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Quorum sensing (QS) is a bacterial cell-to-cell communication mechanism that plays an essential role in bacterial pathogenesis. QS governs bacterial behavior and controls biofilm formation, which in turn contributes to antibiotic resistance. Therefore, identifying and synthesizing novel compounds to overcome QS and inhibit biofilm formation are essential. Coumarins are important plant-derived natural products with wide-ranging bioactivities and extensive applications, including antibacterial, antifungal, anticoagulant, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, coumarins are capable of QS rewiring and biofilm formation inhibition, leading to higher susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and less antibiotic resistance. Therefore, in this review, we aim to provide an overview of QS and biofilm formation. This review also discusses the role of natural and synthesized coumarins in controlling QS, inhibiting biofilm formation, and inducing synergy in antibiotic–coumarin combinations. Hence, this review emphasizes the potential of coumarin compounds to act as antibacterial agents and demonstrates their ability to alleviate antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new class of benzimidazole-based derivatives (4a–j, 5, and 6) with potential dual inhibition of EGFR and BRAFV600E has been developed. The newly synthesized compounds were submitted for testing for antiproliferative activity against the NCI-60 cell line. All newly synthesized compounds 4a–j, 5, and 6 were selected for testing against a panel of sixty cancer cell lines at a single concentration of 10 µM. Some compounds tested demonstrated remarkable antiproliferative activity against the cell lines tested. Compounds 4c, 4e, and 4g were chosen for five-dose testing against 60 human tumor cell lines. Compound 4c demonstrated strong selectivity against the leukemia subpanel, with a selectivity ratio of 5.96 at the GI50 level. The most effective in vitro anti-cancer assay derivatives (4c, 4d, 4e, 4g, and 4h) were tested for EGFR and BRAFV600E inhibition as potential targets for antiproliferative action. The results revealed that compounds 4c and 4e have significant antiproliferative activity as dual EGFR/BRAFV600E inhibitors. Compounds 4c and 4e induced apoptosis by increasing caspase-3, caspase-8, and Bax levels while decreasing the anti-apoptotic Bcl2 protein. Moreover, molecular docking studies confirmed the potential of compounds 4c and 4e to act as dual EGFR/BRAFV600E inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel series of hybrid compounds comprising quinazolin-4-one and 3-cyanopyridin-2-one structures has been developed, with dual inhibitory actions on both EGFR and BRAFV600E. These hybrid compounds were tested in vitro against four different cancer cell lines. Compounds 8, 9, 18, and 19 inhibited cell proliferation significantly in the four cancer cells, with GI50 values ranging from 1.20 to 1.80 µM when compared to Doxorubicin (GI50 = 1.10 µM). Within this group of hybrids, compounds 18 and 19 exhibited substantial inhibition of EGFR and BRAFV600E. Molecular docking investigations provided confirmation that compounds 18 and 19 possess the capability to inhibit EGFR and BRAFV600E. Moreover, computational ADMET prediction indicated that most of the newly synthesized hybrids have low toxicity and minimal side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel 3-cyanopyridone/pyrazoline hybrids (21–30) exhibiting dual inhibition against EGFR and BRAFV600E has been developed. The synthesized target compounds were tested in vitro against four cancer cell lines. Compounds 28 and 30 demonstrated remarkable antiproliferative activity, boasting GI50 values of 27 nM and 25 nM, respectively. These hybrids exhibited dual inhibitory effects on both EGFR and BRAFV600E pathways. Compounds 28 and 30, akin to Erlotinib, displayed promising anticancer potential. Compound 30 emerged as the most potent inhibitor against cancer cell proliferation and BRAFV600E. Notably, both compounds 28 and 30 induced apoptosis by elevating levels of caspase-3 and -8 and Bax, while downregulating the antiapoptotic Bcl2 protein. Molecular docking studies confirmed the potential of compounds 28 and 30 to act as dual EGFR/BRAFV600E inhibitors. Furthermore, in silico ADMET prediction indicated that most synthesized 3-cyanopyridone/pyrazoline hybrids exhibit low toxicity and minimal adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New 1,5-diarylpyrazole oxime hybrid derivatives (scaffolds A and B) were designed, synthesized, and then their purity was verified using a variety of spectroscopic