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Hydrogen energy is regarded as an ideal solution for addressing climate change issues and an indispensable part of future integrated energy systems. The most environmentally friendly hydrogen production method remains water electrolysis, where the electrolyzer constructs the physical interface between electrical energy and hydrogen energy. However, few articles have reviewed the electrolyzer from the perspective of power supply topology and control. This review is the first to discuss the positioning of the electrolyzer power supply in the future integrated energy system. The electrolyzer is reviewed from the perspective of the electrolysis method, the market, and the electrical interface modelling, reflecting the requirement of the electrolyzer for power supply. Various electrolyzer power supply topologies are studied and reviewed. Although the most widely used topology in the current hydrogen production industry is still single-stage AC/DC, the interleaved parallel LLC topology constructed by wideband gap power semiconductors and controlled by the zero-voltage switching algorithm has broad application prospects because of its advantages of high power density, high efficiency, fault tolerance, and low current ripple. Taking into account the development trend of the EL power supply, a hierarchical control framework is proposed as it can manage the operation performance of the power supply itself, the electrolyzer, the hydrogen energy domain, and the entire integrated energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevailing mobile phone use brought the problem of addiction, which might cause negative consequences. Effortful control and mind wandering were associated with addictive behavior. The present study aimed to investigate the dimension-level relationships between effortful control, mind wandering, and mobile phone addiction. Methods: A total of 1684 participants participated this study. The mobile phone addiction, effortful control, and mind wandering were measured through self-report scales, respectively. Dimension-level network of these psychological variables was estimated and bridge expected influence (BEI) values for each node was calculated. Results: Dimensions of mobile phone addiction, effortful control, and mind wandering exhibited distinct and complex links to each other. The node "activation control" exhibited the highest negative BEI value (BEI = −0.32), whereas "spontaneous thinking" showed the highest positive BEI value (BEI = 0.20). Conclusions: Different dimensions of effortful control and mind wandering had varied yet significant connections with distinct dimensions of mobile phone addiction, facilitating understanding of the specific pathways underlying the three constructs. The identified dominant bridge nodes can provide potential targets for the intervention of mobile phone addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Ginsenoside Rb1-PLGA nanoparticles (GRb1@PLGA@NPs) represent a novel nanotherapeutic system, yet their therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms for treating heart failure (HF) remain unexplored. This study aims to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of GRb1@PLGA@NPs in HF treatment; (2) Methods: The left anterior descending coronary artery ligation was employed to establish a HF model in Sprague-Dawley rats, along with an in vitro oxidative stress model using H9c2 myocardial cells. Following treatment with GRb1@PLGA@NPs, cardiac tissue pathological changes and cell proliferation were observed. Additionally, the serum levels of biomarkers such as NT-proBNP, TNF-α, and IL-1β were measured, along with the expression of the ROS/PPARα/PGC1α pathway; (3) Results: GRb1@PLGA@NPs effectively ameliorated the pathological status of cardiac tissues in HF rats, mitigated oxidative stress-induced myocardial cell damage, elevated SOD and MMP levels, and reduced LDH, MDA, ROS, NT-proBNP, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels. Furthermore, the expression of PPARα and PGC1α proteins was upregulated; (4) Conclusions: GRb1@PLGA@NPs may attenuate myocardial cell injury and treat HF through the ROS/PPARα/PGC1α pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial insemination (AI) with liquid-stored semen is the most prevalent and efficient assisted reproduction technique in the modern pork industry. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex component X (PDHX) was demonstrated to be associated with sperm metabolism and affected the boar sperm viability, motility, and fertility. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinases (PDKs) are the key metabolic enzymes that regulate pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) activity and also the conversion from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. In the present study, two PDK inhibitors, Dichloroacetate (DCA) and Phenylbutyrate (4-PBA), were added to an extender and investigated to determine their regulatory roles in liquid-stored boar sperm at 17 °C. The results indicated that PDK1 and PDK3 were predominantly located at the head and flagella of the boar sperm. The addition of 2 mM DCA and 0.5 mM 4-PBA significantly enhanced the sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP content. In addition, DCA and 4-PBA exerted their effects by inhibiting PDK1 and PDK3, respectively. In conclusion, DCA and 4-PBA were found to regulate the boar sperm metabolic activities via PDK1 and PDK3. These both can improve the quality parameters of liquid-stored boar sperm, which will help to improve and optimize liquid-stored boar semen after their addition in the extender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we study the nonlocality of star-shaped correlation tensors (SSCTs) based on a general multi-star-network M S N (m , n 1 , ... , n m) . Such a network consists of 1 + m + n 1 + ⋯ + n m nodes and one center-node A that connects to m star-nodes B 1 , B 2 , ... , B m while each star-node B j has n j + 1 star-nodes A , C 1 j , C 2 j , ... , C n j j . By introducing star-locality and star-nonlocality into the network, some related properties are obtained. Based on the architecture of such a network, SSCTs including star-shaped probability tensors (SSPTs) are proposed and two types of localities in SSCTs and SSPTs are mathematically formulated, called D-star-locality and C-star-locality. By establishing a series of characterizations, the equivalence of these two localities is verified. Some necessary conditions for a star-shaped CT to be D-star-local are also obtained. It is proven that the set of all star-local SSCTs is a compact and path-connected subset in the Hilbert space of tensors over the index set Δ S and has least two types of star-convex subsets. Lastly, a star-Bell inequality is proved to be valid for all star-local SSCTs. Based on our inequality, two examples of star-nonlocal M S N (m , n 1 , ... , n m) are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we discuss two types of trilocality of probability tensors (PTs) P = 〚 P (a 1 a 2 a 3) 〛 over an outcome set Ω 3 and correlation tensors (CTs) P = 〚 P (a 1 a 2 a 3 | x 1 x 2 x 3) 〛 over an outcome-input set Δ 3 based on a triangle network and described by continuous (integral) and discrete (sum) trilocal hidden variable models (C-triLHVMs and D-triLHVMs). We say that a PT (or CT) P is C-trilocal (resp. D-trilocal) if it can be described by a C-triLHVM (resp. D-triLHVM). It is proved that a PT (resp. CT) is D-trilocal if and only if it can be realized in a triangle network by three shared separable states and a local POVM (resp. a set of local POVMs) performed at each node; a CT is C-trilocal (resp. D-trilocal) if and only if it can be written as a convex combination of the product deterministic CTs with a C-trilocal (resp. D-trilocal) PT as a coefficient tensor. Some properties of the sets consisting of C-trilocal and D-trilocal PTs (resp. C-trilocal and D-trilocal CTs) are proved, including their path-connectedness and partial star-convexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heparin, a class of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), is widely used to induce sperm capacitation and fertilization. How heparin induces sperm capacitation remains unclear. Olfactory receptors (ORs) which are G protein-coupled receptors, have been proposed to be involved in sperm capacitation. However, the interaction between ORs and odor molecules and the molecular mechanism of ORs mediating sperm capacitation are still unclear. The present study aimed to explore the underlying interaction and mechanism between heparin and ORs in carrying out the boar sperm capacitation. The results showed that olfactory receptor 2C1 (OR2C1) is a compulsory unit which regulates the sperm capacitation by recognizing and binding with heparin, as determined by Dual-Glo Luciferase Assay and molecular docking. In addition, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation indicated that OR2C1 binds with heparin via a hydrophobic cavity comprises of Arg3, Ala6, Thr7, Asn171, Arg172, Arg173, and Pro287. Furthermore, we demonstrated that knocking down OR2C1 significantly inhibits sperm capacitation. In conclusion, we highlighted a novel olfactory receptor, OR2C1, in boar sperm and disclosed the potential binding of heparin to Pro287, a conserved residue in the transmembrane helices region 7 (TMH7). Our findings will benefit the further understanding of ORs involved in sperm capacitation and fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel ratiometric electrochemical readout platform was proposed and developed for the fast and flexible analysis of M.SssI methyltransferase (MTase) activity. In this platform, two hairpin DNAs (H1 and H2) were designed. H1 contains the palindromic sequence of 5′-CCGG-3′ in its stem which could be