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Simple Summary: Biodynamic (BD) farming is one of the earliest organic labels. BD dairy farmers act according strict regulations on feed, fodder and manure cycling and their farms are known as low-input systems. The milk fatty acid (FA) composition of European BD farm milk was investigated in relation to its region of production. Farms were located in different climate zones. The FA composition was different between summer and winter, and increased levels of unsaturated FA were found in summer milk. Differences in milk FA between the three main regions (Atlantic, Central and Pre-Alpine) were caused by differences in rainfall, farm elevation and the length of the grazing season. The results are along the same line of knowledge how fresh grass, conserved fodder, maize silage and concentrates affect the milk FA profile. An important health marker for milk fat is the omega-6 to omega-3 (n6/n3) ratio, which should preferably be low. Milk fat based on pure grazing had a n6/n3 ratio of 1.00. Average BD shop milk had a lower n6/n3 ratio (1.37) compared to conventional shop milk (1.89). Based on the n6/n3 ratio, a BD dairy cow had a high intake (>82%) of fresh grass and conserved roughage (hay and grass silage). Background: Biodynamic dairy production is based on a land-related animal production without the additional input of N-fertilizers. The concentrate level per cow is low. This affects the yield level of animals and product quality outcomes. Methods: We examined the milk fatty acid (FA) composition of European biodynamic farms in relation to the ecological region of production and the farm's climate conditions. Climate data were derived from existing maps describing ecological vegetation zones within Europe. Additionally, biodynamic shop milk was compared to conventional shop milk, based on a regional comparison. Results: The largest differences in the FA composition were between biodynamic summer and winter milk. We found increased proportions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA-n3), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in the summer milk. A principal component analysis expressed the structure that was present in the biodynamic farm milk samples, based on clusters of a single FA within four components. The components could be correlated with the season of production, the amount of precipitation, the elevation of the farm above sea level, and the length of the grazing season. Biodynamic shop milk in the summer had a lower n6/n3 PUFA ratio compared to the conventional shop milk in all regions of production. Mean values were 1.37 and 1.89, respectively. Conclusions: The differentiation of biodynamic milk FA composition is consistent with the existing knowledge about the effects of fresh grass, fodder, and ratio composition on the milk's FA composition. Based on the n6/n3 PUFA ratio, the average biodynamic dairy cow had a high intake (>82%) of fresh grass and conserved roughage (hay and grass silage), especially in the summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective : Sarcoidosis is thought to be an aberrant immune response to environmental agents, with rural living as a risk factor. We aimed to determine if farm living, consumption of farm (untreated) milk, or untreated water increased the risk of sarcoidosis. Methods: In a case-referent design, patients aged 18⁻60 with pulmonary sarcoidosis together with referents with other chronic respiratory disease, diagnosed 1999⁻2005 in Alberta, Canada, were approached through their specialist physician. Participants completed a telephone questionnaire about farm living, use of untreated water and farm milk for each residence from birth to diagnosis. Exposures at birth, up to age five, and up to diagnosis were calculated. Results: The study included 615 cases and 1334 referents. The consumption of farm milk, but not of unpiped water or farm living overall, appeared to be consistently associated with sarcoidosis in a fully adjusted analysis. The association was present for farm milk used in the residence of birth (odds ratios (OR): 1.59, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.08⁻2.34) and persisted for those drinking farm milk to age five years (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.04⁻2.21), and for those drinking farm milk for >16 years to diagnosis (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.04⁻2.15). The association with sarcoidosis was stronger when the referent was in the subgroup diagnosed with asthma but was present also with referents with other chronic respiratory disease. Among those whose family used farm milk at birth and to age 5 years, continued use of farm milk into adulthood increased the risk of sarcoidosis. Conclusion: We observed evidence of positive association between consumption of farm milk and sarcoidosis., Competing Interests: None of the authors declares any competing interests.