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The increasing contamination of cereals by micromycetes and mycotoxins during malting still poses an unresolved food safety problem. This study characterises the potential of the novel, rapidly developing food production technology of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) to reduce the viability of Fusarium fungi and the production of mycotoxins during malting. Barley, artificially inoculated with four Fusarium species, was treated by PEF with two different intensities and then malted using a standard Pilsner-type technology. Concentrations of fungi were quantified by RT-PCR, expression of fungal growth-related genes was assessed using mRNA sequencing, and mycotoxin levels were analysed by U-HPLC-HRMS/MS. Despite the different trends for micromycetes and mycotoxins after application of variously intense PEF conditions, significant reductions were generally observed. The greatest decrease was for F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, where up to six fold lower levels were achieved for malts produced from the PEF-treated barley when compared to the control. For F. culmorum and F. graminearum, up to a two-fold reduction in the PEF-generated malts was observed. These reductions mostly correlated with a decrease in relevant mycotoxins, specifically type A trichothecenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apples are a popular fruit worldwide, with many health and nutritional benefits. However, this fruit is also among those that, particularly in Central and Northern Europe, are allergenic due to the Mal d 1 allergen. Mal d 1 is a homologous allergen to Bet v 1—the main pollen allergen of birch. In this study, two different approaches were used to identify the natural length polymorphism of Bet v 1 homologs in apple varieties, with the aim of characterizing their effectiveness. BBAP (Bet v 1 based amplified polymorphism) and RFLP (restriction fragments length polymorphism) profiles were characterized and compared. RFLP analysis recognizes the genetic diversity of M. domestica Mal d 1 sequences at a relatively low level. In BBAP profiles, the genetic dissimilarity was up to 50%, which appears suitable for intraspecific fingerprinting and serves as an additional method for RFLP analysis. RFLP analysis was able to distinguish some varieties that BBAP could not, such as Sonet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and idiopathic hirsutism (IH) are androgen excess disorders requiring the determination of classic androgen levels for diagnosis. 11-oxygenated androgens have high androgenic potential, yet their clinical value in those disorders is not clear. Additionally, the role of endocrine disruptors (EDs), particularly in IH, remains understudied. We analyzed 25 steroids and 18 EDs in plasma samples from women with IH, PCOS, and controls using LC-MS/MS. Cytokine levels and metabolic parameters were assessed. Comparisons included non-obese women with PCOS (n = 10), women with IH (n = 12) and controls (n = 20), and non-obese versus obese women with PCOS (n = 9). Higher levels of 11-oxygenated androgens were observed in women with PCOS compared to those with IH, but not controls. Conversely, 11-oxygenated androgen levels were lower in women with IH compared to controls. Cytokine levels did not differ between women with IH and controls. Bisphenol A (BPA) levels were higher in obese women with PCOS compared to non-obese women with PCOS. Bisphenol S occurrence was higher in women with PCOS (90%) compared to controls (65%) and IH (50%). Significant correlations were found between androgens (11-ketotestosterone, androstenedione, testosterone) and insulin and HOMA-IR, as well as between immunomodulatory 7-oxygenated metabolites of DHEA and nine interleukins. Our data confirms that PCOS is a multiendocrine gland disorder. Higher BPA levels in obese women might exacerbate metabolic abnormalities. IH was not confirmed as an inflammatory state, and no differences in BPA levels suggest BPA does not play a role in IH pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder with poorly detailed subtypes/dimensions, such as religious OCD (ROCD). To date, little is known about ROCD characteristics. This work aimed to describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, along with the religiosity and spirituality, of Lebanese Muslim citizens diagnosed with OCD and exhibiting religious symptoms. Methods: Participants were Lebanese Muslims, outpatients with OCD and religious symptoms, aged 18 or above, who could complete a questionnaire. Exclusion criteria were as follows: other psychiatric disorders and cognitive or physical impairments preventing participation. They completed a questionnaire including the 25-item Arabic Scale of Obsessions and Compulsions (10 questions addressing obsessions, 10 questions addressing compulsions, and 5 filler items, all of which were rated on a 4–point Likert scale, with higher total scores indicating increasing severity), the 26-item Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale (rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating higher spirituality), and questions assessing sociodemographic, clinical, and religiosity variables. Results: Fifty adults (62% females, 52% aged between 18 and 29 years) completed the study. They had mild (26%), moderate (48%), and severe (26%) OCD symptoms. The majority attended religious school at least at one point in their life and described a moderate to very high degree of self-religiosity and parental religiosity. Group comparisons (patients with mild vs. moderate vs. severe OCD symptoms) showed significant differences with regard to a family history of psychiatric disorders (p = 0.043), the frequency of self-questioning if they prayed correctly (p = 0.005), a higher rating of partial ablution repetition (p = 0.006), and the frequency of partial ablution repetitions (p = 0.041). No significant group differences were noted with regard to sociodemographic or spirituality outcomes. The prevalence of religious doubts (i.e., self-questioning if praying correctly) and specific rituals (partial ablution repetition) among severe OCD patients were 100% (13/13) and 77% (10/13), respectively. Conclusions: The results suggest a link between specific religious practices and OCD severity, underscoring the need for culturally sensitive approaches in diagnosing and treating ROCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds/Objectives: The finite element method (FEM) is an advanced numerical technique that can be applied in orthodontics to study tooth movements, stresses, and deformations that occur during orthodontic treatment. It is also useful for simulating and visualizing the biomechanical behavior of teeth, tissues, and orthodontic appliances in various clinical scenarios. The objective of this research was to analyze the mechanical behavior of teeth, tissues, and orthodontic appliances in various clinical scenarios. Materials and Methods: For this study, we utilized a model derived from a set of CBCT scans of a 26-year-old female patient who underwent fixed orthodontic treatment using the lingual technique. Through a series of programs based on reverse engineering, we constructed a three-dimensional reconstruction of the teeth and their internal structures. Using the finite element method (FEM), we obtained six simulations of an orthodontic system utilizing the fixed lingual technique, in which we employed brackets made of chrome–nickel or gold, and archwires made of nitinol, gold, or stainless steel. Results: The study reveals that although the deformation of the archwires during orthodontic treatment is the same, the forces generated by the three types of archwires on brackets differ. The variation in forces applied to the brackets in the fixed lingual orthodontic technique is essential for customizing