methods. A panel of five cancer cell lines known to express EGFR and JNK-2, including human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line DLD-1, human cervical cancer cell line Hela, human leukemia cell line K562, human pancreatic cell line SUIT-2, and human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2, were used to biologically evaluate for their in vitro cytotoxicity for all the synthesized compounds 7a–j, 8a–j, 9a–c, and 10a–c. The oxime containing compounds 8a–j and 10a–c were more active as antiproliferative agents than their non-oxime congeners 7a–j and 9a–c. Compounds 8d, 8g, 8i, and 10c inhibited EGFR with IC50 values ranging from 8 to 21 µM when compared with sorafenib. Compound 8i inhibited JNK-2 as effectively as sorafenib, with an IC50 of 1.0 µM. Furthermore, compound 8g showed cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in the cell cycle analysis of the Hela cell line, whereas compound 8i showed combined S phase and G2 phase arrest. According to docking studies, oxime hybrid compounds 8d, 8g, 8i, and 10c exhibited binding free energies ranging from −12.98 to 32.30 kcal/mol at the EGFR binding site whereas compounds 8d and 8i had binding free energies ranging from −9.16 to −12.00 kcal/mol at the JNK-2 binding site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asteltoxins belong to a group of polyene pyrone mycotoxins that are known to be potent inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthesis and ATP hydrolysis. Asteltoxin A was first isolated from the toxic maize cultures of Aspergillus stellatus. Several attempts have been made to synthesize asteltoxin A, starting with the synthesis of a bis(tetrahydrofuran) moiety that has been demonstrated previously in biosynthetic studies. This review highlights the fungal sources of asteltoxins, similar asteltoxins, biosynthetic pathways, their synthetic trials, and their biological activities. This review is the first of its kind covering the periods from 1979 to 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some new Bis-pyrazoline hybrids 8–17 with dual EGFR and BRAFV600E inhibitors have been developed. The target compounds were synthesized and tested in vitro against four cancer cell lines. Compounds 12, 15, and 17 demonstrated strong antiproliferative activity with GI50 values of 1.05 µM, 1.50 µM, and 1.20 µM, respectively. Hybrids showed dual inhibition of EGFR and BRAFV600E. Compounds 12, 15, and 17 inhibited EGFR-like erlotinib and exhibited promising anticancer activity. Compound 12 is the most potent inhibitor of cancer cell proliferation and BRAFV600E. Compounds 12 and 17 induced apoptosis by increasing caspase 3, 8, and Bax levels, and resulted in the downregulation of the antiapoptotic Bcl2. The molecular docking studies verified that compounds 12, 15, and 17 have the potential to be dual EGFR/BRAFV600E inhibitors. Additionally, in silico ADMET prediction revealed that most synthesized bis-pyrazoline hybrids have low toxicity and adverse effects. DFT studies for the two most active compounds, 12 and 15, were also carried out. The values of the HOMO and LUMO energies, as well as softness and hardness, were computationally investigated using the DFT method. These findings agreed well with those of the in vitro research and molecular docking study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of thiazolidinone based on quinolone moiety was established starting from 4-hydroxyquinol-2-ones. The strategy started with the reaction of ethyl bromoacetate with 4-hydroxyquinoline to give the corresponding ethyl oxoquinolinyl acetates, which reacted with hydrazine hydrate to afford the hydrazide derivatives. Subsequently, hydrazides reacted with isothiocyanate derivatives to give the corresponding N,N-disubstituted thioureas. Finally, on subjecting the N,N-disubstituted thioureas with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates, cyclization occurred, and thiazolidinone derivatives were obtained in good yields. The two series based on quinolone moiety, one containing N,N-disubstituted thioureas and the other containing thiazolidinone functionalities, were screened for their in vitro urease inhibition properties using thiourea and acetohydroxamic acid as standard inhibitors. The inhibition values of the synthesized thioureas and thiazolidinones exhibited moderate to good inhibitory effects. The structure−activity relationship revealed that N-methyl quinolonyl moiety exhibited a superior effect, since it was proved to be the most potent inhibitor in the present series achieving (IC50 = 1.83 ± 0.79 µM). The previous compound exhibited relatively much greater activity, being approximately 12-fold