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Background: In 2020, the WHO proposed the global strategic goal of accelerating the elimination of cervical cancer (CC). One of the key strategies is that, by 2030, 90% of girls will complete HPV vaccination by age 15. In 2017, HPV vaccines were first marketed in China. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the changes in parents' knowledge about CC, HPV, HPV vaccines, and acceptance of HPV vaccination 5 years after the introduction of HPV vaccines into China. Associated factors and reasons for refusal by parents were also explored. Methods: A school-based follow-up study was conducted among parents in China from May 2018 to May 2023. Comparison using Chi-square tests was performed to measure the changes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore factors associated with HPV vaccination among teenage girls. Results: The overall cognitive level in terms of CC- and HPV-related knowledge among parents increased, and they expressed more willingness to vaccinate their daughter (35.4% in 2018 vs. 56.6% in 2023). The HPV vaccination rate among teenage girls remained at a low level (4.4% in 2018, 9.8% in 2023). The main obstacles reported by parents were limited knowledge (42.0%), scarcity of the HPV vaccine (29.2%), waiting until their daughter was older (27.5%), safety concerns (14.7%), high cost (9.0%), and effectiveness concerns (4.6%). Parents who are elderly, local residents, have received HPV vaccines themselves, have had experience of vaccinating their children with influenza vaccines, and have a higher knowledge level of CC, HPV and HPV vaccines are more likely to vaccinate their children with HPV vaccines. Conclusions: Although we observed an increment in parents' knowledge level in terms of CC, HPV, HPV vaccines, and HPV vaccine uptake over the past 5 years, the HPV vaccine coverage among girls still falls short of the WHO's 2030 target. Comprehensive intervention strategies, including tailored health education among adolescents and their parents, doctor recommendations, and providing financial subsidies or free HPV vaccines are needed in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Playful immunization promotion helps to approach persuasive efforts and raise vaccine acceptance. However, playful promotion in the field of HPV immunization has not been explored. (2) Methods: To address this gap, we analyzed data gleaned from 73 short videos posted by state media and from semi-structured interviews with 37 Chinese stakeholders using thematic analysis. (3) Results: The analysis revealed that state media promoted HPV immunization using celebrity endorsement, anthropomorphism techniques and entertainment performance strategies. Additionally, state media engaged in circle mobilization and livestreamed on Douyin to reach wider audiences. Although playful strategies increased the popularity of HPV vaccine promotion, insufficient multi-stakeholder partnerships and homogeneous message delivery decreased the efficiency of HPV immunization promotion campaigns. (4) Conclusions: The strengthening of multi-stakeholder partnerships and the optimization of the public service provision of HPV vaccination are expected. Our research will not only deepen the global audience's understanding of Chinese immunization promotion campaigns, but also offer insights for implementing future global health promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School vaccination programs are crucial for achieving high immunisation coverage among adolescents, but substantial disparities exist across schools and regions. This ecological study aimed to determine associations between school characteristics and vaccination coverage for diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis (dTpa) and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines among year 7 students in southeastern Sydney. An analysis of data from 70 mainstream schools participating in the 2019 South Eastern Sydney Local Health District School Vaccination Program utilised quasi-Poisson regression models to assess associations between vaccination coverage and school attendance, socio-educational status, Aboriginal enrolments, language background other than English (LBOTE), school sector (government, Catholic, or independent), and coeducation status. Median school coverage was 88% for dTpa, 88% for HPV—girls, and 86% for HPV—boys, with interquartile ranges of 82–93%, 84–92%, and 78–91%, respectively. Higher school attendance was associated with increased dTpa vaccination coverage (PR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02–1.27). Single-sex schools showed higher HPV vaccination coverage compared to coeducational schools for both girls (PR 2.24, 95% CI 2.04–2.46) and boys (PR 1.89, 95% CI 1.72–2.08). No significant associations were found for ICSEA, Aboriginal enrolments, LBOTE, or school sector. School attendance and coeducational status significantly influenced vaccination coverage, with differential impacts on dTpa and HPV vaccines. These findings highlight the need for targeted strategies to address disparities in school-based vaccination programs. Research using qualitative methods could be useful to understand the beliefs and attitudes contributing to these disparities in vaccine uptake so that programs can be tailored to maximise participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate knowledge about HPV and its vaccine, additionally, to examine the effect of knowledge about HPV and its vaccine on perceived benefits and barriers to HPV vaccination among individuals in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed in the western region of Saudi Arabia through a self-administered web-based survey. The survey assessed knowledge, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers to HPV vaccination. Results: A total of 1149 eligible participants completed the survey. Participants exhibited limited knowledge of HPV and its vaccine, with an average total score of 4.76 out of 15. Over 80% of participants were unaware that HPV may not show symptoms, cannot lead to HIV, and is not treatable with antibiotics. Over half were unaware that HPV can cause cervical cancer, oral cancer, or genital warts. Unmarried and graduate-educated participants demonstrated greater knowledge. Perceived benefits were positively associated with knowledge levels, while perceived barriers were negatively associated with knowledge levels after controlling for other variables. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for education and healthcare efforts to raise knowledge about HPV and its vaccine in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Also, this study indicated that enhanced knowledge boosts positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination, while reducing perceived barriers, thereby increasing vaccination rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccination, uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination remains low worldwide. We aimed to analyze the coverage of HPV immunization during the first year of the immunization program and the sociodemographic characteristics across different administrative units in Serbia and Montenegro. Coverage of HPV vaccination in Serbia for females aged 9–14 and 15–19 years was 5.5% and 5.9%, respectively. The coverage rate of immunization against HPV in Montenegro for girls aged 9–14 years was 22.1%. Within Serbia, only one administrative region (Moravica) had HPV immunization coverage in girls 9–19 years old above 10%, 11 districts had coverage from 5 to 10%, while 13 districts had coverage below 5%. As per Montenegro, two administrative units, Cetinje and Berane, reported the highest coverage, with 39% and 36.4% of vaccinated eligible girls, respectively. When we explored the coverage of HPV immunization among girls aged 9–19 years across different regions in Serbia, we observed that the level of coverage did not correlate with the number of pediatricians or with the population density. In Montenegro, we observed a similar situation. On the other hand, we noticed a statistically significant moderate negative correlation (r = −0.446; p = 0.026) between HPV immunization coverage and the percentage of illiterate women in the administrative units. Comparing the coverage between the two countries we found that the higher coverage in Montenegro corresponded with a smaller number of female populations aged 9–14 years, with higher average net monthly income, with smaller population density and smaller number of pediatricians, among divorced persons, and among those without formal education or incompletely primary education. Taking into account the experiences in Montenegro, increasing immunization coverage in Serbia could be achieved through a more vigorous educational campaign targeting schools, the general population, and healthcare workers as well as by additionally incentivizing those engaged in these activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the implementation of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine school-entry requirement in Puerto Rico during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted 26 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders and community-based organizations from August 2021 to March 2022. The interview guide was developed using the 2009 Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The interviews were recorded and transcribed in Spanish. Data were analyzed using applied thematic techniques. These themes included the following: (i) Intervention characteristics: Participants noted that the school-entry requirement was effective in increasing vaccination uptake prior to the pandemic. Issues with the immunization registry were noted; (ii) Outer setting: External influences, access barriers, and an increase in HPV vaccine exemptions since the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine were discussed; (iii) Inner setting: Communication within organizations and HPV vaccination efforts improved as the pandemic progressed; (iv) Characteristics of individuals: Most agreed with the school-entry requirement, including exemptions; and (v) Process: Results showed the need to reinforce the population's education about HPV and the vaccine. Implementation of