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Basalt materials (e.g., basalt powder, aggregate, and fiber) are commonly used in cement-based materials. To understand the mechanism of the influence of basalt on the properties of cement-based materials (i.e., fluidity, hydration, and strength), zeta potential tests with different Ca2+ concentrations were carried out using basalt powder (BP). It is found that BP has a weaker absorption for Ca2+ compared to cement and quartz particles, which is directly related to its surface chemical properties. This weak absorption has a significant influence on the rheology and early-age hydration of cement paste. Moreover, the morphology of hydrate on the surface of the material observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) also shows that the growth of CSH on the surface of BP particles is smaller than that of cement particles, indicating that BP delays the formation of CSH. Rheological tests showed that the reduction of BP's adsorption of calcium ions weakened the electrostatic repulsion between particles, which led to the reduction of rheological properties. The influence of BP on the strength of cement paste was studied through crack characterization and fracture observation. The results show that the interfacial strength between BP and hydration products is very weak and does not increase with the hydration process, and the chemical reaction of BP is not obvious. In addition, the substitution of BP for cement leads to a dilution effect. These factors cause the strength of cement paste to decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using eggshell powder (EP) to replace partial cement in cement-based materials can abate pollution caused by eggshell discard and cement production. In this paper, the surface property of EP and its influence on cement hydration were studied. Quartz powder (QP) and limestone powder (LP) were used as references. First, the chemical composition of EP was characterized. Then, the surface charge properties of these materials were analyzed using zeta potential measurement. The interactions between EP surface and Ca2+ were discussed based on the zeta potential test. Afterward, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was applied to observe the morphology of hydrates on the surfaces of these materials. The results indicated that, although the compositions of EP and LP are similar, the surface charge properties are significantly different. This is likely due to the existence of organic matter on the surface of EP and the difference in the atomic structure. As shown from the zeta potential test, EP exhibits similar interaction with Ca2+ as QP. The interactions between EP surface and Ca2+ are much weaker than that between LP and Ca2+. These weak interactions lead to the growth of C–S–H on the surface of EP particles less than that of LP particles. The chemical reactivity of EP can be improved by using heat treatment, electrical oven, etc. This study will provide theoretical support for the better use of EP in cement-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]