more potent than thiourea and acetohydroxamic acid as references. Molecular docking analysis showed a good protein−ligand interaction profile against the urease target (PDBID: 4UBP), emphasizing the electronic and geometric effect of N,N-disubstituted thiourea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was screening and molecular identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) producing β-glucan from different species isolated from boza and cider compared to a standard strain for Lactobacillus rhamnosus NRRL 1937 (LGG). From 48 unknown isolates, four LAB strains were selected. Based on the NCBI database, their nomenclature was A3, B6, and C9 for Limosilactobacillus fermentum SH1, SH2, and SH3 along with D6 for Leuconostoc mesenteroides SH4. Also, their similarity values were 100%, 99.8%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The potential of Exopolysaccharide (EPS) (as β-glucan) production for selected LAB strains by gtf gene, conventional PCR and gene expression using both LGG as a control and LAB 16S rRNA gene as a house-keeping gene was investigated. In addition, EPS (mg/100 mL), cell mass (mg/100 mL), pH, total carbohydrate%, total protein% and β-glucan% by the HPLC for all selected LAB isolates were studied. All results of genetic and chemical tests proved the superiority of B6 treatment for L. fermentum SH2. The results showed the superiority of B6 treatment in gtf gene expression (14.7230 ± 0.070-fold) followed by C9 and A3 treatments, which were 10.1730 ± 0.231-fold and 8.6139 ± 0.320-fold, respectively. while D6 treatment recorded the lowest value of gene expression (0.8566 ± 0.040-fold) compared to the control LGG (one-fold). The results also demonstrated that B6 treatment was superior to the other treatments in terms of EPS formation, with a value of 481 ± 1.00 mg/100 mL, followed by the C9 treatment at 440 ± 2.00 mg/100 mL, compared to the LGG (control) reaching 199.7 ± 3.51 mg/100 mL. Also, the highest % of quantitative and qualitative β-glucan in EPS was observed in B6 followed by C9, D6 and A3 which were 5.56 ± 0.01%, 4.46 ± 0.01%, 0.25 ± 0.008% and 0.12 ± 0.008%, respectively compared to control (0.31 ± 0.01%). Finally, the presented results indicate the importance of screening the local LAB isolates to obtain a superior strain for β-glucan production which will be introduced in a subsequent study under optimum conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, nanocellulose was extracted from palm leaves to synthesize nanocellulose/chitosan nanocomposites for the removal of dyes from textile industrial wastewater. Nanocellulose is of interest in water purification technologies because of its high surface area and versatile surface chemistry. Following bleach, alkali, and acid treatments on palm leaves, nanocellulose is obtained as a white powder. The produced nanocellulose was investigated. The adsorption capacity of chitosan, nanocellulose, and novel synthetic nanocellulose/chitosan microbeads (CCMB) for direct blue 78 dye (DB78) removal was studied. A series of batch experiments were conducted in terms of adsorbent concentration, mixing time, pH, dye initial concentration, and nanocellulose concentration in synthetic microbeads. The CCMB was characterized by using physicochemical analysis, namely Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that the surface area of synthetic CCMB is 10.4 m2/g, with a positive net surface charge. The adsorption tests showed that the dye removal efficiency increases with an increasing adsorbent concentration. The maximum removal efficiencies were 91.5% and 88.4%, using 14 and 9 g/L of CCMB-0.25:1. The initial dye concentrations were 50 and 100 mg/L under acidic conditions (pH = 3.5) and an optimal mixing time of 120 min. The equilibrium studies for CCMB-0.25:1 showed that the equilibrium data were best fitted to Langmuir isothermal model with R2 = 0.99. These results revealed that nanocellulose/chitosan microbeads are an effective eco-adsorbent for the removal of direct blue 78 dye and provide a new platform for dye removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New series of 1,3,4-thiadiazoles have been prepared via reaction of 1,3,4-thiadiazolenaminones 1 with N-phenyl 2-oxopropanehydrazonoyl chloride (2) in dioxane in the presence of triethylamine. Also, some new heterocycles incorporating 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring were obtained by reaction of 1,3,4-thiadiazolenaminones 1 with nitrogen-nucleophiles like hydrazine hydrate, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and 2-aminobenzimidazole. The structure of the new products was established based on elemental and