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Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with gut dysbiosis. To investigate the association between gut microbiota and T2DM in a Saudi Arabian population. Methods: We conducted a comparative analysis of fecal microbiota from 35 individuals, including both T2DM patients and healthy controls. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was employed to characterize the microbial community structure. Results: Our findings revealed significant differences in microbial composition between the two groups. The T2DM group exhibited a higher abundance of Firmicutes and lower levels of Bacteroidetes compared to the healthy control group. At the genus level, T2DM patients showed a decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria such as Bacteroides and Akkermansia, while an increase in Ruminococcus and Prevotella was observed. Additionally, the T2DM group had a higher abundance of Faecalibacterium, Agathobacter, and Lachnospiraceae, along with a lower abundance of Bacteroides. Conclusions: These results suggest that alterations in gut microbiota composition may contribute to the development of T2DM in the Saudi Arabian population. Further large-scale studies are needed to validate these findings and explore potential therapeutic interventions targeting the gut microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. In this sense, a gluten-free diet is the only safe treatment available. Due to the restrictions resulting from this eating pattern, this treatment may impair the relationship of the people with CD with food, increasing the risk of a disordered eating attitude, which is associated with eating disorders. The EAT-26 is a validated instrument already applied worldwide in different populations, and higher scores are suggestive of eating attitudes prone to evolve into eating disorders. Studies carried out in other countries have already shown that people with CD are prone to developing eating disorders; however, no study has been carried out with this theme in the population with CD in Brazil. We carried out a nationwide cross-sectional study in three steps: (i) study design and instrument; (ii) recruitment of participants and ethics; (iii) statistical analysis. A total of 385 participants were included in our sample, 96.36% of them being women. The internal consistency of the applied self-administered Brazilian version of the EAT-26 online questionnaire presented a satisfactory Cronbach's alpha of 0.812, and in total, 36.1% of the respondents were classified with a disordered eating attitude. No differences were found among the scores of participants when divided by categories regarding gender, average monthly income, age, and educational level. However, scores classified as a disordered eating attitude were found in respondents with a body mass index classified as overweight and obese. Our study highlights that disordered eating attitudes are present in overweight and obese women with celiac disease; thus, public health politics are needed to prevent and treat these attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unclear whether gender-based differences in dietary fibre intake exist in the relationship between daily fibre consumption and the prevalence of mood disorders. This study aims to examine the effects of dietary fibre consumption on mood status between genders in Saudi Arabia. A total of 359 Saudi participants completed the survey. The data showed that women consumed 14 g fibre/day and had a mild depression score, while men consumed 12 g/day and had very severe stress. The consumption of low-to-moderate servings of fruit or very low servings of nuts and seeds was associated with stress in men. Moderate levels of depression among women were likely to occur with low-to-moderate servings of nuts and seeds. Moderate-to-high stress levels among women appeared to be associated with low-to-moderate servings of vegetables, while depressed men consumed vegetables in low-to-moderate servings. However, anxious women who experienced mild levels consumed low-to-moderate servings of vegetables, and those with a mild-to-moderate level of anxiety consumed low-to-moderate servings of bread, whole grains, and cereals. The preliminary results showed that the consumption of 12 g fibre/day is not enough to relieve stress among men, while 14 g/day reduces the level of depression to mild among women. Fibre-rich foods, e.g., vegetables, nuts and seeds, fruit, bread, cereals and legumes, lower the degree of negative moods, but this is not only attributed to fibre, as there are other influential nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]