orthodontic treatment, as these forces must be precisely controlled to ensure effective tooth movement and prevent overloading of the dental structures. Conclusions: The FEM analysis allows for the identification of ideal combinations between the materials used for orthodontic archwires and the materials used for brackets. This ensures that the optimal intensity of forces applied during the fixed lingual orthodontic technique results in desired tooth movements without causing damage to the enamel, dentin, or pulp of the teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lipedema is a subcutaneous adipose tissue disorder mainly affecting women. Its progressive nature often requires high-volume liposuction for efficient pain reduction. However, aspiration volumes of more than 5 L within a single session may lead to a variety of complications. Thus, we examined the effect of high-volume liposuctions on lipedema patients and the incidence of associated complications. Methods: We analyzed perioperative differences in lipedema patients undergoing low- or high-volume liposuctions. Statistical analyses were performed, investigating postoperative complications and the correlation of patients' BMI, total amount of aspiration, duration of surgery, hospital stay and hemoglobin alterations. Complications were investigated according to the Clavien–Dindo Classification. Patients were divided in two groups based on the volume aspirated at liposuction (low-volume vs. high-volume liposuction). Results: Overall, 121 sessions were investigated. Mean total volume of aspiration was 8227.851 mL ± 3643.891. Mean preoperative hemoglobin levels were 13.646 g/dL ± 1.075 g/dL. Preoperatively, 7.44% of patients were anemic (Hb < 12 g/dL). Mean postoperative hemoglobin was 10.563 g/dL ± 1.230 g/dL. Postoperatively, 90.10% of patients showed Hb levels below 12 g/dL. Hemoglobin loss differed significantly between the two groups (p = 0.001). Significant correlations between pre- (p = 0.015) and postoperative (p < 0.001) hemoglobin levels and pre- (p < 0.001) and postoperative (p < 0.001) anemia with Class II complications were also seen. The total volume of aspiration did not correlate with complication rates (p = 0.176). Conclusions: Complication rates in high-volume liposuctions are hemoglobin-dependent rather than volume-associated. Preoperative anemia was the most influential for the occurrence of postoperative complications. To safely conduct high-volume liposuctions in lipedema patients, adequate patient selection and preoperative patient preparation are imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of cornea transplantation (penetrating keratoplasty, Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty, Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty, and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty) using donor corneas stored in Eusol-C hypothermic storage medium compared to corneas stored in organ-culture. Methods: The clinical outcomes of 92 patients who underwent corneal transplantation with human donor corneas stored in Eusol-C medium at 2–8 °C were retrospectively evaluated. The control group consisted of 169 patients who received corneas organ-cultured at 31 °C. Donor age, sex, death-to-preservation time, and storage time were recorded. Endothelial cell (EC) density (ECD), EC mortality, and EC morphology scores were evaluated during storage in both groups. Complication rates, visual outcomes, and corneal transparency were monitored for up to six months. Results: The mean storage in Eusol-C time was 7.7 ± 2.5 days, while organ-culture time was 14.2 ± 4.0 days. In the Eusol-C group, ECD was 2398 ± 354 cells/mm2, with an average EC morphology score of 3.4 ± 0.7/4. Approximately 28% of the corneas in the Eusol-C group had no EC mortality. In the organ-culture group, ECD was 2256 ± 328 cells/mm2, with an average EC morphology score of 3.5 ± 0.5/4, and 42% were devoid of EC mortality. No complications, such as re-bubbling, were observed in both groups during surgery. Transparent corneas were achieved in 81.3% of the Eusol-C group the day after surgery. Mean corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) at 3 and 6 months was 4.5 ± 4.0/10 and 5.4 ± 3.7/10 for the Eusol-C group and 5.0 ± 2.9/10 and 5.7 ± 2.8/10 for the organ-culture group, with no statistical differences observed between the groups. No graft failure was observed up to three months. Graft rejection occurred in the Eusol-C group and in the organ-culture group in, respectively, one and two cases at the six-month follow-up. Conclusions: Comparable surgical outcomes were achieved with donor corneas stored in both hypothermic Eusol-C and organ-culture media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quality assurance in data collection is essential as data quality directly impacts the accuracy and reliability of outcomes. In the context of early detection of prostate cancer, improving data completeness is a key focus for enhancing patient care. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a data-driven feedback tool, visualized through a dashboard, in improving the completeness of data collection by healthcare professionals. Methods: A cohort of eight healthcare professionals were provided with a dashboard displaying weekly feedback on the completeness of 86 essential data items, including patient demographics, laboratory results, and imaging findings. A comparative analysis of data completeness was conducted for 577 patients enrolled in the prostate cancer early detection pathway, with 211 patients assessed before and 366 patients after the introduction of the dashboard. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney rank-sum test and Chi-square tests. Results: The implementation of the dashboard significantly improved data completeness across all healthcare professionals. The average completeness score increased from 0.70 (95% CI 0.67–0.76) before the dashboard's introduction to 0.88 (95% CI 0.86–0.92) after its implementation, with a p-value of <0.001. Conclusions: The introduction of a data-driven feedback dashboard significantly enhanced data completeness within the prostate cancer early detection pathway. This improvement has the potential to positively impact the quality of care and to support the generation of high-quality data for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor heterogeneity is a significant factor influencing cancer treatment effectiveness and can arise from genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic variations among cancer cells. Understanding how tumor heterogeneity impacts tumor evolution and therapy response can lead to more effective treatments and improved patient outcomes. Traditional bulk genomic approaches fail to provide insights into cellular-level events, whereas single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) offers transcriptomic analysis at the individual cell level, advancing our understanding of tumor growth, progression, and drug response. However, implementing single-cell approaches in clinical trials involves challenges, such as obtaining high-quality cells, technical variability, and the need for complex computational analysis. Effective implementation of single-cell genomics in clinical trials requires a collaborative "Team Medicine" approach, leveraging shared resources, expertise, and workflows. Here, we describe key technical considerations in implementing the collection of research biopsies and lessons learned from integrating scRNA-seq into City of Hope's clinical trial design, highlighting collaborative efforts between computational and clinical teams across breast, brain, and ovarian cancer studies to understand the composition, phenotypic state, and underlying resistance mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Patients requiring haemodialysis often perceive the cost