the policy was challenging during the early stages of the pandemic due to measures enacted to stop the spread of COVID-19 and focus on the COVID-19 vaccine. Efforts to increase HPV vaccine should focus on increasing HPV vaccine education and creating collaborations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HPV is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the U.S., with more than 80% of all Americans contracting it by age 45. Effective vaccines for HPV exist and were recently approved for adults aged 27–45 years, though uptake remains low in all age groups, particularly in Tennessee where 1089 cancers were attributed to HPV in 2020. Between 29 June and 17 August 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional survey to gain insights about the barriers and facilitators of HPV in 2011 adults aged 18 to 45 years in Tennessee. We developed our survey based on previous instruments to understand predictors of HPV vaccination in adults. Using descriptive statistics and bivariate and logistic regression analyses, we found higher vaccination rates in females, participants aged 18–38 years, participants with a high school education or higher, Hispanic or Latine individuals, and participants identifying as moderate or liberal. These insights highlight the need for public health interventions that consider demographic differences to successfully increase vaccination rates and reduce HPV-associated cancer risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer, along with other sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) conditions, poses a significant burden in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Despite the availability of effective preventive methods such as vaccinations, particularly against the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), awareness about such preventive methods and HPV vaccination remains alarmingly low in the KSA, even with governmental effort and support. While many women are aware of the risks, the uptake of the HPV vaccine remains below 10% (7.6%) at the country level. This highlights the urgent need for Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) at the community level to raise awareness, dispel misconceptions, and empower women to embrace vaccinations. Additionally, there is a need to revitalize the cancer registry system to better track and monitor cervical cancer cases. This short communication aims to map these barriers while identifying opportunities for impactful research. Drawing from the scientific literature, government reports, and expert insights, we highlight the challenges surrounding the tackling of HPV. By exploring diverse sources of knowledge, this paper not only highlights current obstacles but also proposes actionable solutions for future interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The menace of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections among low- and middle-income countries with no access to a free HPV vaccine is a public health concern. HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Nigeria, while the most known types of HPV genotypes being transmitted are the high-risk HPV-16 and 18 genotypes. In this study, we explored the predictors of self-reported HPV infections and HPV genital warts infection among a population of students, non-academic staff, and academic staff of Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (IBB) University located in Lapai, Nigeria. We also assessed their knowledge about HPV infections and genotypes, and sexual behaviors. An online cross-sectional study was conducted by setting up a structured questionnaire on Google Forms and it was distributed to the university community via Facebook and other social media platforms of the university. The form captured questions on HPV infection, and knowledge about HPV infection and genotypes, as well as the sexual health of the participants. All variables were described using frequencies and percentage distribution; chi-squared test statistics were used to explore the association between HPV infection (medical records of HPV infection) and the participants' profile, and a logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors associated with HPV genital warts infection among the population. This study reveals those participants between the ages of 26–40 years (81.3%) and those currently not in a sexually active relationship—single/divorced (26.4%)—who have self-reported having the HPV-16 and -18 genotypes. Moreover, participants between 26–40 years of age (OR: 0.45, 95%CI: 0.22–0.89) reported themselves to be carriers of HPV genital warts. Therefore, this study reveals the factors associated with HPV infection and genital warts peculiar to IBB university students and staff. Hence, we suggest the need for HPV awareness programs and free HPV vaccine availability at IBB university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During acute respiratory infections, women may concurrently receive human papillomavirus (HPV) and respiratory vaccines, as observed during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in China. However, few studies have assessed the safety of such concurrent administration, which could impact HPV vaccination schedules. This study analyzes the safety and optimal sequence of concurrent HPV and COVID-19 vaccinations. For this purpose, we surveyed women with both vaccines from January to October 2023 in Fujian Province, China. During this process, we collected vaccination history and adverse event (AE) data via telephone or interviews. Participants were grouped as Before, Concurrent, or After based on their vaccination sequence. A Chi-squared test, exact Fisher tests, and logistic regression were used to analyze the incidence of AEs and factors influencing vaccine safety. Overall, 1416 eligible participants were included. Although overall AE risk with the HPV vaccine was unaffected by vaccination sequence, individual AEs varied statistically between groups, including pain at the vaccination site (p < 0.001) and prolonged menstruation duration (p = 0.003). Based on the results, the optimal sequence would be to receive the HPV vaccine after the COVID-19 vaccine (After group). This insight may guide future emergency vaccination sequences for HPV and other respiratory infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world. Most HPV infections clear spontaneously within 2 years of infection; however, persistent infection can result in a wide array of diseases, ranging from genital warts to cancer. Most cases of cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers are due to HPV infection, with cervical cancer being one of the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. Screening is available for HPV and cervical cancer, but is not available everywhere, particularly in lower-resource settings. HPV infection disproportionally affects individuals living with HIV, resulting in decreased clearance, increased development of cancer, and increased mortality. The development of the HPV vaccine has shown a drastic decrease in HPV-related diseases. The vaccine prevents cervical cancer with near 100% efficacy, if given prior to first sexual activity. Vaccination uptake remains low worldwide due to a lack of access and limited knowledge of HPV. Increasing awareness of HPV and access to vaccination are necessary to decrease cancer and HPV-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with cellular changes in the cervix leading to cancer, which highlights the importance of vaccination in preventing HPV infections and subsequent cellular changes. Women undergoing the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), a treatment for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+), remain at risk of recurrence. This study assessed the effect of post-conization HPV vaccination on the viral status of women at six months post-conization, aiming to evaluate the vaccine's effectiveness in preventing recurrence of CIN2+. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among women in Troms and Finnmark who underwent conization in 2022. Using the SymPathy database and the national vaccination register (SYSVAK), we analyzed the vaccination statuses and HPV test results of women born before 1991, who had not received the HPV vaccine prior to conization. Out of 419 women undergoing conization, 243 met the inclusion criteria. A significant association was found between post-conization HPV vaccination and a negative HPV test at six months of follow-up (ARR = 12.1%, p = 0.039). Post-conization HPV vaccination significantly reduced the risk of a positive HPV test at the first follow-up, suggesting its potential in preventing the recurrence of high-grade cellular changes. However, the retrospective design and the insufficient control of confounding variables in this study underscore the need for further studies to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is significantly associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-OPSCC), which is one of the fastest-growing cancer incidences globally. Dental practitioners play a crucial role in the primary and secondary prevention of HPV-OPSCC. There is little known about dental students' awareness regarding HPV-OPSCC and HPV vaccination, as well as their intention to promote 'primordial prevention' among their patients. HPV vaccine, and the extent of their professional responsibilities. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the western region of Saudi Arabia and involved undergraduate dental students (n = 688) from six public and private dental schools. Participants were requested to complete a sequential-section anonymous online survey, with 257 successfully completing all sections of the questionnaire. The association between participant characteristics and HPV-OPSCC, HPV vaccination awareness ratings, and perceived engagement in prevention were analyzed using ANOVA and chi-squared testing. A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the variables linked to these outcomes. (3) Results: Generally, the overall level of awareness of HPV-OPSCC and HPV vaccination was acceptable, with an average score of 53.44 ± 29.3 out of 100. However, a significant knowledge gap was observed, with 53% of respondents being unaware of the common sites for HPV-OPSCC and 63.8% being uninformed of the appropriate age for HPV vaccination. Females and those with a prior history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) had considerably higher levels of HPV vaccination knowledge (p < 0.05). The participants showed a favorable attitude towards their responsibility of informing patients about HPV-OPSCC and advocating HPV immunization. (4) Conclusions: This study underscores the need to enhance dental students' understanding of HPV-OPSCC and HPV immunization, enabling them to effectively engage in primary and secondary preventative efforts against HPV-OPSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States; yet, despite the availability of safe and effective HPV vaccines, only half of eligible adolescents have completed the vaccine series. School-entry requirements are one proven strategy to increase vaccination rates among children and youth and reduce the burden of HPV-related cancer. This study investigated community perceptions of an HPV vaccine school-entry mandate in Virginia and the consequences of a low threshold exemption option included in the legislation. We conducted 40 interviews with community members including 15 interviews with parents, 19 with healthcare providers, and 6 with community leaders. Interviews asked about knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes concerning the HPV vaccine and mandate. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed. Despite healthcare provider support for the mandate, there was widespread confusion over the school-entry policy and concern that the exemption option undermined vaccination efforts. Understanding variations in community-level perceptions and response to school-based vaccination mandates is crucial for designing effective public health strategies. Findings suggest statewide vaccination initiatives should preemptively identify low uptake areas and provide targeted information to communities. Future mandates should avoid the use of ambiguous and contradictory language in vaccine-related legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) encompasses a diverse array of viruses, comprising approximately 200 serotypes that affect humans. While the majority of HPV strains are associated with benign skin or mucous membrane growths, a subset is implicated in severe health conditions, such as cervical, anal, vulvar, and vaginal cancers. Despite the established effectiveness of HPV vaccines in preventing cervical and anal carcinomas in particular, their therapeutic potential in addressing cutaneous diseases linked to diverse HPV strains remains an intriguing area of investigation. This narrative review critically examines the existing literature to assess the viability of HPV immunization as a therapeutic intervention for prevalent cutaneous conditions. These include genital and extragenital cutaneous warts, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, and keratinocyte carcinomas. The findings suggest a promising dual role for HPV vaccines in preventing and treating dermatologic conditions while emphasizing future research directions, including the immunization perspective against β-HPVs. Moreover, the presence of conflicting study outcomes underscores the imperative for larger-scale, randomized trials with well-matched control groups to validate the efficacy of HPV immunization in the dermatologic context. This review contributes valuable insights into the evolving landscape of HPV-vaccine applications in the field of dermatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) commonly infect the anogenital mucosa; most infections are transient, but a fraction of those caused by high-risk (HR) types persist and may lead to anogenital cancer. The epidemiology of HPV genotypes in anal infections in groups at different risk for anal cancer has not been well described in Italy. This retrospective study reports the results of HPV DNA testing and complete genotyping performed on anal swabs from 691 female and male patients attending proctology clinics in Rome during 2012–2021; one-third had repeated testing. Cumulative HPV positivity in 1212 anal swabs was approximately 60%, was not age related, and showed an increasing trend over the study period. HPV rates differed significantly by sex and HIV status: HIV-negative women had the lowest (43.6%) and HIV-positive men the highest (83.5%) HPV prevalence. HIV-positive men had more oncogenic HPV genotypes detected, more multiple infections, and the highest frequency of persistent infections. Two-thirds of all infections were vaccine-preventable. This study found that anal HPV infection rates are still elevated and even increasing in groups at low and high risk of developing anal cancer. Prevention programs need to be improved to reduce rates of anal infection in young women and men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccine coverage for the human papillomavirus (HPV) remains low globally, and differentiated models of vaccine delivery are needed to expand access. Pharmacy-based models of the HPV vaccination may engage women who could benefit. We assessed the acceptability of such a model among pharmacy clients and providers at 20 private pharmacies in Kisumu County, Kenya. In questionnaires, participants (≥18 years) were asked the extent they agreed (5-point scale) with statements that assessed different acceptability component constructs outlined in the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA). From March to June 2022, 1500 pharmacy clients and 40 providers were enrolled and completed questionnaires. Most clients liked the intervention (TFA: affective attitude; 96%, 1435/1500) and did not think it would be hard to obtain (TFA: burden; 93%, 1399/1500). All providers agreed the intervention could reduce HPV infection (TFA: perceived effectiveness) and felt confident they could deliver it (TFA: self-efficacy). Among the clients who had received or were planning to receive the HPV vaccine in the future, half (50%, 178/358) preferred a pharmacy-based HPV vaccination. In this study, most Kenyan pharmacy clients and providers perceived a pharmacy-delivered HPV vaccination as highly acceptable; however, more research is needed to test the feasibility and effectiveness of this novel vaccine delivery model in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective and Participants: The authors sought an updated examination of attitudes toward Human Papillomavirus (HPV) catch-up vaccination among college students at a private religious university. Methods: A total of 1557 college students completed a 62-question survey of religious and HPV vaccination attitudes during the fall of 2021. Students' willingness to receive catch-up HPV vaccination and willingness to vaccinate a future child against HPV were recorded. Results: Of the 46.8% of students who reported being unvaccinated or unaware of vaccination status, ~26% reported being uninterested in receiving catch-up HPV vaccination; ~22% of all students surveyed reported being unwilling to vaccinate a future child against HPV. The strongest predictors of vaccine hesitancy included religious concerns about sexual abstinence and safety concerns. Conclusions: College health professionals can increase the rate of HPV vaccination among college students and subsequent future generations by addressing the safety and utility of the vaccine regardless of intentions for sexual abstinence prior to marriage. Additionally, rather than a uniform approach to all students who self-identify as Christian, an effort to identify and discuss the unique religiously influenced beliefs of individual students is recommended when discussing HPV vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the HPV infection profiles among Chinese HIV/AIDS patients and the HPV vaccine acceptance among unvaccinated Chinese people with different HIV infection statuses after the HPV vaccine launch in China, this study searched Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, CNKI, WANFANG, SinoMed, and VIP databases up to 23 June 2023, according to the registered protocol (CRD42023449913). A total of 58 studies were included. The results showed that the HPV infection rate among Chinese HIV/AIDS patients was 52.54% (95% CI: 42.11–62.86%) and higher in males than in females (74.55% vs. 41.04%); meanwhile, the rate was higher in the anus than in the cervix (69.22% vs. 41.71%). Although there was no statistical difference, the high-risk HPV infection rate (38.98%) was higher than low-risk HPV (23.86%), and single infections were more common (28.84%) than multiple infections (19.23%). HPV vaccine acceptance among the unvaccinated Chinese population was 59.19% (95% CI: 52.50–65.89%), and was slightly higher among HIV-infected rather than non-HIV-infected individuals (67.72% vs. 59.58%). There was a difference in acceptance among respondents from different regions. Although the difference in acceptance rate between males and females was not statistically significant (61.10% vs. 61.18%), MSM had a higher acceptance rate than non-MSM (84.28% vs. 59.05%). HPV infection is prevalent among HIV patients, demonstrating the need to increase the frequency of HPV screening for PLWH. The HPV vaccine acceptance rate is higher than that of non-HIV-infected individuals. Male acceptance is almost the same as female's, with MSM acceptance higher than non-MSM, suggesting that using MSM, especially MSM in PLWH, as an entry point may be a practical avenue to explore to further expand the scope of HPV vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Historically, cervical cytology has been the standard method for detecting dysplastic cervical changes. However, extensive research has established that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a primary cause of these changes, necessitating a shift in screening and preventive strategies towards the molecular detection of high-risk HPV subtypes. To combat HPV infection, prophylactic vaccines have been developed, including the nonavalent, quadrivalent, and bivalent vaccines. An essential criterion for an effective HPV vaccine is to provide comprehensive coverage against the most prevalent high-risk HPV types associated with cervical cancer, ensuring optimal efficacy in preventing cervical lesions. Long-term