spectral analysis. The relation between the structure of the products and their activity towards some microorganisms was studied and promising results were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keratitis is a global health issue that claims the eye sight of millions of people every year. Dry eye, contact lens wearing and refractive surgeries are among the most common causes. The resistance rate among fluoroquinolone antibiotics is >30%. This study aims at formulating a newly synthesized ciprofloxacin derivative (2b) niosomes and Solulan C24-, sodium cholate- and deoxycholate-modified niosomes. The prepared niosomal dispersions were characterized macroscopically and microscopically (SEM) and by percentage entrapment efficiency, in vitro release and drug release kinetics. While the inclusion of Solulan C24 produced something discoidal-shaped with a larger diameter, both cholate and deoxycholate were unsuccessful in forming niosomes dispersions. Conventional niosomes and discomes (Solulan C24-modified niosomes) were selected for further investigation. A corneal ulcer model inoculated with colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rabbits was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of keratitis treatment of the 2b-loaded niosomes and 2b-loaded discomes compared with Ciprocin® (ciprofloxacin) eye drops and control 2b suspension. The histological documentation and assessment of gene expression of the inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL1B, TNFα and NF-κB) indicated that both 2b niosomes and discomes were superior treatments and can be formulated at physiological pH 7.4 compatible with the ocular surface, compared to both 2b suspension and Ciprocin® eye drops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypyrrole/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composites (PPy/MWCNTs) were produced in an acidic solution utilizing an in situ oxidative polymerization method using ferric chloride as an oxidizing agent and sodium dodecyl sulfate as a soft template. Thermal evaporation was used to fabricate thin films from polypyrrole/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites. The resulting composites were examined by different techniques to explore their morphology, structural and electrical characteristics. The surface morphology analysis revealed that polypyrrole structure is a two-dimensional film with impeded nanoparticles and the thickness of coated PPy around the MWCNTs decreases when increasing the amount of MWCNTs. XRD analysis revealed that the average crystallite size of the prepared composites is 62.26 nm. The direct energy gap for PPy is affected by a factor ranging from 2.41 eV to 1.47 eV depending on the contents of MWCNTs. The thin film's optical properties were examined using experimental and TDDFT-DFT/DMOl3 simulation techniques. The optical constants and optical conductivity of the composites were calculated and correlated. The structural and optical characteristics of the simulated nanocomposites as single isolated molecules accord well with the experimental results. The nanocomposite thin films demonstrated promising results, making them a viable candidate for polymer solar cell demands. Under optimal circumstances, the constructed planar heterojunction solar cells with a 75 ± 3 nm layer of PPy/MWCNTs had a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.86%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's primary objective is to examine the vapor delivery mechanism through a tubular membrane distillation (MD) module. Experiments were conducted utilizing a hydrophobic tubular membrane module with a pore size of 0.2 µm. To establish the mass transport mechanism of water vapor, tests were carried out first with pure water as a feed. The permeate flow was then determined using NaCl aqueous feed solutions. Distilled water flux at diverse feed temperatures, feed flow rates, and feed salt concentrations was investigated. The permeate flux improved linearly with rising temperature and flow rate of the feed, however, it declined with feed concentration. Increasing temperature from 40 to 70 °C increased the permeate flux by a factor of 2.2, while increasing the feed flow rate from 60 to 120 L/h increased the permeate flux by a factor ranging from 0.7 to 1.1 depending on feed temperature. Using the Dusty gas model (DGM) the mass transport of water vapor is estimated in the membrane pores. The results showed that the water vapor delivery is controlled by way of the Knudsen molecular diffusion transition mechanism and its version changed into one capable of predicting the permeate fluxes. The mass transfer coefficient calculated