of their travels to the dialysis centres as a significant burden. The study aimed to collect a first Swiss national data set on transport costs and assess their impact on patients and their relatives. Methods: In addition to interviews with patients, a quantitative survey was developed and distributed online using a voluntary sampling strategy. Data were analysed by means of descriptive statistics. A Sounding Board of patients, relatives, and healthcare professionals accompanied all steps of the project. Results: A total of 6 dialysis patients were interviewed; 437 respondents of the national survey met the inclusion criteria. Patients travel a median distance of 7.5 km to their dialysis centres. For 78% of them, the journey takes up to 30 min, and nearly half use their private car as their main mode of transport. The median annual transport costs are CHF 2925 (mean = CHF 5041). Approximately half of the patients perceive transport costs as a burden or limitation, yet only about 30% receive financial support, for which there is no standard process. Patients requiring financial support reported difficulties navigating the system. Conclusions: This study highlighted that many dialysis patients are burdened by transport costs and receive limited financial support and counselling services. Implementation of a standardised process for financial support should be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of wild garlic leaves on the sensory quality, volatiles, color, and texture of sheep milk soft rennet-curd cheese. The sensory evaluation of color, appearance, texture, odor, and taste was performed using a 5-point scale. The intensity of selected taste and odor discriminants was also assessed. Volatiles were analyzed by the GC-MS method. Color and textural characteristics were determined instrumentally. The wild garlic addition had no effect on the sensory characteristics of the cheese (p > 0.05). However, cheese with herbs exhibited a less intensive sour odor (p ≤ 0.05), sheep's milk odor, and taste (p ≤ 0.01). (E)-7-methyl-4-decene, dichloroacetic acid undecyl ester, and 3,5-dimethyl-octane, described as creamy, acetic, and acid pungent in smell, were not detected in the cheese with wild garlic while they were present in the natural one. Moreover, herbal cheese was more piquant (p ≤ 0.01). PCA showed that the differences in volatiles resulted both from the use of wild garlic and the time of storage. Herbal addition affected almost all color characteristics, except for the hue angle (h), but caused an increase only in hardness and chewiness. In conclusion, wild garlic leaves can be recommended as an additive in the production of soft sheep's milk rennet-curd cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the resistance of Plasmodium to the existing antimalarials increases, there is a crucial need to expand the antimalarial drug pipeline. We recently identified potent antimalarial compounds, namely harmiquins, hybrids derived from the β-carboline alkaloid harmine and 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline, a key structural motif of chloroquine (CQ). To further explore the structure−activity relationship, we synthesised 13 novel hybrid compounds at the position N-9 of the β-carboline ring and evaluated their efficacy in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 strains (CQ sensitive and multi-drug resistant, respectively). All compounds exhibit persistent antimalarial activity against both strains of P. falciparum. The most interesting derivatives had low nanomolar activity against both strains (IC50 (33) = 4.7 ± 1.3 nM against Pf3D7 and 6.5 ± 2.5 nM against PfDd2; IC50 (37) = 4.6 ± 0.6 nM against 3D7 and 10.5 ± 0.4 nM against Dd2). Resistance indices (RIs) ranged from 0.9 to 5.3 compared to CQ (RI = 14.4), highlighting their superior consistency in activity against both strains. The cytotoxicity screening performed on HepG2 revealed over 3 orders of magnitude higher IC50 for most of the compounds, with SIs from 711.0 to 8081.8. Spectroscopic studies explored the affinities of newly synthesised compounds for DNA, RNA, and HSA. Both tested hybrids, 34 and 39, were intrinsically fluorescent in an aqueous medium, characterised by remarkable Stokes shifts of emission maxima (Δλ = +103 and +93 nm for 34 and 39, respectively). Fluorimetric experiments revealed that compound 34, with its shorter and more flexible linker, exhibited at least an order of magnitude higher affinity toward ds-DNAs versus ds-RNA and two orders of magnitude higher affinity toward GC-DNAs compared to 39. The behaviour of the investigated compounds upon binding to HSA is very similar, showing a strong hypsochromic shift of the emission maximum (almost Δλ = −70 nm) and demonstrating their effectiveness as fluorimetric probes for distinguishing between DNA/RNA and proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores agroecological practices designed to improve soil quality and crop yield in small-scale agriculture, focusing on soil inoculation with beneficial bacteria over conventional fertilizers. Conducted at the SZIA Agroecological Garden MATE in Gödöllő, Hungary, the research utilizes 12 plots to evaluate different conservation tillage methods, including minimum and no-tillage, with and without microbial inoculation. Commenced in 2022, this study centers on potato cultivation (Solanum tuberosum L.) and includes comprehensive chemical and physical analyses of soil and harvested potatoes, alongside continuous monitoring of growth. Statistical analysis using One-way Anova in R revealed p-values predominantly above 0.05, indicating no significant differences across most parameters, though variations in soil plasticity and pH (KCl) were noted. Results suggest that substantial treatmeent differences may require a longer observation period. Notably, plots with microbial inoculation exhibited higher harvest weights and tuber sizes compared to control plots. Additionally, trends and interactions were found between weed abundance, total harvest, and plant height. The findings indicate that the benefits of integrated agroecological practices, including conservation tillage, may take time to materialize, emphasizing the necessity for extended observation. This research lays the groundwork for future studies, underscoring the importance of patience in achieving improvements in soil health and crop quality through sustainable agricultural methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationships between socio-demographic factors, purchase frequency, internet expertise, and unethical return behavior in apparel e-commerce, with a particular focus on the act of wardrobing—wearing and then returning used apparel. The research involved a survey of 1026 online apparel consumers from Portugal and the Czech Republic. The results show that frequent buyers, internet-savvy users, women and younger e-consumers report more satisfactory return experiences. However, several e-consumers engage in wardrobe shopping, with higher rates observed among males, internet-savvy users and youth. There are differences between the countries studied: in the Czech sample, men and advanced internet users are more likely to engage in wardrobing, while in the Portuguese sample, it is more prevalent among younger e-consumers. The results also document that, overall, men are seven times more likely to practice unethical return, while increasing age decreases the likelihood. The originality of the study lies in its approach and findings, which contribute to the understanding of post-purchase behavior and moral hazards in e-commerce and highlight the need for retailers to balance return policies that prevent abuse while maintaining customer satisfaction. Recommendations are made for improving loyalty programs and personalizing the e-shopping experience to minimize returns and promote ethical consumer behavior. Further research is suggested to develop these findings and improve return management in apparel e-commerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fabrication of optical polymer-based components, such as diffractive gratings and waveguides, high throughput and high precision are required. The non-destructive evaluation of these complex polymer-based structures is a significant challenge. Different measurement techniques can measure the structure geometry directly or via its functionality indirectly. This study investigates various measurement techniques aimed at assessing these structures from 200 nm up to 20 µm. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), white light interferometry (WLI), atomic force microscopy (AFM), micro computed tomography (µCT), optical coherence tomography (OCT), phase contrast microscopy (PCM), and Mueller matrix ellipsometry (MME) are investigated for their practical limits of lateral resolution and aspect ratio. The impact of the specimens' complexity factors, including structure width and aspect ratio, on measurement quality is discussed. A particular focus of this study is on the suitability of different measurement systems for evaluating undercuts and enclosed structures while considering structure size, slant angle, and cover thickness. The aim is to discuss the specific advantages of the individual measurement systems and their application areas in order to be able to quickly select suitable measurement systems for a non-destructive evaluation of polymer-based micro and nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into selective laser melting (SLM). By using M300 steel in virgin and recycled powder form (after 20 cycles), with the aim of reducing the cost of printing for the practical application of M300 maraging steel, a comprehensive comparison between the two types of powder was evaluated. The powder's morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and backscattered electrons (BSE). The particles were seen to have a spherical shape, with a notable number of satellites attached to their surfaces. The particle size distribution (PSD) was examined and ranged from 10 to 90 µm for both powders. In addition, the porosity exhibited an average value of 0.07% for the virgin powder and 0.10% for the recycled powder. The microstructure was examined. Additionally, the surface wettability was tested, and it was seen to display wetting behavior for both types of powder, while blackened surfaces showed a higher wetting angle than untreated surfaces (hydrophobic). The 2D roughness measurements showed that the recycled powder had no significant difference from the virgin powder (Ra = 5.33 µm, Rz = 24.17 µm) before blackening and (Ra = 5.48 µm, Rz = 24.07 µm) after blackening. Corrosion tests proved that the recycled powder did not affect the corrosion properties of the material, while blackening caused partial surface corrosion in both types of samples, regardless of the used powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In hospital- and community-acquired central nervous system infections, resistant Gram-positive bacteria are an increasing therapeutic challenge. The present approach does not attempt to identify rapidly bactericidal therapies for susceptible pathogens but aims to improve methods to find antibiotic regimens for multi-resistant pathogens that are effective in vivo in spite of reduced in vitro susceptibility in culture media. Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility was tested in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and Mueller–Hinton broth (Enterococcus faecalis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) or brain–heart infusion (Streptococcus pneumoniae). Results: Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were either lower in CSF than in broth or equal in CSF and broth. The difference between MICs in CSF and broth was prominent with gentamicin, levofloxacin, linezolid (staphylococci), and vancomycin (staphylococci and pneumococcus), whereas it was absent with ampicillin (E. faecalis), penicillin G (S. pneumoniae), linezolid (enterococcus and pneumococcus), and vancomycin (enterococcus). In no case was the MIC or MBC higher in CSF than in broth. Conclusions: Several antibiotics possess an antibacterial effect in CSF at lower concentrations than the MICs determined in broth, i.e., MICs in broth underestimate in situ susceptibility in CSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of the human body's burden of benzophenone and camphor ultraviolet (UV) filters can be estimated from their urinary levels. The present study describes the implementations and validation of the sensitive analytical method for the analysis of seven benzophenone and two camphor UV filters in urine. Sample preparation includes overnight enzymatic hydrolysis and ethyl acetate extraction followed by purification by dispersive solid-phase extraction using a sorbent Z-Sep. For the analysis, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used. Validation was performed using a Standard Reference Material® 3673 and an artificially contaminated urine sample. Target analyte recoveries ranged from 79–113% with repeatability expressed as a relative standard deviation of 2–15%. The limits of quantification were between 0.001 and 0.100 ng/mL in urine. This method was subsequently applied to examine the urine samples collected from Czech women. The analytes benzophenone-1 and 4-hydroxy-benzophenone were the most common analytes present in 100% of the samples, whereas benzophenone-3 was quantified in only 90% of the urine samples. The other four determined benzophenone derivatives were quantified in ≤33% of the samples. The derivatives of camphor were not detected in any samples. This method could be applied in biomonitoring studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a consequence of climate change and its negative impacts on the environment and on human health, the topic of sustainability has become an integral part of urban policy. Smart city initiatives around the world are focusing on different aspects of sustainability in order to provide better living conditions for their residents. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of selected smart city indicators on the average life expectancy as a variable for quality of life and well-being. Based on a Common Correlated Effects (CCE) model, Instrumental Variable Estimator with Common Factors (2SIV), and clustering regression model, EU countries were divided into three distinct clusters indicating common elements but also specificities of each group. The analysis confirmed the positive impact of GDP growth, renewable energy consumption, and the proportion of the population with a tertiary level of education on life expectancy. On the other hand, CO2 emissions and transport pollution have an adverse effect. The analysis provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between smart city variables and quality of life, and it may serve as a basis for informed and responsible decision-making by relevant urban stakeholders aimed at designing more sustainable, resilient, and healthier cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and attitude about the etiology, diagnosis, and management of peri-implantitis among dental practitioners. Methods: An online cross-sectional study on 303 dentists in Saudi Arabia was conducted. A closed-ended survey consisting of 28 questions was designed. Three sections were created, i.e., (1) participants' characteristics; (2) knowledge of peri-implantitis etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and complications; and (3) the use of antibiotics to manage peri-implantitis and methods used for diagnosis and treatment. The data were analyzed using mean and percentages. Results: A total of 303 dentists participated in this study with a 