protection against these types is crucial for effective prevention strategies; Material and Methods: A cohort of 210,510 women's samples was included in the analysis conducted within one year of implementing a screening program in Germany. The screening program involved the molecular detection of high-risk HPV subtypes, targeting specific age groups. The cohort comprised 63,710 women below 35 years of age and 146,800 women aged 35 years and above. The selection of high-risk HPV subtypes followed the guidelines provided by Becton-Dickinson. This study focused exclusively on cases with a documented history of vaccination, which were categorized into two main groups: Group I consisted of vaccinated individuals under 35 years old (12,765 cases), while Group II comprised vaccinated individuals aged 35 years and above (296 cases); Results: The HPV types HPV56/59/66 were found to be widely distributed across all age groups, with certain age groups exhibiting a higher incidence compared to HPV16 and HPV18. Similarly, HPV35/39/69, along with HPV31 and HPV45, were also observed to have a broad distribution among women. The incidence of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), including both CIN2 and CIN3, varied between 0.076% and 0.5% across all age groups, regardless of the individuals' vaccination status; Aim of the study: Our study provides valuable insights into the distribution, incidence, and prevalence of various high-risk HPV subtypes, including HPV56/59/66, HPV33/58, HPV35/39/68, and HPV45, in relation to precancerous cervical lesions. These subtypes are not adequately covered by the currently available HPV vaccines. Addressing the discrepancies between the prevalent HPV subtypes and existing vaccines is crucial in developing an ideal HPV vaccine that offers comprehensive protection. Tailoring screening programs and vaccination strategies to the local distribution of HPV subtypes is essential for effective prevention. By raising awareness and implementing targeted preventive measures, including vaccination, we can significantly reduce the incidence of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1 June 2023, a nationwide HPV vaccination program was implemented in Poland. This study aimed to identify factors associated with public awareness of the national HPV vaccination program among adults in Poland and willingness to vaccinate children against HPV. This cross-sectional study was carried out between 14 and 17 July 2023 among 1056 adults in Poland. A self-prepared questionnaire was used. Among the respondents, 51.3% had heard about the free HPV vaccination program. The major source of knowledge on the national HPV vaccination program was TV (62%). Only 31.9% of respondents correctly indicated girls and boys aged 12 and 13 as the HPV-vaccination-eligible population. Willingness to vaccinate children against HPV was declared by 63.3% of respondents. Female gender (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.11–1.81; p < 0.01), age 35–64 years (p < 0.05), having higher education (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.11–1.84; p < 0.01), and living in cities with more than 500,000 residents (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.01–2.28; p < 0.05) were significantly associated with higher odds to hear about the national HPV vaccination program. Age 50 years and over (p < 0.05), having higher education (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.09–1.88; p < 0.05), living in cities with more than 500,000 residents (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.14–2.83; p < 0.05), and no children under 18 in the home (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.01–1.89; p < 0.05) were significantly associated with willingness to vaccinate children against HPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is causally associated with 5% of cancers, including cancers of the cervix, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx. The most carcinogenic HPV is HPV-16, which dominates the types causing cancer. There is also sufficient evidence that HPV types 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 and 59 cause cervical cancer. The L1 protein, which, when assembled into virus-like particles, induces HPV-type-specific neutralising antibodies, forms the basis of all commercial HPV vaccines. There are six licensed prophylactic HPV vaccines: three bivalent, two quadrivalent and one nonavalent vaccine. The bivalent vaccines protect from HPV types 16 and 18, which are associated with more than 70% of cervical cancers. Prophylactic vaccination targets children before sexual debut, but there are now catch-up campaigns, which have also been shown to be beneficial in reducing HPV infection and disease. HPV vaccination of adults after treatment for cervical lesions or recurrent respiratory papillomatosis has impacted recurrence. Gender-neutral vaccination will improve herd immunity and prevent infection in men and women. HPV vaccines are immunogenic in people living with HIV, but more research is needed on the long-term impact of vaccination and to determine whether further boosters are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast and gynecologic cancers are significant global threats to women's health and those living with the disease require lifelong physical, financial, and social support from their families, healthcare providers, and society as a whole. Cancer vaccines offer a promising means of inducing long-lasting immune response against the disease. Among various types of cancer vaccines available, peptide vaccines offer an effective strategy to elicit specific anti-tumor immune responses. Peptide vaccines have been developed based on tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor specific neoantigens which can also be of viral origin. Molecular alterations in HER2 and non-HER2 genes are established to be involved in the pathogenesis of female-specific cancers and hence were exploited for the development of peptide vaccines against these diseases, most of which are in the latter stages of clinical trials. However, prophylactic vaccines for viral induced cancers, especially those against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection are well established. This review discusses therapeutic and prophylactic approaches for various types of female-specific cancers such as breast cancer and gynecologic cancers with special emphasis on peptide vaccines. We also present a pipeline for the design and evaluation of a multiepitope peptide vaccine that can be active against female-specific cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is known to cause cervical cancer. The incidence and mortality of cervical cancer has drastically reduced due to effective vaccination against HPV in developed countries. The projected rise in cervical cancer cases in Latin American and Caribbean countries necessitates a study to evaluate awareness about HPV, cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine, and prevention among women in Antigua and Barbuda. Materials and methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study. The participants were women aged between 18 and 65 years, residing in Antigua and Barbuda. The study was conducted over the period of February to April 2023. After taking informed consent electronically, sociodemographic and behavioral data was collected through questionnaires sent out as links and QR-codes and were analyzed by QualtricsXM. The association between the demographic groups and awareness about HPV, cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine, and prevention was analyzed by a Chi-square test. Results: In total, 467 women were included in the study. The percentage of participants aware of HPV was 91.6% (n = 412). A total of 70.7% (n = 318) and 56.7% (n = 255) women were aware that cervical cancer is caused by HPV and is sexually transmitted, respectively. Although 70.6% (n = 315) of participants were aware that the vaccine protects against HPV, only 12.8% (n = 57) were vaccinated. Of the participants, 49.7% (n = 192) were willing to get vaccinated. The percentage of participants aware of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear procedure was 98.9% (n = 435) and 87.8% (n = 382) had a Pap smear within the last 10 years while 12.2% (n = 53) never had a Pap smear screening. The willingness to know more information about HPV and the HPV vaccine among the participants was 77% (n = 335). Conclusions: The overall awareness among women in Antigua and Barbuda about HPV, cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine, and prevention was high. We recommend a national health education program and vaccine drive to complement our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most prevalent conditions affecting the vaginal organs is the human papilloma virus (HPV). Human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge and attitudes have been the subject of numerous studies in Saudi Arabia. However, there are only a few studies that have examined university students' attitudes and knowledge of the human papillomavirus and the vaccine that is associated with it. Aim: To predict the level of knowledge and attitudes regarding HPV and its related vaccine among undergraduate nursing students. Methodology: This was descriptive cross-sectional research. After being selected from Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University's College of Nursing, 307 nursing students agreed to take part and completed an online survey that was self-administered. Results: The majority of the participants (73.5%) had a low level of knowledge of HPV with a mean score of 2.77 ± 1.78. In addition, more than half of the participating nursing students (57%) had a moderate attitude toward HPV vaccination with a mean score of 51.18 ± 11.16. The study results also verified that there was a highly significant correlation between the nursing students' demographics and their knowledge and attitudes toward HPV (p < 0.001). According to the SEM, nursing students' knowledge regarding HPV accounted for 48% of the variance in students' attitudes. Conclusion: Nursing students' knowledge regarding HPV vaccination is an important predictor of students' attitudes regarding HPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine