sustainable cultivation practices. This study focused on inducing callus in the meristem and stipe of E. cava using different culture media: Provasoli's enriched seawater medium (PESI), enriched artificial seawater medium (ESAW), artificial enriched seawater medium (ASP2), or Von Stosch's enriched seawater medium (VS). Various abiotic stress factors (photoperiod, agar concentration, and temperature), growth regulators, carbon sources, polyamines, and plasma treatments were explored for their impact on callus induction. Both stipe and meristem explants developed callus within three to six weeks across all media except ASP2. Callus development was favored at temperatures between 8 to 13 °C and in the absence of light. Stipe explants showed a higher callus induction rate (up to 65.59 ± 6.24%) compared to meristem (up to 57.53 ± 8.32%). Meristem explants showed optimal callus induction in PESI medium with a low concentration of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; 40.93 ± 8.65%). However, higher concentrations of IAA and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) reduced meristem callus induction. Stipe showed high induced-callus (up to 50.37 ± 5.17%) in PESI medium with low concentrations of IAA, NAA, and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Both stipe and meristem explants induced largest callus at 2% sucrose, but higher carbon source concentrations reduced callus induction. Spermine (Spm) at 1 µM resulted in high induced calluses; however, increasing Spm concentrations decreased callus induction. This tissue culture technique not only supports mass cultivation of E. cava, but also holds potential for extending to other seaweed species, contributing to the sustainability of seaweed stocks for the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]