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Adolescents living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Sleep patterns have physiological and behavioral impacts on diabetes outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the associations between sleep patterns and CVD risk factors in adolescents living with T1D and their peers living without T1D. This cross-sectional study assessed CVD risk factors and sleep characteristics (and their associations) in adolescents, aged 12–18 years, living with T1D (n = 48) and their peers (n = 19) without T1D. Outcomes included blood pressure, lipid profiles, and sleep characteristics (accelerometry). Statistical differences between groups were determined with chi-square or independent samples t-tests. The associations between sleep characteristics and CVD risk factors were assessed with multivariate linear regression analyses. We found no significant differences between the two groups in terms of sleep duration, efficiency, sleep onset and offset, and frequency of awakenings, and there were associations between sleep efficiency and LDL-C (β = −0.045, p = 0.018, model R2 = 0.230) and triglycerides (β = −0.027, p = 0.012, model R2 = 0.222) after adjusting confounders (diabetes status, sex, age, pubertal stage) in all participants. In conclusion, adolescents with T1D and without T1D sleep less than the recommended eight hours per night. The associations between sleep efficiency and LDL-C and triglycerides are independent of sleep duration, regardless of sex, age, and pubertal stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance has been associated with increased risk of sport injury; however, findings are not always consistent. Purpose: To conduct a systematic review on whether inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance can predict sport injury. Methods: Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and SportDiscus) were systematically searched for prospective cohort studies reporting the association between inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance and sport injury. Results: A total of 28 prospective cohort studies were included in the analyses. Collectively, the findings were highly inconsistent, and a clear statement on the association between each asymmetry and sport injury was difficult. Conclusions: Highly inconsistent findings make it difficult to create clear recommendations on the relationship between the inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance (power, muscle flexibility, and dynamic balance) and sport injury. The influence of potential factors (selection of tests/parameters, participant characteristics, definition of injury, and ways of calculating asymmetry) should be considered when using previous findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Risk factors for non-contact lower-limb injury in pediatric-age athletes and the effects of lateral dominance in sport (laterally vs. non-laterally dominant sports) on injury have not been investigated. Purpose: To identify risk factors for non-contact lower-limb injury in pediatric-age athletes. Methods: Parents and/or legal guardians of 2269 athletes aged between 6–17 years were recruited. Each participant completed an online questionnaire that contained 10 questions about the athlete's training and non-contact lower-limb injury in the preceding 12 months. Results: The multivariate logistic regression model determined that lateral dominance in sport (adjusted OR (laterally vs. non-laterally dominant sports), 1.38; 95% CI, 1.10–1.75; p = 0.006), leg preference (adjusted OR (right vs. left-leg preference), 0.71; 95% CI, 0.53–0.95; p = 0.023), increased age (adjusted OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.16–1.26; p = 0.000), training intensity (adjusted OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.43–2.19; p = 0.000), and training frequency (adjusted OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.25–1.48; p = 0.000) were significantly associated with non-contact lower-limb injury in pediatric-age athletes. Length of training (p = 0.396) and sex (p = 0.310) were not associated with a non-contact lower-limb injury. Conclusions: Specializing in laterally dominant sports, left-leg preference, increase in age, training intensity, and training frequency indicated an increased risk of non-contact lower-limb injury in pediatric-age athletes. Future research should take into account exposure time and previous injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise is advocated in the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the effects of different forms of exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in T1D still remain unclear. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on exercise training for cardiovascular risk factors in T1D. Six electronic databases were systematically searched for randomized or non-randomized controlled studies reporting associations between exercise training and cardiovascular risk factors in T1D. Weighted mean differences (WMD) of each cardiovascular risk factor between exercise groups and control groups were calculated using a random effects model. A total of 24 studies reported the effects of exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors. Exercise training increased maximal aerobic power (3.01 mL·kg−1·min−1, 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.94 to 6.38) and reduced glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; −0.45%, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.17), daily insulin dosage (−0.88 U·kg−1, 95% CI −1.27 to −0.48), and total cholesterol (−0.38 mmol·L−1, 95% CI −0.71 to −0.04). Exercise training did not lead to consistent changes in body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In persons living with T1D, exercise training is associated with a beneficial cardiovascular profile, including improvements in lipid profile, glycemic control (decreased daily insulin dosage and HbA1c), and aerobic fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]