and located using the Knudsen molecular transition version agreed properly with the corresponding experimental value. The delivery resistances were affected by working parameters, along with feed temperature, flow rate, and concentration. The mass transfer resistance of the membrane became the predominant controlling step to the MD process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and simple protocol for the synthesis of a new class of diverse bis(indolyl)pyridines analogues of the marine alkaloid nortopsentin has been reported. A one-pot four-component condensation of 3-cyanocarbomethylindole, various aldehyde, 3-acetylindole, and ammonium acetate in glacial acetic acid led to the formation of 2,6-bis(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(substituted-phenyl)pyridine-5-carbonitriles. Additionally, 2,6-bis(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(benzofuran) pyridine-5-carbonitriles were prepared via a one-pot four-component condensation of 3-cyanocarbomethylindole, various N-substituted-indole-3-aldehydes, 2-acetylbenzofuran, and ammonium acetate. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation against the Gram-positive bacterial reference strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and the Gram-negative strain Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Some of the new compounds showed a marked selectivity against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Remarkably, five compounds 4b, 7a, 7c, 7d and 8e demonstrated good antibiofilm formation against S. aureus and E. coli. On the other hand, the release of reducing sugars and proteins from the treated bacterial strains over the untreated strains was considered to explain the disruption effect of the selected compound on the contact cells of S. aureus and E. coli. Out of all studied compounds, the binding energies and binding mode of bis-indole derivatives 7c and 7d were theoretically the best thymidylate kinase, DNA gyrase B and DNA topoisomerase IV subunit B inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anise oil was prepared in its nanoemulsion form to facilitate the penetration of microbial walls, causing microbe mortality. The penetration occurred easily owing to the reduction in its size (nm). Nanoemulsions with different concentrations of anise oil were prepared using lecithin as an emulsifying agent with the aid of an ultra-sonification process. Their morphological and chemical properties were then characterized. The promising constituents were l-Menthone (11.22%), Gurjunene (6.78%), Geranyl acetate (4.03%), Elemene (3.93%), Geranyl tiglate (3.53%), geraniol (3.48%), linalool (0.17%) as well as camphene (0.12%). Different concentrations of prepared anise oil in micro and nanoemulsions were tested as antimicrobial agents against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), yeast (Candida albicans) and fungi (Asperigillus niger). The findings illustrated that the anise oil-based nanoemulsion exhibited better results. Different biochemical and biological evaluations of anise oil nanoemulsions were conducted, including determining killing times, antioxidant activities (using three different methods), and total phenolics. A trial to estimate the mode of action of anise oil-based nanoemulsion as an antimicrobial agent against S. aureus and C. albicans was performed via studying the release of reducing sugars and protein and conducting scanning electron microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical textiles have played an increasingly important protection role in the healthcare industry. This study was aimed at improving the conventional cotton gauze for achieving advanced biomedical specifications (coloration, UV-protection, anti-inflammation, and antimicrobial activities). These features were obtained by modifying the cotton gauze fabrics via in-situ precipitation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp NP), followed by in-situ photosynthesis of silver (Ag) NPs with ginger oil as a green reductant with anti-inflammation properties. The HAp-Ag NPs coating provides good UV-protection properties. To further improve the HAp and Ag NPs dispersion and adhesion on the surface, the cotton gauze fabrics were modified by cationization with chitosan, or by partial carboxymethylation (anionic modification). The influence of the cationic and anionic modifications and HAp and Ag NPs deposition on the cotton gauze properties (coloration, UV-protection, antimicrobial activities, and water absorption) was thoroughly assessed. Overall, the results indicate that chemical (anionic and cationic) modification of the cotton gauze enhances HAp and Ag NPs