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The paper is devoted to further development of an accelerated method for simulation of the two-dimensional surface waves at infinite depth with the use of a two-dimensional model derived with simplifications of the three-dimensional equations for potential periodic deep-water waves. A 3D full wave model (FWM) is based on a numerical solution of a 3D Poisson equation written in the surface-fitted coordinates for a nonlinear component of the velocity potential. For sufficient vertical resolution used for the Poisson equation, the 3D model provides very high accuracy. The simplified model is based on the 2D Poisson equation written for a free surface. This exact equation contains both the first and second derivatives of the velocity potential, i.e., it is unclosed. The analysis of the accurate solutions for the 3D velocity potential obtained with the 3D model shows that those variables are linearly connected to each other. This property allows us to obtain a 2D equation for the first derivative of the velocity potential (i.e., vertical velocity on surface), which gives the closed 2D formulation for a 3D problem of two-dimensional waves. The previously developed scheme was not universal since the parameters of the closure scheme had to be adjusted to the specific setting. The current paper offers a new formulation of a closing scheme based on the integral parameters of wave field. The method of closing the equations, as well as the numerical parameters, were chosen on the basis of the multiple numerical experiments with the full nonlinear wave model (FWM) and selection of a suitable closing scheme. That is why the given model can be called Heuristic Wave Model (HWM). The connection between the first and second variables is not precise; hence, the method as a whole cannot be exact. However, the derived 2D model is able to reproduce different statistical characteristics of the 2D wave field with good accuracy. The main advantage of the model developed is its high performance exceeding that of 3D model by about two decimal orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that drag coefficient varies in broad limits depending on wind velocity and wave age as well as on wave spectrum and some other parameters. All those effects produce large scatter of the drag coefficient, so, the data is plotted as a function of wind velocity forming a cloud of points with no distinct regularities. Such uncertainty can be overcome by the implementation of the WBL model instead of the calculations of drag with different formulas. The paper is devoted to the formulation of the Wave Boundary Layer (WBL) model for the parameterization of the ocean-atmosphere interactions in coupled ocean-atmosphere models and wave prediction models. The equations explicitly take into account the vertical flux of momentum generated by the wave-produced fluctuations of pressure, velocity and stresses (WPMF). Their surface values are calculated with the use of the spectral beta-functions whose expression was obtained by means of the 2-D simulation of the WBL. Hence, the model directly connects the properties of the WBL with an arbitrary wave spectrum. The spectral and direct wave modeling should also take into account the momentum flux to a subgrid part of the spectrum. The parameterization of this effect in the present paper is formulated in terms of wind and cut-off frequency of the spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020110 www.mdpi.com/journal/jmse Editorial Acknowledgment to Reviewers of JMSE in 2020 JMSE Editorial Office MDPI AG, St. Alban-Anlage 66, 4052 Basel, Switzerland Peer review is the driving force of journal development, and reviewers are gatekeepers who ensure that JMSE maintains its standards for the high quality of its published papers. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jmse9020110 Published: 22 January 2021 Publisher's Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]