Search

Jingzhi Guanxin Oral Liquids (JZGX), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation prepared from the decoction of five herbs, has been utilized to relieve chest pain with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the chemical composition and therapeutic mechanisms of JZGX remain obscured. In this research, the potential targets and pathways of JZGX against CAD were anticipated through network pharmacology based on analyzing its chemical constituents using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. One hundred seven ingredients in JZGX were identified. The 39 active chemicals and 37 key targets were screened, and CAD-related signaling pathways were clustered, mainly associated with lipid metabolism. Subsequently, the atherosclerotic CAD animal model employing 24 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) ApoE−/− mice was constructed to investigate the JZGX efficacy and underlying mechanisms validating network forecasts. The histological staining examination and cardiovascular biomarker tests confirmed that JZGX reduced plaque formation in the aorta and decreased blood lipids in vivo. It featured anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and myocardial protective effects. JZGX prevented excessive lipid deposits and inflammation within the liver and exhibited hepatoprotective properties. Serum untargeted metabolomics analysis indicated that JZGX ameliorated metabolic abnormalities in atherosclerotic CAD mice and prompted lipid metabolism, especially linoleic acid. The PPARs and attached critical targets (SREBP1, FASN, PTGS2, and CYP3A), filtered from the networks and connected with lipid metabolism, were dramatically modulated through JZGX administration, as revealed by western blotting. The molecular docking outcomes showed that all 39 active ingredients in JZGX had good binding activity with PPARα and PPARγ. These findings illustrate that JZGX alleviates atherosclerotic CAD progression by remodeling the lipid metabolism and regulating PPAR-related proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Fufang Danshen Tablet (FDT) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been clinically used to treat CVDs for more than 40 years. Nevertheless, owing to the complexity of the ingredients, the pharmacological mechanism of FDT in the treatment of CVDs has not been fully elucidated. In this study, an integrated strategy of UFLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, network pharmacology, molecular biology, and transcriptomics was used to elucidate the mechanisms of action of FDT in the treatment of atherosclerosis. In total, 22 absorbed constituents were identified in rat serum after oral administration of FDT. In silico, network pharmacology studies have shown that FDT regulates four key biological functional modules for the treatment of atherosclerosis: oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, energy metabolism, and immune/inflammation. In animal experiments, FDT exerted protective effects against atherosclerosis by reducing the plaque area and lipid levels in ApoE−/− mice. Furthermore, we found that FDT inhibited inflammatory macrophage accumulation by regulating the expression of Selp and Ccl2, which are both involved in monocyte adhesion and migration. The inhibition of monocyte recruitment by FDT is a new perspective to elucidate the anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of FDT, which has not been adopted in previous studies on FDT. Our results may help to elucidate the therapeutic mechanism of FDT against CVDs and provide potential therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xiaochaihu granules (XCHG) are extensively used to treat fever. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the potential of XCHG in mitigating yeast-induced fever and the underlying metabolic pathways. The chemical composition of XCHG was ascertained using ultra-fast liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), followed by integrated network analysis to predict potential targets. We then conducted experimental validation using pharmacological assays and metabolomics analysis in a yeast-induced mouse fever model. The study identified 133 compounds in XCHG, resulting in the development of a comprehensive network of herb–compound–biological functional modules. Subsequently, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations confirmed the stability of the complexes, including γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor 2 (GABBR2)–saikosaponin C, prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases (PTGS2)–lobetyolin, and NF-κB inhibitor IκBα (NFKBIA)–glycyrrhizic acid. Animal experiments demonstrated that XCHG reduced yeast-induced elevation in NFKBIA's downstream regulators [interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8], inhibited PTGS2 activity, and consequently decreased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. XCHG also downregulated the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), and adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). These corroborated the network analysis results indicating XCHG's effectiveness against fever in targeting NFKBIA, PTGS2, and GABBR2. The hypothalamus metabolomics analysis identified 14 distinct metabolites as potential antipyretic biomarkers of XCHG. In conclusion, our findings suggest that XCHG alleviates yeast-induced fever by regulating inflammation/immune responses, neuromodulation, and metabolism modules, providing a scientific basis for the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of XCHG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid space of robots is divided into task space and joint space, with task space focused on trajectory-tracking accuracy, while joint space considers dynamic responsiveness and synchronization. Therefore, the robot-motion control systems need to effectively integrate both aspects, ensuring precision in task trajectory while promptly responding to unforeseen environmental events. Hence, this paper proposes an online trajectory-generation method for robots in both joint and