78.8% response rate, comprising 80% general dentists and 20% specialists. The majority of dentists demonstrated knowledge about peri-implantitis, with 85.5% identifying bacterial plaque as an etiologic factor and 83.8% recognizing it as an inflammatory reaction. Regarding risk factors, 88.1% identified smoking and 86.1% recognized periodontitis as contributors to peri-implant disease development. In terms of clinical decision making, 63% of participants considered implant mobility as a definitive indication for implant removal, and more than half reported using crater-like bone defects surrounding implants as a diagnostic criterion for peri-implantitis. For antimicrobial therapy, amoxicillin alone (30%) was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic, followed by the combination of amoxicillin with metronidazole (29%). Despite these treatment approaches, it is important to note that currently there are no established, predictable protocols for treating any phase of peri-implant disease. Conclusion: While participating dentists demonstrated a strong understanding of peri-implantitis etiology and risk factors, particularly regarding bacterial plaque and smoking as major contributors, there was considerable variation in antibiotic selection and usage patterns. These findings suggest the need for standardized guidelines and further research to establish evidence-based protocols for managing peri-implant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrimonia eupatoria L. (AE) has a rich tradition of use in wound healing improvement across various cultures worldwide. In previous studies, we revealed that Agrimonia eupatoria L. water extract (AE) possesses a rich polyphenolic composition, displaying remarkable antioxidant properties. Our investigations also demonstrated that lipophosphonoxin (LPPO) exhibited antibacterial efficacy in vitro while preserving the proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Building upon our prior findings, in this study, we intended to examine whether a combination of AE and LPPO could enhance skin wound healing while retaining antibacterial attributes. The antibacterial activity of AE/LPPO against Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated, alongside its effects on fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, the formation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and endothelial cells and keratinocyte proliferation/phenotype. We also investigated AE/LPPO's impact on TGF-β1 and VEGF-A signaling in keratinocytes/fibroblasts and endothelial cells, respectively. Additionally, wound healing progression in rats was examined through macroscopic observation and histological analysis. Our results indicate that AE/LPPO promotes myofibroblast-like phenotypic changes and augments ECM deposition. Clinically relevant, the AE/LPPO did not disrupt TGF-β1 and VEGF-A signaling and accelerated wound closure in rats. Notably, while AE and LPPO individually exhibited antibacterial activity, their combination did not lead to synergism, rather decreasing antibacterial activity, warranting further examination. These findings underscore substantial wound healing improvement facilitated by AE/LPPO, requiring further exploration in animal models closer to human physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daunorubicin (DNR) is an anthracycline antibiotic originating from soil-dwelling actinobacteria extensively used to treat malignant tumors. Over the decades, extensive attempts were made to enhance the production of anthracyclines by introducing genetic modifications and mutations in combination with media optimization, but the target production levels remain comparatively low. Developing an appropriate culture medium to maximize the yield of DNR and preventing autotoxicity for the producing organism remains a challenge. Our prospective review sheds light on a method involving perturbation that enhances the precursors to regulate the type II PKS pathway, enhancing cells' capacity to increase secondary metabolite production. The suggested method also entails the preparation of culture media for the cultivation of Streptomyces sp. and enhanced yield of DNR, as well as making it inactive with iron or its reduced forms following efflux from the producer. The iron or iron–DNR complex is encapsulated by oleic acid or lipid micelle layers in the culture media, finally resulting in the generated inactive DNR and the DNR–iron–oil complex. This idea has the potential to protect the producer organism from autotoxicity and prevent the inhibition of metabolite production. The approach of substituting sugar with oil in culture media has a dual role wherein it promotes Streptomyces growth by utilizing lipids as an energy source and encapsulating the generated DNR–iron complex in the medium. In this review, we discussed aspects like anthracycline producers, biosynthesis pathways, and gene regulation; side effects of DNR; mechanisms for autotoxicity evasion; and culture media components for the enhancement of DNR production in Streptomyces sp. We anticipate that our work will help researchers working with secondary metabolites production and decipher a methodology that would enhance DNR yield and facilitate the extraction of the resulting DNR by lowering costs in large-scale fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that the human microbiome influences the response to systemic immunotherapy. However, only scarce data exist on the impact of the urinary microbiome on the response rates of bladder cancer (BC) to local Bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillation therapy. We launched the prospective SILENT-EMPIRE study in 2022 to address this question. We report the results of the pilot study of SILENT-EMPIRE, which aimed to compare the microbiome between fresh frozen (FF) and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples in the cancerous tissue and adjacent healthy tissue of BC patients. Our results show that alpha diversity is increased in FF samples compared to FFPE (coverage index p = 0.041, core abundance index p = 0.008). No significant differences concerning alpha diversity could be detected between cancerous and non-cancerous tissue in the same BC patients. This study demonstrates that microbiome analysis from both FF and FFPE samples is feasible. Implementing this finding could aid in the translation of research findings into clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using electrocatalytic water reduction to produce hydrogen fuel offers significant potential for clean energy, yet its large-scale adoption depends on developing cost-effective, non-precious, and efficient catalysts to replace expensive Pt-based state-of-the-art HER catalysts. The catalytic HER performance of an active catalyst largely depends on the available catalytic active sites, conductivity, and intrinsic electrochemical kinetics, all of which can be altered by incorporating a heteroatom into the active catalyst structure. Herein, we synthesized a unique nitrogen-doped CuO@CuS (NCOS) core–shell-structured catalyst through a facile hydrothermal process followed by an efficacious nitrogenation process, and its electrochemical performance for the HER was systematically analyzed. The NCOS core–shell-structured catalyst exhibits a reduced overpotential (55 mV) and Tafel slope (107 mV dec−1) compared to the pure CuS (CS; 179 mV and 201 mV dec−1) catalyst at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Moreover, the NCOS core–shell-structured catalyst demonstrates excellent endurance for up to 50 h of chronopotentiometric testing at a driving current density rate of 10 and 100 mA cm−2. This excellent catalytic HER activity is a result of an increased electron transfer rate and a greater number of accessible active sites, attributed to a change in structural properties and the high electronic