health sciences students' levels of knowledge about HPV infection and the vaccine and their health beliefs, to compare them in terms of individual characteristics, and to examine the relationship between their knowledge of the HPV infection/vaccine and their health beliefs. The data of the study were collected from Health Sciences Faculty students through a face-to-face setting (n: 824). The data tools used in the study were the identification form, the health belief model scale for human papillomavirus infection and vaccination, and the human papillomavirus knowledge scale. The results showed that (1) although the students' levels of knowledge about HPV infection and the vaccine were low, (2) they did perceive HPV infection to be a severe problem. According to the multilinear regression analysis performed, the main predictor of the perceived severity (β = 0.29; 95% Cl: 0.04, 0.07), obstacle (β = 0.21; 95% Cl: 0.01, 0.04), and sensitivity (β = 0.22; 95% Cl: 0.02, 0.06) subscales of the HBMS-HPVV was general HPV knowledge. It was also determined that as the students' knowledge about HPV increased, their health belief levels regarding HPV infection and the vaccine increased as well (n: 824). In conclusion, for nurses and other healthcare professionals to be effective in informing individuals, they should have knowledge of HPV infection and the vaccine. In this context, the necessary education and advice about the importance of HPV infection and the vaccine should be provided to students receiving education in the field of healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination protects against six types of cancer—cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vulvar, and vaginal. In the United States (U.S.), HPV vaccination coverage in college students remains low, especially in the Mid-South region, despite the highest risk of HPV infections and disease burden. However, few studies have assessed HPV vaccination among college students here. This study examined factors associated with HPV vaccination among college students in the Mid-South and explored preferred strategies for promoting vaccination. A mixed-methods design comprising a cross-sectional, self-report online survey and dyadic virtual interviews was conducted. Simple random sampling was performed to recruit a total of 417 undergraduate students aged 18–26 from March to May 2021; convenience sampling was performed to recruit three sex-matched dyads of a total of six (four female and two male) undergraduates from survey respondents who had not completed the HPV vaccine series in May 2021. Binary logistic regression analyses showed HPV vaccine knowledge and perceived barriers to vaccination were factors contributing to coverage for both female and male students, while perceived risks of HPV and vaccine hesitancy were factors only among female students. Findings from the qualitative content analysis identified college students' perceived barriers to the vaccination at multiple levels and preferred strategies for vaccination promotion, corroborating the findings from the survey study. The findings provide implications that benefit the development of tailored interventions aimed at facilitating catch-up vaccination among college students in the Mid-South region. There is an urgent need for further research and the implementation of effective strategies that address the identified barriers and improve HPV vaccine uptake in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People living with HIV (PLH) experience higher rates of HPV infection as well as an increased risk of HPV-related disease, including malignancies. Although they are considered a high-priority group for HPV vaccination, there are limited data regarding the long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of HPV vaccines in this population. Seroconversion rates and geometric mean titers elicited by vaccination are lower in PLH compared to immunocompetent participants, especially in individuals with CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm3 and a detectable viral load. The significance of these differences is still unclear, as a correlate of protection has not been identified. Few studies have focused on demonstrating vaccine efficacy in PLH, with variable results depending on the age at vaccination and baseline seropositivity. Although waning humoral immunity for HPV seems to be more rapid in this population, there is evidence that suggests that seropositivity lasts at least 2–4 years following vaccination. Further research is needed to determine the differences between vaccine formulations and the impact of administrating additional doses on durability of immune protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No research has been conducted to explore the variables associated with healthcare providers' (HCPs) knowledge and attitudes toward the human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) since the vaccine was approved for free use in some Chinese cities. In Shenzhen, southern China, a convenience sample strategy was used to distribute questionnaires to HCPs involved in the government's HPV vaccination program from Shenzhen. There were 828 questionnaires collected in total, with 770 used in the analysis. The mean HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge score was 12.0 among HCPs involved in the government HPV vaccination program (with a total score of 15). the average scores for HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge varied among different types of medical institutions. District hospitals had the highest mean score of 12.4, while private hospitals ranked fourth with a mean score of 10.9. Multivariate logistic regression results revealed significant disparities in the type of license and after-tax annual income across HCPs (p < 0.05). The future education and training for HCPs should focus on private community health centers (CHCs), HCPs whose license type is other than a doctor, and HCPs with low after-tax annual income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: To explore the influencing factors of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among mothers and daughters so as to provide evidence and strategies for improving the HPV vaccination rate of 9–18-years-old girls. (2) A questionnaire survey was conducted among the mothers of 9–18-year-old girls from June to August 2022. The participants were divided into the mother and daughter vaccinated group (M1D1), the mother-only vaccinated group (M1D0), and the unvaccinated group (M0D0). Univariate tests, the logistic regression model, and the Health Belief Model (HBM) were employed to explore the influencing factors. (3) Results: A total of 3004 valid questionnaires were collected. According to the regions, Totally 102, 204, and 408 mothers and daughters were selected from the M1D1, M1D0, and M0D0 groups, respectively. The mother having given her daughter sex education (OR = 3.64; 95%CI 1.70, 7.80), the mother's high perception of disease severity (OR = 1.79; 95%CI 1.02, 3.17), and the mother's high level of trust in formal information (OR = 2.18; 95%CI 1.26, 3.78) were all protective factors for both the mother and her daughter's vaccination. The mother's rural residence (OR = 0.51; 95%CI 0.28, 0.92) was a risk factor for vaccination of both mother and daughter. The mother's education of high school or above (OR = 2.12; 95%CI 1.06, 4.22), the mother's high level of HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge (OR = 1.72; 95%CI 1.14, 2.58), and the mother's high level of trust in formal information (OR = 1.72; 95%CI 1.15, 2.57) were protective factors of mother-only vaccination. The older the mother (OR = 0.95; 95%CI 0.91, 0.99) was classed as a risk factor for mother-only vaccination. "Waiting until the daughters are older to receive the 9-valent vaccine" is the main reason why the daughters of M1D0 and M0D0 are not vaccinated". (4) Chinese mothers had a high willingness to vaccinate their daughters with the HPV vaccine. The higher education level of the mother, giving sex education to the daughter, the older ages of mothers and daughters, the mother's high level of HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge, a high level of perception of the disease severity, and a high level of trust in formal information were promoting factors of HPV vaccination for mother and daughter, and rural residence was a risk factor to vaccination. To promote HPV vaccination in girls from 9–18 years old, communities could provide health education to rural mothers with low education levels; the government could advocate for HPV vaccination through issuing policy documents; and doctors and the CDC could popularize the optimal age for HPV vaccination to encourage mothers to vaccinate their daughters at the age of 9–14 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for most cervical cancer cases globally, with women living with HIV having a higher risk of persistent HPV infection and HPV-associated disease. The HPV vaccine is a promising tool to reduce cervical cancer rates, but its uptake among women living with HIV in Nigeria is unknown. Methods: A facility-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted with 1371 women living with HIV to assess their knowledge of HPV, cervical cancer, and the HPV vaccine as well as their willingness to pay for the vaccine at the HIV treatment clinic at the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos. To identify factors associated with the willingness to pay for the HPV vaccine, multivariable logistic regression models were developed. Results: This study found that 79.1% of participants had not heard of the vaccine, and only 29.0% knew its efficacy in preventing cervical cancer. In addition, 68.3% of participants were unwilling to pay for the vaccine, and the average amount they were willing to pay was low. Knowledge of HPV, the HPV vaccine, and cervical cancer and income were factors associated with the willingness to pay for the vaccine. Health workers were the primary source of information. Conclusions: This study highlights the lack of knowledge and low willingness to pay for the HPV vaccine among women living with HIV in Nigeria and emphasizes the importance of improving education and awareness. Factors associated with the willingness to pay, such as income and knowledge, were identified. Practical strategies, such as community outreach and school-based education programs, could be developed to increase vaccine uptake. Further research is needed to explore additional factors influencing the willingness to pay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental consent for adolescent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake is important; however, refusal is prevalent. Therefore, this study aimed to understand factors associated with parental consent for their adolescent daughter's HPV vaccination. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia, between September and October 2021. We recruited parents from different social settings. The means and standard deviations or median and interquartile ranges were used as appropriate to summarise continuous variables. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were fitted with robust estimation of standard errors. The odds ratios are presented with 95% CI. Mediation analysis was conducted using a generalised structural equation model. The study enrolled 400 parents, mean age 45.7 years [95% CI, 44.3–47.1]. Two hundred and fifteen (53.8%) parents reported consenting to their daughters' HPV vaccination, and their daughters received it. None of the health belief model (HBM) construct scores showed an independent association with parental consent. Higher, compared to lower wealth index (AOR; 2.32, 95% CI: 1.29–4.16), knowing someone with genital warts (AOR = 2.23, 95 CI: 1.04–4.76), cervical cancer screening uptake (AOR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.03–3.62) were associated with increased odds of parental consent. This study highlights factors influencing parental consent for their daughters' HPV vaccination. Ongoing sensitisation programs are important to improve their decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the last several decades, vaccine hesitancy has become a significant global public health concern. The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been on the United States of America (USA) market since 2006, with extended approval up to age 45 granted in 2018. To date, there is limited research evaluating barriers and facilitators related to HPV vaccine initiation among adults and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals' vaccine-related behaviors. This study's main objective was to characterize the contributing factors that could promote or inhibit HPV vaccine uptake for adults. Methods: A qualitative approach consisting of focus group discussions (FGDs) was used for this study. The FGD guide was informed by concepts from the Transtheoretical Model, Health Belief Model, and Social Cognitive Theory. All virtual FGDs were led by two researchers, who recorded audio for data collection. The data were transcribed by a third party, and the transcripts were imported into Dedoose® software and analyzed using the six steps recommended by thematic analysis. Results: A total of 35 individuals participated in 6 focus groups over a 6-month period. Thematic analysis revealed four themes: (1) Intrinsic motivators for HPV vaccination, (2) Extrinsic motivators for HPV vaccination, (3) Vaccine promotion strategies, and (4) Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on vaccine hesitancy. Conclusion: Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors play a role in influencing HPV vaccine uptake, and such considerations can guide efforts to improve the odds of HPV vaccination in working-age adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HPV is the most common cause of sexually-transmitted infections the world over. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a healthcare quality improvement strategy designed to increase the rate of vaccination against HPV in women diagnosed with cervical lesions graded as CIN2 or higher (CIN2+) during routine screening. The Veneto Regional Health Service developed a 22-item questionnaire to measure the gap between ideal procedure and real practice regarding the offer of vaccination against HPV for women undergoing routine cervical screening. The questionnaire was administered to nine expert doctors, one at each of the region's Local Health Units (LHUs). An additional specific assessment concerned the quality of the related web pages available on the LHU websites. Strategies to close the gap between ideal procedure and real practice were decided collegially, and a checklist to support good practices was developed and shared with operators at the LHUs. Changes in practice were measured using data relating to women diagnosed with CIN2+ lesions extracted from the regional oncological screening database before and after the publication of a Regional Procedure on the topic. The LHUs differed considerably in how they managed each step, in terms of training for healthcare personnel, organization and assessment of the pathway from cervical screening to HPV vaccination, and in dedicated website communication. After implementing the quality improvement strategy, the proportion of women given a first dose of HPV vaccine within 3 months of being diagnosed with CIN2+ lesions at 1st-level screening rose to 50% (compared with 30.85% beforehand), and the median time elapsing between a diagnosis of CIN2+ lesion and a first dose of HPV vaccine dropped from 158 to 90 days. These findings underscore the importance of providing training to promote vaccination for general practitioners and other clinicians. The study also confirms the need for more efforts in communication to ensure that any citizen has the opportunity to access preventive healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents living in rural areas are less likely to be up to date on the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which can prevent cervical cancer. We administered a telephone survey to 27 clinics in rural East Texas to assess perceived barriers to HPV vaccination and current use of evidence-based interventions to promote HPV vaccination. Perceived barriers were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale and clinical implementation of evidence-based practices was determined. Findings are reported using descriptive statistics. The most commonly reported barriers were missed vaccination opportunities due to the pandemic (66.7%), followed by vaccine hesitancy due to the pandemic (44.4%) and due to the HPV vaccine specifically (33.3%). Fewer than a third of clinics reported using the evidence-based strategies of use of a "refusal to vaccinate" form (29.6%), having an identified HPV vaccine champion (29.6%), and recommending the HPV vaccine at age 9 (22.2%). While many clinics surveyed currently implement evidence-based practices to promote HPV vaccination, there is a need and desire for additional HPV vaccination interventions in East Texas clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2007, Australia introduced a national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program. In 2017, the onset of cervical screening changed from 18 to 25 years of age, utilising human papillomavirus (HPV) nucleic acid testing. The objective of the study is to describe the HPV genotypes and HPV16 variants in biopsies from women ≤ 25 years of age with cervical carcinoma (CC) (cases), compared with those aged >25 years (controls), in a pre-vaccination cohort. Methods: HPV genotyping of archival paraffin blocks (n = 96) was performed using the INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping assay. HPV16-positive samples were analysed for variants by type-specific PCR spanning L1, E2 and E6 regions. Results: HPV16 was the commonest genotype in cases (54.5%, 12/22) and controls (66.7%, 46/69) (p = 0.30), followed by HPV18 (36.3%, 8/22 vs. 17.3% 12/69, respectively) (p = 0.08). Furthermore, 90% (20/22) of cases and 84.1% (58/69) of controls were positive for HPV16 or 18 (p = 0.42); 100% (22/22) of cases and 95.7% (66/69) of controls had at least one genotype targeted by the nonavalent vaccine (p = 0.3). The majority of HPV16 variants (87.3%, 48/55) were of European lineage. The proportion of unique nucleotide substitutions was significantly higher in cases (83.3%, 10/12) compared with controls (34.1%, 15/44), (p < 0.003, χ2, OR 9.7, 95%CI 1.7–97.7). Conclusions: Virological factors may account for the differences in CCs observed in younger compared with older women. All CCs in young women in this study had preventable 9vHPV types, which is important messaging for health provider adherence to new cervical screening guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection in the world. HPV vaccination adherence rates in men are generally lower than in women. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess adherence to HPV vaccination in young working-age males (18–30 years old). Methods: A systematic review was performed using three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Results: After duplicate removal, the initial search resulted in 478 eligible papers. With the exclusion of 425 papers after screening the abstracts, full texts of 53 articles were reviewed. Subsequently, 45 were excluded. Among the eight studies included, four (50%) examined the vaccination adherence in young adults through data registered in nationwide insurance or private companies' databases, three (37.5%) in young adults in different settings through data collected from surveys and questionnaires, and one (12.5%) an HPV vaccination campaign in a family medicine residency practice. Conclusion: Adherence to HPV vaccination in men of working age (18–30 years) does not appear to be adequate (pooled prevalence 11%). In order to achieve a higher level of compliance, it is important to place an emphasis on vaccination campaigns in schools as well as in the workplace, after consultation with and approval from local, regional, and federal public health agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to measure the HPV vaccination rate and knowledge about HPV and its vaccine among foreign-born college students; additionally, to measure the effect of acculturation and HBM constructs on the HPV vaccination behavior among foreign-born college students. Methods: a cross-sectional design with a non-probability sample