task spaces. In task space, a planning approach is presented for high-precision NURBS curves. The global NURBS curve is segmented into several rational Bezier curves, establishing local coordinate systems for control points. This ensures that all local control points meet the chord error constraint, guaranteeing trajectory accuracy. To address the feed rate dynamic planning issue for segmented curves, an improved online S-shape feed-rate scheduling framework is introduced. This framework dynamically adjusts the current execution speed to meet task requirements. In joint space, an offline velocity planning based on a time synchronization scheme and a multi-dimensional synchronization technique based on the principle of spatial-coordinate system projection are proposed. Building upon the offline scheme, it allows for the modification of the target state for any sub-dimension during the motion process, with the remaining dimensions adapting accordingly. Simulation and experimentation demonstrate that the two proposed online trajectory generations for robot motion spaces, while ensuring task trajectory accuracy, effectively handle external unexpected events. They ensure joint synchronization and smoothness, carrying significant practical implications and application value for the stability of robot systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous tractor–trailer robots possess a broad spectrum of applications but pose significant challenges in control due to their nonlinear and underactuated dynamics. Unlike the tractor, the motion of the trailer cannot be directly actuated, which often results in a deviation from the intended path. In this study, we introduce a novel method for generating and following trajectories that circumvent obstacles, tailored for a tractor–trailer robotic system constrained by multiple factors. Firstly, leveraging the state information of both the obstacles and the desired trajectory, we formulate an improved trajectory for obstacle avoidance using the nonlinear least squares method. Subsequently, we propose an innovative tracking controller that integrates a universal barrier function with a state transformation strategy. This amalgamation facilitates the accurate tracking of the prescribed trajectory. Our theoretical analysis substantiates that the proposed control methodology ensures exponential convergence of the line-of-sight (LOS) distance and angle tracking errors, while enhancing the transient performance. To validate the efficacy of our approach, we present a series of simulation results, which demonstrate the applicability of the developed control strategy in managing the complex dynamics of tractor–trailer robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) plays an essential role in bacterial growth and resistance to antibiotics, and LTA synthetase (LtaS) was considered as an attractive target for combating Gram-positive infections. Azalomycin F, a natural guanidyl-containing polyhydroxy macrolide, can target the LTA of Staphylococcus aureus. Using various technologies including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, transmission electron microscope, proteomics, and parallel reaction monitoring, here, the experimental results indicated that azalomycin F can accelerate the LTA release and disrupt the cell envelope, which would also lead to the feedback upregulation on the expressions of LtaS and other related enzymes. Simultaneously, the reconstituted enzyme activity evaluations showed that azalomycin F can significantly inhibit the extracellular catalytic domain of LtaS (eLtaS), while this was vague for LtaS embedded in the liposomes. Subsequently, the fluorescence analyses for five incubation systems containing azalomycin F and eLtaS or the LtaS-embedded liposome indicated that azalomcyin F can spontaneously bind to the active center of LtaS. Combining the mass spectroscopy analyses and the molecular dockings, the results further indicated that this interaction involves the binding sites of substrates and the LTA prolongation, especially the residues Lys299, Phe353, Trp354 and His416. All these suggested that azalomycin F has multiple antibacterial mechanisms against S. aureus. It can not only inhibit LTA biosynthesis through the interactions of its guanidyl side chain with the active center of LtaS but also disrupt the cell envelope through the synergistic effect of accelerating the LTA release, damaging the cell membrane, and electrostatically interacting with LTA. Simultaneously, these antibacterial mechanisms exhibit a synergistic inhibition effect on S. aureus cells, which would eventually cause the cellular autolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a severe epidemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent studies have found that patients do not completely recover from acute infections, but instead, suffer from a variety of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, known as long COVID. The effects of long COVID can be far-reaching, with a duration of up to six months and a range of symptoms such as cognitive dysfunction, immune dysregulation, microbiota dysbiosis, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, myocarditis, pulmonary fibrosis, cough, diabetes, pain, reproductive dysfunction, and thrombus formation. However, recent studies have shown that naringenin and naringin have palliative effects on various COVID-19 sequelae. Flavonoids such as naringin and naringenin, commonly found in fruits and vegetables, have various positive effects, including reducing inflammation, preventing viral infections, and providing antioxidants. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms and clinical effects of naringin and naringenin on treating the above diseases. It proposes them as potential drugs for the treatment of long COVID, and it can be inferred that naringin and naringenin exhibit potential as extended long COVID medications, in the future likely serving as nutraceuticals or clinical supplements for the comprehensive alleviation of the various manifestations of COVID-19 complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of its prevalent usage for simulating the full-field process of the two-phase flow, the Euler–Lagrange method suffers from a heavy computing burden. Graphics processing units (GPUs), with their massively parallel architecture and high floating-point performance, provide new possibilities for high-efficiency simulation of liquid-jet-related systems. In this paper, a central processing unit/graphics processing unit (CPU/GPU) parallel algorithm based on the Euler–Lagrange scheme is established, in which both the gas and liquid phase are executed on the GPUs. To realize parallel tracking of the Lagrange droplets, a droplet dynamic management method is proposed, and a droplet-locating method is developed to address the cell. Liquid-jet-related simulations are performed on one core of the CPU with a GPU. The numerical results are consistent with the experiment. Compared with a setup using 32 cores of CPUs, considerable speedup is obtained, which is as high as 32.7 though it decreases to 20.2 with increasing droplets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop materials with a promising utilization future in the extreme environments of aerospace, the MoNbTa(WC)x composites were prepared by vacuum arc melting, of which the crystal structure, microstructure, and compression properties at elevated temperature were investigated. The MoNbTa(WC)x composites had eutectic structures that consisted of body-centered cubic (BCC) phase and eutectoid structures. The lamellar fine eutectoid structures were composed of BCC-structured high entropy alloy (HEA) Mo-Nb-Ta-W and FCC-structured carbide Mo-Nb-Ta-W-C. It was demonstrated that the ductility and elevated temperature strength was enhanced simultaneously combined with the effect of eutectic structures and WC addition. The optimal true yield strength and true fracture strain reached 1205 MPa and 29.2% in MoNbTa(WC)0.9 at 1200 °C, meanwhile, the fracture strain at ambient temperature was 13.96%. Distinct strain hardening was observed at the initial deformation stage of MoNbTa(WC)0.9 at 1200 °C. The compression performances of MoNbTa(WC)x were superior in comparison with most refractory high entropy alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic fracturing technology can be used to jointly exploit unconventional natural gas such as coalbed methane and tight sandstone gas in coal-measure superimposed reservoirs for the enhancement of natural gas production. Hydraulic fracturing usually induces mixed fractures of I and II modes, but existing studies have not considered the influence of reservoir lithology on the stress intensity factor of I/II mixed fractures in coal-measure superimposed reservoirs. This paper develops an analytical stress model and a seepage-mechanical-damage numerical model for the vertical propagation of I/II mixed fractures in coal-measure superimposed reservoirs. The variation of stress intensity factor of I/II mixed fractures is analyzed when the fractures are close to the interface of different lithologic reservoirs and the effects of elastic modulus difference, stress state, fracturing fluid viscosity, shear and tensile failure modes on the vertical propagation of hydraulic fractures are investigated. Finally, the ratio of elastic modulus of adjacent reservoirs is proposed as an evaluation index for the fracture propagation through reservoir interface. These investigations revealed that hydraulic fracture propagation through the reservoir interface is a process of multi-physical interactions and is mainly controlled by the injection pressure and the elastic modulus ratio of adjacent reservoirs. A critical line is formed in the coordinates of elastic modulus ratio and injection pressure. A fracture can propagate through the reservoir interface when the combination of injection pressure and the elastic modulus ratio is in the breakthrough zone. These results can provide theoretical support for the site selection of horizontal wells in coal-measure gas exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, polyurea was experimentally tested under various spraying temperatures and pressures. The number of holes and the pore size produced after the tensile fracture of the polyurea were counted to illustrate the effect of the various spraying temperatures and pressures on the performance of the polyurea. The tensile characteristics of polyurea were greatly influenced by the spraying temperatures and pressures, according to the experimental findings and statistical analysis. The polyurea tensile performance was best when the spraying pressure was 17.25 MPa with a spraying temperature of 70 °C. The fracture mechanism was illustrated by the silver streaking phenomenon generated during the tensile stretching process. The fracture energy was absorbed by the fracture holes and pores during silver streaking, thus creating the huge gap in tensile properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refracturing can alleviate the rapid decline of shale gas production with a low drilling cost, but an appropriate fracture layout and optimal refracturing time have been unclear without a heavy computation load. This paper proposes a combination approach with a numerical simulation and data-driven analysis to quickly evaluate the impacts of the refracturing layout and refracturing time on shale gas production. Firstly, a multiphysical coupling model with the creep of natural fractures is established for the numerical simulation on shale gas production. Secondly, the effects of the refracturing layout and refracturing time on the shale gas production are investigated through a single factor sensitivity analysis, but this analysis cannot identify the fracture interaction. Thirdly, the influence of fractures interaction on shale gas production is explored through a combination of a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) and an artificial neural network (ANN). The GSA results observed that the adjacent fractures have more salient interferences, which means that a denser fracture network will not significantly increase the total gas production, or will reduce the contribution from