conductivity aroused from nitrogen incorporation, as evidenced from the TOF and EIS curve analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eye glance analysis and driving performance during texting while driving: Differential effects of varying driving speed versus text message length. Background and Objective. Texting while driving continues to be a significant public health concern. Eye glances off the roadway are a measure of the visual distraction associated with texting while driving. In the present study, we examined the effects of two 'real-world' factors relating to the adverse effects of texting on driving performance and eye glances off the roadway: (1) text message length and (2) driving speed. Methods. Subjects 'drove' a fixed-base simulator and read, typed and sent text messages while driving. In study #1, the driving speed was 60 mph and the effects of short (1 word) versus longer (8–10 words) texts were compared. In study #2, the text messages were short only and driving speed was 60 or 80 mph. Driving performance was assessed using the Standard Deviation of Lane Position (SDLP). Video recordings of the drivers' faces were used to assess eye glances from the road to the phone—and back—during texting. Results. Texting while driving impaired driving performance as measured by SDLP, and both longer text messages and faster drive speeds made driving performance even worse. Analysis of the eye glance data, however, revealed different effects of these two manipulations. Specifically, longer text messages were associated with an increase in the number of eye glances to the phone during a text message episode, an increase in the total time spent with the eyes off the road, and an increase in the single longest eye glance from the road. Moreover, with longer text messages the longest single eye glance away from the road typically occurred at or near the end of the text message episode. In contrast, increasing driving speed to 80 mph did not affect any of these eye glance measures relative to driving at 60 mph. Conclusion and Application. Both text message length and driving speed while texting adversely affect driving performance, but they do so via different mechanisms. These results have implications for how to tailor "don't text and drive" messaging to better serve the public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the integration of qualitative perspectives into the traditionally quantitative domain of large-scale studies and explores how mixed methods can overcome the limitations of predefined datasets. Different purposes for integrating qualitative perspectives before, during, and after LSAs are presented. Two examples are used to illustrate the potential and challenges of re-analyzing existing data from a qualitative perspective. Therefore, this article argues that the integration of qualitative perspectives can provide new empirical insights, allowing researchers to explore new patterns, address research gaps, and reframe theoretical foundations. In this way, mixed methods can enhance the scope of LSA data analysis, making it more adaptable to complex educational research questions and enriching the overall research process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the development of a high-quality functional bread, it is of crucial importance to find a compromise between improving the functional value of the product and impairing its quality. Therefore, the primary aim of this work was to define the effects of carob pulp powder (CP; 10–20% on flour basis) on the rheological behavior of dough and quality parameters of bread. The introduction of CP caused a major increase in dough resistance to extension while significantly decreasing dough extensibility, resulting in a lower volume with a denser crumb structure of the obtained bread samples. The negative effects of the CP on the dough and bread characteristics were partially compensated by the addition of dry sourdough (DS) as an improver at the level of 5–10% (flour basis). It was determined that by combining 15% CP and 10% DS, bread of very good sensory quality can be produced. The content of total dietary fiber (6.48 g), Mn (0.76 mg) and Cu (0.21 mg) per 100 g of the mentioned bread was sufficient for the nutritional claims "high in fiber", "high in manganese" and "source of copper". The obtained bread had a content of total phenols 10 times higher than the control and 5.5, 12 and 26 times higher antioxidant activity determined by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS tests, respectively. Moreover, microbiological tests confirmed the durability of the bread with 15% CP and 10% DS of up to seven days. Therefore, carob pulp powder can be successfully applied in the production of bread whose characteristics are adapted to modern trends in nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research describes an online solution for the collection and processing of production data, which are gathered from manufacturing and assembly processes at automotive companies. The solution describes the process for live monitoring of the production health and then evaluation through reports, with the option to generate reports for up to six months. Since the data are located in multiple sources, it is challenging to monitor them live or generate reports on demand. The solution described in this research outlines applications that simplify users' tasks and provide immediate insights into the processes and health of production lines. Research will be divided into three applications which are delivered in one package, which is called Cycle Time Deviation (CTD): (i) workshop application for live monitoring; (ii) for evaluating data older than 24 h, the shift report application; and (iii) for comparing and monitoring the impact of process changes on the analysis, the before and after application—the Plant Improvement Tracker (PIT)—will be presented. The aim of the research is to describe the proposed solution that was implemented in a multinational automotive corporation and to outline the benefits gained from the implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functional properties of food products, in addition to enrichment with functional components, can also be achieved by reducing the content of certain components such as sugars and fats, that is, by reducing the energy content of the product. Thus, the development of functional food products is aimed at various low-energy products, especially products with a reduced fat content, which normally represent the most concentrated source of energy. Fat replacers should simulate the functional properties of the fat. Polysaccharide-based fat replacers include a variety of native starches, modified starches, maltodextrins, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, polydextrose, inulin, pectin, other dietary fibers, and hydrocolloids. Technological properties required for the application of carbohydrate-based fat replacers are water-holding capacity, a certain level of viscosity, required form and particle size, three-dimensional networking and gel-forming ability, sensory abilities such as spreadability, softness, greasiness feeling in the mouth, and other fat-like properties. These fat replacers are usually applied in combinations with the aim of achieving all desired properties normally provided by fats in foods. In the contemporary literature, there are many examples of their application in different food products, including baked goods, meats, dairy products, and emulsion food systems, successfully reducing the fat content with or without minor alterations in the rheology or sensory features of food products. In summary, polysaccharides-based fat replacers offer an effective method for fat reduction in different food products along with enhancing the health benefits of reduced-fat foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most