methylated and hybridize with H2 labeled by methylene blue (MB) as one of the signal reporters on a gold electrode (GE) in the presence of M.SssI MTase. Additionally, a specific immunoreaction was introduced by conjugating an anti-5-methylcytosine antibody, a DNA CpG methylation recognition unit, with 1,3-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid (Fc) as the second signal reporter. The results showed that when the Fc tag approaches, the MB tag was far from the gold electrode surface, resulting in a decrease in the oxidation peak current of MB (IMB) and an increase in the oxidation peak current of Fc (IFc). The ratiometric electrochemical method above shows the linear range of detection was 0 U/mL 40 U/mL with a detection limit of 0.083 U/mL (the mean signal of blank measures þ3s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The combined n-back + Go/NoGo paradigm was used to investigate whether audiovisual interactions interfere with or facilitate WM. (2) Methods: College students were randomly assigned to perform the working memory task based on either a single (visual or auditory) or dual (audiovisual) stimulus. Reaction times, accuracy, and WM performance were compared across the two groups to investigate effects of audiovisual interactions. (3) Results: With low cognitive load (2-back), auditory stimuli had no effect on visual working memory, whereas visual stimuli had a small effect on auditory working memory. With high cognitive load (3-back), auditory stimuli interfered (large effect size) with visual WM, and visual stimuli interfered (medium effect size) with auditory WM. (4) Conclusions: Audiovisual effects on WM follow the resource competition theory, and the cognitive load of a visual stimulus is dominated by competition; vision always interferes with audition, and audition conditionally interferes with vision. With increased visual cognitive load, competitive effects of audiovisual interactions were more obvious than those with auditory stimuli. Compared with visual stimuli, audiovisual stimuli showed significant interference only when visual cognitive load was high. With low visual cognitive load, the two stimulus components neither facilitated nor interfered with the other in accordance with a speed–accuracy trade-off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum coherence is known as an important resource in many quantum information tasks, which is a basis-dependent property of quantum states. In this paper, we discuss quantum incoherence based simultaneously on k bases using Matrix Theory Method. First, by defining a correlation function m (e , f) of two orthonormal bases e and f, we investigate the relationships between sets I (e) and I (f) of incoherent states with respect to e and f. We prove that I (e) = I (f) if and only if the rank-one projective measurements generated by e and f are identical. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the intersection I (e) ⋂ I (f) to include a state except the maximally mixed state. Especially, if two bases e and f are mutually unbiased, then the intersection has only the maximally mixed state. Secondly, we introduce the concepts of strong incoherence and weak coherence of a quantum state with respect to a set B of k bases and propose a measure for the weak coherence. In the two-qubit system, we prove that there exists a maximally coherent state with respect to B when k = 2 and it is not the case for k = 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum coherence is an important physical resource in quantum information science, and also as one of the most fundamental and striking features in quantum physics. To quantify coherence, two proper measures were introduced in the literature, the one is the relative entropy of coherence C r (ρ) = S (ρ diag) − S (ρ) and the other is the ℓ 1 -norm of coherence C ℓ 1 (ρ) = ∑ i ≠ j | ρ i j | . In this paper, we obtain a symmetry-like relation of relative entropy measure C r (ρ A 1 A 2 ⋯ A n ) of coherence for an n-partite quantum states ρ A 1 A 2 ⋯ A n , which gives lower and upper bounds for C r (ρ) . As application of our inequalities, we conclude that when each reduced states ρ A i is pure, ρ A 1 ⋯ A n is incoherent if and only if the reduced states ρ A i and tr A i ρ A 1 ⋯ A n (i = 1 , 2 , ... , n) are all incoherent. Meanwhile, we discuss the conjecture that C r (ρ) ≤ C ℓ 1 (ρ) for any state ρ , which was proved to be valid for any mixed qubit state and any pure state, and open for a general state. We observe that every mixture η of a state ρ satisfying the conjecture with any incoherent state σ also satisfies the conjecture. We also observe that when the von Neumann entropy is defined by the natural logarithm ln instead of log 2 , the reduced relative entropy measure of coherence C ¯ r (ρ) = − ρ diag ln ρ diag + ρ ln ρ satisfies the inequality C ¯ r (ρ) ≤ C ℓ 1 (ρ) for any state ρ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]