of foreign-born college students was collected via a web-based self-administered survey that measured the HPV vaccination rate, assessed knowledge about HPV and its vaccine, and evaluated the effect of acculturation and HBM constructs on HPV vaccination behavior among foreign-born college students. Results: Foreign-born college students had moderate knowledge about HPV and the HPV vaccine, and about 63% were HPV-vaccinated. Perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers, and cues to action were significantly associated with the HPV vaccination behavior, while knowledge levels about HPV and the HPV vaccine and acculturation levels were not significantly associated with the HPV vaccination behavior of foreign-born college students. Conclusions: The current study shows a moderate vaccination rate and moderate knowledge about HPV and its vaccine among foreign-born college students. Additionally, vaccination campaigns need to increase awareness about the susceptibility to acquiring HPV and minimize the barriers to receiving the vaccine to increase the HPV vaccination rate among foreign-born college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer still poses a significant global challenge. Developed countries have mitigated this challenge by the introduction of structured screening programmes and, more recently, the HPV vaccine. Countries that have successfully introduced national HPV vaccination programmes are on course for cervical cancer elimination in a few decades. In developing countries that lack structured screening and HPV vaccination programmes, cervical cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The HPV vaccine is key to addressing the disproportionate distribution of cervical cancer incidence, with much to be gained from increasing vaccine coverage and uptake globally. This review covers the history and science of the HPV vaccine, its efficacy, effectiveness and safety, and some of the considerations and challenges posed to the achievement of global HPV vaccination coverage and the consequent elimination of cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Although HPV vaccines showed high efficacy against oropharyngeal and anogenital HPV infections, and cancer precursors in randomized clinical trials, there are limited data on the effectiveness of HPV vaccination against HPV-related cancers. We aimed to evaluate the association of HPV vaccination with HPV-related cancers among a nationally representative sample of United States adults, aged 20–59 years. In a cross-sectional study combining four cycles from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, from 2011 through 2018, we used a survey-weighted logistic regression model, propensity score matching and multiple imputations by chained equations to explore the association of HPV vaccination with HPV-related cancers. Among 9891 participants, we did not find an association of HPV vaccination with HPV-related cancers (adjusted OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.19; 1.75). Despite no statistically significant association between HPV vaccination and HPV-related cancers, our study findings suggest that HPV-vaccinated adults might have lower odds of developing HPV-related cancers than those who were not vaccinated. Given the importance of determining the impact of vaccination on HPV-related cancers, there is a need to conduct future research by linking cancer registry data with vaccination records, to obtain more robust results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The vaccine against human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is recommended, according to the Serbian National Immunization Program, for children and adolescents aged 9–19 years. Three doses are given keeping in mind the recommendation that the second dose should be administered at least one month after the first dose, and the third at least three months after the second dose. No children who participated in this first study received the third dose because they did not meet these criteria. The study explored parents' knowledge about HPV infection and their awareness of the HPV vaccine. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out in the city of Nis, in southeastern Serbia. According to the 2011 population census, the sample of children aged 9 to 19 was 850, and during the observed period, 631 children received the vaccine. A total of 615 fully completed questionnaires filled out by parents were included in the study. The study was carried out from 6 June 2022 to 7 October 2022. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The statistical significance was p < 0.05. Results: A total of 615 children were included in the study (499 were vaccinated with the first dose and 116 with the second). Out of 499 children vaccinated with the first dose, 398 (79.6%) were girls, which is significantly higher than the rate for boys (101). The independent variable sex was statistically significant at the level of p = 0.84, OR = 2.664 (95% CI from 0.879 to 7.954). Boys are 164% less likely to be vaccinated with the HPV vaccine than girls. We determined that the independent variable place of residence was significant at the level of p = 0.041, (OR = 3.809, 95% CI from 1.702 to 8.525). Based on these findings, we determined that parents who came from rural areas were 82% less likely to know about HPV infection and HPV vaccination. Children under 15 years of age were significantly more vaccinated than those ≥15 years (OR = 3.698, 95% CI from 1.354 to 12.598). The independent variable parental education was significant at the level of OR = 0.494, 95% CI from 0.301 to 0.791. Parents who had medical education showed significantly higher awareness about the infection caused by HPV and about the HPV vaccine (p = 0.004) than parents with no medical education. The possibility that a parent would decide to vaccinate a child significantly increased upon a pediatrician's recommendation, p = 0.000 with OR = 0.250 (95% CI from 0.127 to 0.707). Health insurance coverage of HPV vaccination for children aged 9–19 years significantly increased the probability of a positive parental decision to vaccinate a child, p = 0.001 with OR = 3.034 (95% CI from 1.063 to 8.662). Conclusion: We identified several significant factors that were important for HPV vaccination such as: children under 15 years, female sex, urban place of residence, medical education of parents, pediatrician's recommendation of the HPV vaccination, and HPV vaccination free of charge. Health education and the promotion of HPV vaccination as well as healthy sexual behavior are important factors in the preservation and improvement of the health of the whole population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW) in Japan announced a suspension of the governmental recommendation for routine HPV vaccinations. In 2020, MHLW started individual notifications of HPV vaccine to the targeted girls. In April 2022, the governmental recommendation was restarted, and catch-up vaccinations started. We evaluated the benefits and limitations of the MHLW's new vaccination strategies by estimating the lifetime risk for cervical cancer for each birth FY under different scenarios to suggest a measure for the vaccine suspension generation. It was revealed that catch-up immunization coverage among the unvaccinated must reach as high as 90% in FY2022, when the program begins, in order to reduce the risk of the females already over the targeted ages to the same level or lower than that of women born in FY1994-1999 who had high HPV vaccination rates. For women whose vaccination coverage waned because of their birth FYs, strong recommendations for cervical cancer screening should be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Human papilloma virus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections and is widely known as the main causative agent for cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions, knowledge and attitudes of young Greek adults concerning prevention of HPV infection and HPV immunization. Material and Methods: This constitutes a cross-sectional online survey. A convenience sample of young Greek adults (n = 883) residing in Greece, aged 17 to more than 35 years was surveyed from December 2020 to March 2021. Two validated questionnaires were used to collect data. Results: Participants demonstrated moderate knowledge about HPV infection and vaccination, with a mean knowledge score of 53.26 (SD ± 20.65) and 38.92 (SD ± 17.58), respectively. Cronbach's alpha value was 0.77 and 0.80. Female participants were better informed than males. Approximately 52.3% of respondents had been vaccinated and 65.5% were willing to get vaccinated in the future. Vaccination rate was significantly associated with gender (OR = 11.99; 99% CI = 6.59–21.84), knowledge about the HPV vaccine (OR = 1.04; 99% CI = 1.03–1.04) and age (OR = 0.07; 99% CI = 0.03–0.15). Reasons for vaccine refusal were insufficient information (36.8%) and fear of side effects (19%). Correlates of positive vaccination intention were knowledge about HPV (OR = 1.02; 99% CI = 1.01–1.02). Conclusions: The findings suggest that the Greek government's continuing HPV promotion efforts and education on the risks of HPV infection among young people are likely to increase vaccination acceptance among this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Disease-associated strains of HPV can cause genital warts and six cancer types. HPV-associated cervical cancer disproportionately impacts medically underserved women including Black and Latina women with respect to incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates. Although safe and effective vaccines are available, HPV vaccination rates remain low among low-income individuals and women of color. The current study examined individual and structural motivators and barriers to HPV vaccination among medically underserved women utilizing a Planned Parenthood health center in Southeast Pennsylvania. Guided by narrative engagement theory (NET), qualitative interviews (N = 24) were used to elicit HPV vaccine decision stories from both vaccinated and unvaccinated women. Using a phronetic iterative data analysis approach, we identified three motivators to vaccinate against HPV: (1) receiving an explicit vaccine