each fracture, resulting in higher fracturing costs. The new fractures that are far from existing fractures have greater contributions to cumulative gas production. In addition, the optimal refracturing time varies with the refracturing layout and is optimally implemented within 2–3 years. A suitable refracturing scale and time should be selected, based on the remaining gas reserve. These results can provide reasonable insights for the refracturing design on the refracturing layout and optimal time. This ANN-GSA approach provides a fast evaluation for the optimization of the refracturing layout and time without enormous numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As antimicrobial resistance has been increasing, new antimicrobial agents are desperately needed. Azalomycin F, a natural polyhydroxy macrolide, presents remarkable antimicrobial activities. To investigate its pharmacokinetic characteristics in rats, the concentrations of azalomycin F contained in biological samples, in vitro, were determined using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method, and, in vivo, samples were assayed by an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC–MS/MS) method. Based on these methods, the pharmacokinetics of azalomycin F were first investigated. Its plasma concentration-time courses and pharmacokinetic parameters in rats were obtained by a non-compartment model for oral (26.4 mg/kg) and intravenous (2.2 mg/kg) administrations. The results indicate that the oral absolute bioavailability of azalomycin F is very low (2.39 ± 1.28%). From combinational analyses of these pharmacokinetic parameters, and of the results of the in-vitro absorption and metabolism experiments, we conclude that azalomycin F is absorbed relatively slowly and with difficulty by the intestinal tract, and subsequently can be rapidly distributed into the tissues and/or intracellular f of rats. Azalomycin F is stable in plasma, whole blood, and the liver, and presents plasma protein binding ratios of more than 90%. Moreover, one of the major elimination routes of azalomycin F is its excretion through bile and feces. Together, the above indicate that azalomycin F is suitable for administration by intravenous injection when used for systemic diseases, while, by oral administration, it can be used in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naringenin, a natural flavonoid widely found in citrus fruits, has been reported to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties as a natural dietary supplement. However, the regulatory mechanism of naringenin in human liver remains unclear. In the present study, messenger RNA sequencing (mRNA-seq), microRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq), and real-time qPCR were used to distinguish the expression differences between control and naringenin-treated HepaRG cells. We obtained 1037 differentially expressed mRNAs and 234 miRNAs. According to the target prediction and integration analysis in silico, we found 20 potential miRNA-mRNA pairs involved in liver metabolism. This study is the first to provide a perspective of miRNA–mRNA interactions in the regulation of naringenin via an integrated analysis of mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq in HepaRG cells, which further characterizes the nutraceutical value of naringenin as a food additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by incompletely reversible airflow limitation and seriously threatens the health of humans due to its high morbidity and mortality. Naringenin, as a natural flavanone, has shown various potential pharmacological activities against multiple pathological stages of COPD, but available studies are scattered and unsystematic. Thus, we combined literature review with network pharmacology analysis to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of naringenin on COPD and predict its underlying mechanisms, expecting to provide a promising tactic for clinical treatment of COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naringenin is found mainly in citrus fruits, and is thought to be beneficial in the prevention and control of lung diseases. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms of naringenin against the damage in the lung caused by cigarette smoke. A system bioinformatic approach was proposed to predict the mechanisms of naringenin for protecting lung health. Then, we validated this prediction in BEAS-2B cells treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE). System bioinformatic analysis indicated that naringenin exhibits protective effects on lung through the inhibition of inflammation and suppression of oxidative stress based on a multi-pathways network, mainly including oxidative stress pathway, Nrf2 pathway, Lung fibrosis pathway, IL-3 signaling pathway, and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. The in vitro results showed that naringenin significantly attenuated CSE-induced up-regulation of IL-8 and TNF-α. CSE stimulation increased the mRNA expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1; the levels of total protein and nuclear protein of Nrf2; and the activity of SOD on days 2 and 4; but decreased these indexes on day 6. Naringenin can balance the antioxidant system by regulating Nrf2 and its downstream genes, preliminarily validating that Nrf2 pathway is involved in the protection offered by naringenin against cigarette smoke-induced damage to the lung. It suggests that dietary naringenin shows possible potential use in the management of lung health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a serious threat to public health. Bacterial biofilm, as a natural lifestyle, is a major contributor to resistance to antimicrobials. Azalomycin F5a, a natural guanidine-containing polyhydroxy macrolide, has remarkable activities against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, a major causative agent of hospital-acquired infections. To further evaluate its potential to be developed as a new antimicrobial agent, its influence on S. aureus biofilm formation was evaluated using the crystal violet method, and then its