deposition. Chitosan can increase biocompatibility and promotes wound healing properties of cotton gauze. Ag NP deposition onto cotton gauze fabrics brought high antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and improved UV protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine endophytic fungi from under-explored locations are a promising source for the discovery of new bioactivities. Different endophytic fungi were isolated from plants and marine organisms collected from Wadi El-Natrun saline lakes and the Red Sea near Hurghada, Egypt. The isolated strains were grown on three different media, and their ethyl acetate crude extracts were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic bacteria and fungi as well as their antioxidant properties. Results showed that most of the 32 fungal isolates initially obtained possessed antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The most potent antimicrobial extracts were applied to three different cellulose containing fabrics to add new multifunctional properties such as ultraviolet protection and antimicrobial functionality. For textile safety, the toxicity profile of the selected fungal extract was evaluated on human fibroblasts. The 21 strains displaying bioactivity were identified on molecular basis and selected for chemical screening and dereplication, which was carried out by analysis of the MS/MS data using the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform. The obtained molecular network revealed molecular families of compounds commonly produced by fungal strains, and in combination with manual dereplication, further previously reported metabolites were identified as well as potentially new derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves' extract (FLE), olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves' extract (OLE), and their mixture (MLE), to extend the shelf life of pasteurized milk. OLE, FLE, and their mixture MLE (1:1) were added to the pasteurized milk in different concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%). Several tests were then conducted to determine the activity of these extracts. The antioxidant activity as IC50 was determined by using DPPH radical assay. FLE showed higher IC50 (30.21 µg/mL) compared to the IC50 of OLE (22.43 µg/mL). Phenolic compounds were identified by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest antimicrobial activity was obtained with 0.6% concentration. Organoleptic properties indicated that the addition of these extracts did not affect the sensory properties of pasteurized milk. Pasteurized milk treated with 0.6% of FLE, OLE, and MLE has significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) lipase and protease activity during the storage period, at 5 °C. The results indicated that extending the shelf life of pasteurized milk from 5 to 16 days was successfully achieved through using 0.6% of FLE, OLE, and MLE. The combination of the two extracts (MLE) provides an efficient and safe method to prolong the shelf life of pasteurized milk, without altering the properties of pasteurized buffalo milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keratitis is a global health issue that claims the eye sight of millions of people every year. Dry eye, contact lens wearing and refractive surgeries are among the most common causes. The resistance rate among fluoroquinolone antibiotics is >30%. This study aims at formulating a newly synthesized ciprofloxacin derivative (2b) niosomes and Solulan C24-, sodium cholate- and deoxycholate-modified niosomes. The prepared niosomal dispersions were characterized macroscopically and microscopically (SEM) and by percentage entrapment efficiency, in vitro release and drug release kinetics. While the inclusion of Solulan C24 produced something discoidal-shaped with a larger diameter, both cholate and deoxycholate were unsuccessful in forming niosomes dispersions. Conventional niosomes and discomes (Solulan C24-modified niosomes) were selected for further investigation. A corneal ulcer model inoculated with colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rabbits was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of keratitis treatment of the 2b-loaded niosomes and 2b-loaded discomes compared with Ciprocin ® (ciprofloxacin) eye drops and control 2b suspension. The histological documentation and assessment of gene expression of the inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL1B, TNFα and NF-κB) indicated that both 2b niosomes and discomes were superior treatments and can be formulated at physiological pH 7.4 compatible with the ocular surface, compared to both 2b suspension and Ciprocin ® eye drops.