recommendation from a healthcare provider (a structural determinant), (2) feeling empowered to take control of one's health (an individual determinant), and (3) knowing someone infected with HPV (an individual determinant). Among unvaccinated participants, barriers to HPV vaccination included: (1) not receiving an explicit vaccine recommendation from a healthcare provider (a structural determinant), (2) low perceived risk for acquiring HPV or that HPV is not severe (an individual determinant), and (3) lack of maternal support to vaccinate (a structural determinant). Healthcare providers are optimally positioned to fill the gap in prior missed vaccine opportunities and empower women by recommending HPV vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence on the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine shows that it is effective in reducing the burden of HPV-related diseases. For more than 15 years the HPV vaccine has been offered free of charge in Italy to girls from the age of 12. Over time, the free offer of the HPV vaccine has also been extended to boys and to young adults at risk of developing HPV lesions. Despite the HPV vaccine's effectiveness and availability, vaccination coverage is low in Italy, with a reported value of 46.5% in 2020. Furthermore, in the southern administrative regions, vaccination coverage is even lower than national values, with 25.9% coverage in Sicily. A cross-sectional study was conducted among university and high school students in the Palermo area (Sicily, Italy) in order to identify the determinants of HPV vaccination adherence by using a questionnaire that investigated factors of HPV vaccine practice. The study explored the behavioral attitude by using the Health Belief Model (HBM), and also used the SILS test and the METER test to investigate the level of health literacy (HL). Overall, 3,073 students were enrolled, and less than a third reported they had completed the vaccination schedule (n = 925, 30.1%). Multivariable analysis showed that the factors directly associated with the adherence to HPV vaccination were female sex (OR = 4.43, p < 0.001), high HBM total score (OR = 4.23, p < 0.001), good HL level (OR = 1.26, p = 0.047), parents (OR = 1.78, p = 0.004), general practitioner (OR = 1.88, p = 0.001), and educational material provided by public vaccination services (OR = 1.97, p = 0.001) as HPV vaccine information sources. Further health-promotion programs focused on improving HL and perception of the HPV vaccine's benefits should be implemented in order to achieve the desirable 95% vaccination coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several questions regarding the role of vaccination in women treated for high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) have not been clarified. One of the main queries is whether the time at which the vaccine is administered (before or after treatment) influences the protection against post-treatment HSIL. A second unanswered question is whether the vaccine has any effect in women with persistent HPV after treatment. We aimed to address these questions in a study of 398 women undergoing excisional treatment from July 2016 to December 2019. Vaccination was funded and offered to all women undergoing treatment. A total of 306 women (76.9%) accepted HPV vaccination (vaccinated group): 113 (36.9%) received the first dose before excision and 193 (63.1%) after the procedure. A total of 92 women (23.1%) refused the vaccine (non-vaccinated group). Women vaccinated before treatment showed a lower rate of post-treatment HSIL compared with non-vaccinated women (0.9% vs. 6.5%; p = 0.047). Among women with persistent HPV infection after treatment, those who had received the vaccine showed a lower prevalence of post-treatment HSIL than non-vaccinated women (2.6% vs. 10.5%; p = 0.043). In conclusion, this study shows that HPV vaccination before treatment reduces the prevalence of post-treatment HSIL and suggests that vaccination might even benefit women with persistent HPV after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause of cervical cancer. Availability of vaccines against HPV makes it a highly preventable disease. HPV vaccines act through type-specific neutralizing antibodies produced by antigen-specific plasma cells known as long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). However, just as any other vaccine, success of HPV vaccine is attributed to the immunologic memory that it builds, which is largely attained through generation and maintenance of a class of B cells named memory B cells (Bmem). Both LLPCs and Bmems are important in inducing and maintaining immune memory and it is therefore necessary to understand their role after HPV vaccination to better predict outcomes. This review summarizes current knowledge of B-cell responses following HPV vaccination and natural infection, including molecular signatures associated with these responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination rates for human papillomavirus (HPV) in Japan are significantly lower than other countries, and Japanese people are reluctant to be vaccinated. Repeated daily reports of COVID-19 infections and restrictions have made people more health conscious and aware of the danger of infectious diseases. In this study, we used the health belief model (HBM) to examine perceived threats of cancer and infectious diseases and to ascertain whether the new COVID-19 vaccination in addition to these perceived threats would increase vaccination intention against cervical cancer. We conducted a cluster analysis to classify the segmentation regarding the perceived threat, and a logistic regression analysis to predict factors influencing people accepting vaccination. We received 1257 completed surveys during our research. We classified the participants into six clusters, and the logistic regression analysis indicated eight factors significantly associated with the willingness to get the HPV vaccine: reliable information sources such as doctors and social networking sites (SNS), the recognition of COVID-19 symptoms, the awareness of COVID-19 vaccination, the importance of HPV prevention through vaccination, one's own intention of COVID-19 vaccination, their intention of COVID-19 vaccination toward children, and benefits of HPV vaccination. Further research on HPV and COVID-19 vaccination is encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The high prevalence of HPV infection among Kazakhstani women and the absence of an HPV vaccination program are directly reflected in increasing rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality. Kazakhstan made its first attempt at introducing the HPV vaccine in 2013, but was unsuccessful due to complications and low public acceptance. The attitudes of Kazakhstani women towards the vaccine were never measured. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the attitudes of women towards the HPV vaccine and determine factors associated with positive, negative, or neutral attitudes. Methods. A 29-item survey consisting of 21 demographic and contextual questions and 8 Likert-scale questions was distributed among women attending gynecological offices in four major cities of Kazakhstan from December 2021 until February 2022. Attitudes of women were measured based on their answers to the eight Likert-scale questions. Ordinal logistic regression was built to find associations between demographic characteristics and attitudes of women. Results. Two hundred thirty-three women were included in the final analysis. A total of 54% of women had positive attitudes towards the vaccine. The majority of women did not trust or had a neutral attitude towards the government, pharmaceutical industry, and traditional and alternative media. However, the trust of women was high in medical workers and scientific researchers. Women's age, education, number of children, effect of the 2013 HPV program, and trust in alternative medicine were included in the ordinal logistic model. Women with a low level of education, a high number of children, who believe in alternative medicine, and who were affected by the failed 2013 vaccination program were less likely to have a positive attitude towards the vaccine. Conclusions. Contrary attitudes towards HPV vaccination exist among Kazakhstani women, with approximately half having positive and almost half having negative or neutral attitudes towards the vaccine. An informational campaign that takes into consideration women's levels of trust in different agencies, as well as targets those who are the most uninformed, might help in a successful relaunch of the HPV vaccination program. However, more studies that cover a higher number of women are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a risk factor for head and neck cancers (HNC). HPV-related head and neck cancers are preventable through vaccination. This study aimed to assess the attitudes towards HPV vaccination among adults in Poland, with particular emphasis on preventing HPV-related HNC, as well as identifying factors associated with a willingness to vaccinate children against HPV. This cross-sectional survey was carried out in November 2021 on a nationwide, representative sample of 1082 adults in Poland. The computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) technique was used. Only 42.5% of respondents were aware that HPV infection is a sexually transmitted disease. Less than one fourth of respondents (23.8%) indicated vaccination as an HPV infection prevention method and 51.9% of respondents correctly indicated HPV vaccine-eligible populations. Only 48.1% of respondents declared positive attitudes towards HPV vaccinations and declared that they would vaccinate their child against HPV. Males (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.11–1.85; p < 0.01), respondents who did not have children (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.04–2.14; p < 0.05), as well as those who had received a higher education (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.11–1.85; p < 0.01), had greater odds of indicating positive attitudes towards HPV vaccinations. This study revealed a low level of public awareness of HPV vaccination as a cancer prevention method in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]