eradication effect against mature biofilms was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, the drop plate method, and regrowth experiments. The results showed that azalomycin F5a could significantly inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation, and such effects were concentration dependent. In addition, it can also eradicate S. aureus mature biofilms with the minimum biofilm eradication concentration of 32.0 μg/mL. As extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) plays important roles in the structural integrity of bacterial biofilm, its influence on the eDNA release in S. aureus biofilm was further analyzed using gel electrophoresis. Combined with our previous works, these results indicate that azalomycin F5a could rapidly penetrate biofilm and causes damages to the cell membrane, leading to an increase in DNase release and eventually eradicating S. aureus biofilm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hawthorn seed can be used to produce various bioactive compounds through destructive distillation. In this study, an accurate and feasible analytical method based on a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was developed for simultaneous determination of six major compounds (contributing to more than 3% in total peak area) in destructive distillation extracts of hawthorn seed collected at different temperatures ranging from 150 to 270 °C. Then, a broth microdilution method coupled with grey correlation analysis was engaged in the evaluation of their antimicrobial activities and the screening of primarily active compounds. Results indicate that the extract collected from 211 to 230 °C had the highest content of six major compounds (furfural, 2-methoxyphenol, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, and 5-tertbutylpyrogallol) and the strongest antibacterial activity. Besides, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol was found to be a potential compound in inhibiting the growth of vaginitis pathogens. This study provided an optimum temperature for the destructive distillation of hawthorn seed, reducing the waste of energy, and saving the cost of production in the hawthorn industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance has been seriously threatening human health, and discovering new antimicrobial agents from the natural resource is still an important pathway among various strategies to prevent resistance. Guanidine-containing polyhydroxyl macrolides, containing a polyhydroxyl lactone ring and a guanidyl side chain, can be produced by many actinomycetes and have been proved to possess many bioactivities, especially broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities. To explore the potential of these compounds to be developed into new antimicrobial agents, a review on their structural diversities, spectroscopic characterizations, bioactivities, acute toxicities, antimicrobial mechanisms, and the structure-activity relationship was first performed based on the summaries and analyses of related publications from 1959 to 2019. A total of 63 guanidine-containing polyhydroxyl macrolides were reported, including 46 prototype compounds isolated from 33 marine and terrestrial actinomycetes and 17 structural derivatives. Combining with their antimicrobial mechanisms, structure-activity relationship analyses indicated that the terminal guanidine group and lactone ring of these compounds are vital for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Further, based on their bioactivities and toxicity analyses, the discovery of guanidyl side-chain targeting to lipoteichoic acid of Staphylococcus aureus indicated that these compounds have a great potency to be developed into antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, polyurea was experimentally tested under various spraying temperatures and pressures. The number of holes and the pore size produced after the tensile fracture of the polyurea were counted to illustrate the effect of the various spraying temperatures and pressures on the performance of the polyurea. The tensile characteristics of polyurea were greatly influenced by the spraying temperatures and pressures, according to the experimental findings and statistical analysis. The polyurea tensile performance was best when the spraying pressure was 17.25 MPa with a spraying temperature of 70 °C. The fracture mechanism was illustrated by the silver streaking phenomenon generated during the tensile stretching process. The fracture energy was absorbed by the fracture holes and pores during silver streaking, thus creating the huge gap in tensile properties.

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a serious threat to public health. Bacterial biofilm, as a natural lifestyle, is a major contributor to resistance to antimicrobials. Azalomycin F 5a , a natural guanidine-containing polyhydroxy macrolide, has remarkable activities against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus , a major causative agent of hospital-acquired infections. To further evaluate its potential to be developed as a new antimicrobial agent, its influence on S. aureus biofilm formation was evaluated using the crystal violet method, and then its eradication effect against mature biofilms was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, the drop plate method, and regrowth experiments. The results showed that azalomycin F 5a could significantly inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation, and such effects were concentration dependent. In addition, it can also eradicate S. aureus mature biofilms with the minimum biofilm eradication concentration of 32.0 μg/mL. As extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) plays important roles in the structural integrity of bacterial biofilm, its influence on the eDNA release in S. aureus biofilm was further analyzed using gel electrophoresis. Combined with our previous works, these results indicate that azalomycin F 5a could rapidly penetrate biofilm and causes damages to the cell membrane, leading to an increase in DNase release and eventually eradicating S. aureus biofilm.