cost-efficient measure to prevent infection. Still, vaccination coverage among adults in Central Asia, including Kyrgyzstan, remains suboptimal, and data about immune responses to HBV vaccination are lacking. HBV vaccination is given as three injections, whereby the second and third doses are given 1 and 6 months after the first (0-1-6 scheme). However, compliance with the third dose is low in Kyrgyzstan, presumably due to the long time interval between the second and third doses, suggesting that a shortened vaccination schedule could result in better adherence and increased seroconversion. Thus, we conducted a randomized trial of individuals aged 17–66 years comparing the 0-1-6 scheme against a shorter 0-1-3 scheme. Primary outcome measures were post-vaccination titers and the percentage of participants with protective post-vaccination titers (≥10 mIU/mL). Compliance with the completeness of blood draws and administered third vaccine dose was better with the 0-1-3 scheme than with the 0-1-6 scheme. In both study arms combined, younger age (<40 years) was associated with better vaccine protection. The 0-1-6 scheme resulted in higher post-vaccination titers (52 versus 15 mIU/mL, p = 0.002) and a higher seroprotection rate (85% versus 64%, p = 0.01) than the 0-1-3 scheme, whereby post-vaccination titers correlated negatively with age in the 0-1-3 scheme. Thus, the 0-1-6 scheme should continue to be the preferred HBV vaccination schedule, but interventions to improve compliance with the third vaccine dose are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) are environmental contaminants known for their persistence and bioaccumulation in fatty tissues. SCCPs are considered potential carcinogens and endocrine disruptors, with similar effects expected for MCCPs. This study investigated the body burden of SCCPs and MCCPs in residents of two regions of the Czech Republic with different levels of industrial pollution. Blood serum samples from 62 individuals in Ceske Budejovice (control area) and Ostrava (industrial area) were analysed. The results showed higher concentrations of SCCPs (<120–650 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) and MCCPs (<240–1530 ng/g lw) in Ostrava compared to Ceske Budejovice (SCCPs: <120–210 ng/g lw, MCCPs: <240–340 ng/g lw). The statistical analysis revealed no significant correlations between chemical concentrations and demographic variables such as age, BMI, or gender. The findings are consistent with European and Australian studies but significantly lower than levels reported in China. This is the first comprehensive survey of SCCPs and MCCPs in human blood serum in the Czech Republic and the second study in Europe. The data collected in this study are essential for assessing SCCPs and MCCPs. They will contribute to a better understanding the potential health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the global challenge of inadequate data on SARS-CoV-2's effects on pregnant women and their infants. In response, Slovakia, along with other countries, launched a nationwide study to assess the incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Methods: We conducted a national observational descriptive study of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases among pregnant women from the pandemic's onset to its conclusion. In collaboration with the Public Health Office of the Slovak Republic, we identified 1184 pregnant women who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and contacted them for participation. Results: Among the 240 participating SARS-CoV-2-positive pregnant women, 13 required hospitalizations, with an increased need for intensive care and respiratory support. However, the absolute risk of poor outcomes remained low. Higher maternal age and infection during the third trimester emerged as key risk factors for hospitalization. A symptomatic course was dominant, with fatigue (70%), headache (58%), and fever (56%) as the leading symptoms. While maternal and neonatal outcomes were generally favourable, a slight increase in caesarean sections and preterm births suggests an indirect impact on maternity care. Vaccination during pregnancy correlated with reduced symptoms and no hospitalizations. Elevated CRP levels were common among infected women, while ultrasound findings remained normal. Conclusions: This study offers a multi-dimensional view of pregnancy during the pandemic, capturing both the mother's personal concerns and the objective insights from prenatal and labour care settings. The findings suggest that most pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 experience mild to moderate illness, offering reassurance to clinicians about generally favourable maternal and neonatal outcomes while underscoring the need for vigilance in rare severe cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, we aimed to determine the presence of any potential gender differences and relationships in terms of creativity, physical activity (PA), motor fitness, and motor creativity in children aged 8–9 years. Methods: The study included 195 primary school children (92 girls and 103 boys) aged 8–9 years old from grade 2. To determine creativity, the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production was used, while motor creativity was assessed using Torrance's 'Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement' test. Motor fitness was assessed with the selected items from the Eurofit battery and Piórkowski tests. The level of moderate-to-vigorous PA was determined with the Physical Activity Screening Measure. The Mann–Whitney U test was employed for in-between group comparison and Spearman's correlation to determine relationships between the variables. Results: The results of the research showed the presence of differences in motor fitness between boys and girls, but no differences in PA, creativity, as well as motor creativity between genders. Moreover, it was found there was no association between PA and motor fitness and creativity or motor creativity in either boys or girls at this age. Conclusions: Thus, it can be assumed that to develop creativity through PA in children aged 8–9 years, it might be necessary to create an appropriate environment and strategy that will strengthen, inspire, and promote children's creativity through movement. Having established that there is no difference in creativity between genders at this age, it was pointed out that it is necessary to look for teaching methods that would effectively awaken this ability in a co-educational setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The developed indirect sandwich ELLA offers a practical solution for the routine screening and detection of insects in food processing facilities, and holds promise for implementation by inspection authorities. Edible insects have been officially classified as food in the European Union since 2015. Currently, four insect species are approved for food use. However, no official method for detecting insects in food has been recognized to date. To establish a simple analytical method for insect detection in food, we developed an indirect sandwich (enzyme-linked lectin sorbent assay) ELLA specific for N-acetylglucosamine in chitin and chitosan polymers. The validation of the method demonstrated that the ELLA developed in this study is reliable for insect detection. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.006 and 0.028 mg/mL, respectively. Intra-day precision ranged from 2.45% to 30.29%, and inter-day precision from 0.36% to 12.87%. Significant differences in the total amount of chitin and chitosan were observed among the insect products, processed insect products, and samples without any insect addition (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well-known hop variety, Saaz, which gives the Pilsner lager beer its characteristic hop aroma, may be threatened by climate change in the future. Therefore, new Saaz-related hop varieties, including Saaz Late, Saaz Brilliant, Saaz Comfort, and Saaz Shine, were recently bred. A comparison study was carried out to evaluate whether these varieties are acceptable for traditional lagers. For this purpose, sensorial and chemical analyses of hops and related beers, namely, an analysis of hop resins and oils, were performed. Sensory profiles of Saaz varieties are very similar (fine, hoppy aroma; floral; herbal), except for Saaz Comfort, which has a slightly higher aroma intensity, and Saaz Shine, which has the most noticeable fruity scent, with traces of citrus. The chemical profiles are also very similar, with α-humulene, β-pinene, (E)-β-farnesene, β-caryophyllene, and myrcene being the most abundant. Decoction mashing and kettle hopping technology with bottom fermentation show that the compared varieties result in very similar lager beers with hoppy, floral, herbal, fruity, and spicy aromas. Typical hop oils include farnesol, linalool, methyl geranate, β-pinene, and limonene. The high concentration of farnesol in beer correlates with the concentrations of (E)-β-farnesene and farnesol in hops. New Saaz varieties are widely used to produce Pilsner lager without affecting the traditional sensory aroma of this widespread style. Varieties have a higher yield of approximately 25% and bitter acid concentrations of approximately 15%, with Saaz Comfort comprising approximately 100%. Furthermore, the concentration of hop oils is approximately 40% higher in Saaz Shine than a traditional Saaz variety. Moreover, Saaz Shine and Saaz Comfort have very good resistance to drought, which is an important property from a climate change perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the critical need for improved sustainability reporting in the construction sector, focusing on the integration of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) indicators to enhance reporting quality and promote standardization. The increasing regulatory pressure from the European Commission, particularly in sustainability reporting, has intensified the demand for corporate transparency. Despite these efforts, many companies still face challenges in implementing robust sustainability performance measures. This research employs a systematic literature review alongside the case studies of three leading German construction companies to critically assess the current reporting practices and explore the integration potential of LCSA indicators. The findings highlight a significant gap between the existing sustainability disclosures and LCSA indicators, with only 7–19% of the assessed indicators being integrated into the current reporting practices. Although some consistency in reporting themes and qualitative disclosures is evident, the misalignment with LCSA indicators underscores the need for further integration of standardized, life cycle-based metrics. This study concludes that collaborative efforts among companies, policymakers, and LCSA researchers are required to bridge this gap, ensuring the adoption of the existing, scientifically robust indicators that enhance the precision, comparability, and transparency of sustainability reporting in the construction sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are major causes of irreversible vision loss. Early and accurate detection of these diseases is essential for effective management. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging provides clinicians with in vivo, cross-sectional views of the retina, enabling the identification of key pathological features. However, manual interpretation of OCT scans is labor-intensive and prone to variability, often leading to diagnostic inconsistencies. To address this, we leveraged the RETFound model, a foundation model pretrained on 1.6 million unlabeled retinal OCT images, to automate the classification of key disease signatures on OCT. We finetuned RETFound and compared its performance with the widely used ResNet-50 model, using single-task and multitask modes. The dataset included 1770 labeled B-scans with various disease features, including subretinal fluid (SRF), intraretinal fluid (IRF), drusen, and pigment epithelial detachment (PED). The performance was evaluated using accuracy and AUC-ROC values, which ranged across models from 0.75 to 0.77 and 0.75 to 0.80, respectively. RETFound models display comparable specificity and sensitivity to ResNet-50 models overall, making it also a promising tool for retinal disease diagnosis. These findings suggest that RETFound may offer improved diagnostic accuracy and interpretability for specific tasks, potentially aiding clinicians in more efficient and reliable OCT image analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Persons with MS (pwMSs) are often confronted with contradictory dietary advice, which is not always based on sound scientific evidence. This may lead to poor MS-specific nutrition knowledge (MSNK) and food literacy (MSFL). To date, no studies have assessed MSNK and MSFL among pwMSs. Moreover, no validated tools to measure the effects of educational interventions are available. The aim of this study was to develop and validate MS-specific instruments to measure MSNK and MSFL among pwMSs. Methods: Based on a validated food literacy (FL) screener for the general population and prior research about the information needs of pwMSs, we developed 14 MSFL items and 11 MS-specific nutrition knowledge questions. Cognitive debriefing was conducted with 10 pwMSs and resulted in a 12-item MS food literacy questionnaire (MSFLQ) and an 11-item MS nutrition knowledge questionnaire (MSNKQ). After refinement, both questionnaires were pilot tested in an online survey to explore their comprehensibility. The MSNKQ was analyzed descriptively (mean and percentage of correctly answered questions). For MSFLQ item difficulty, the discriminatory power of the items, internal consistency and convergent/divergent validity were assessed. Results: In total, 148 pwMSs (age: 47.1 years (SD = 12.5); 102 women (69%)) completed the online survey. On average, participants answered 3.51/11 MSNK questions correctly (31.9%). The MSFLQ showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85), item difficulty was good and the discriminatory power of the items was satisfactory. Correlations between the MSFLQ and a general food literacy questionnaire was high (r = 0.626, p < 0.001), but only small with the MSNKQ (r = 0.180; p = 0.029), underlining the different constructs. Conclusions: MSNK among pwMSs in Germany is low. The MSNKQ and MSFLQ appear to be suitable instruments to assess MSNK and MSFL and might serve as outcome measures for educational interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical gait analysis plays a central role in the rehabilitation of stroke patients. However, practical and technical challenges limit their use in clinical settings. This study aimed to validate SMARTGAIT, a deep learning-based gait analysis system that addresses these limitations. Eight stroke patients took part in the study at the Human Performance Research Centre of the University of Konstanz. Gait measurements were taken using both the marker-based Vicon motion capture system and the single-smartphone-based SMARTGAIT system. We evaluated the agreement for knee, hip, and ankle joint angle kinematics in the frontal and sagittal plane and spatiotemporal gait parameters between the two systems. The results mostly demonstrated high levels of agreement between the two systems, with Pearson correlations of ≥0.79 for all lower body angle kinematics in the sagittal plane and correlations of ≥0.71 in the frontal plane. RMSE values were ≤4.6°. The intraclass correlation coefficients for all derived gait parameters showed good to excellent levels of agreement. SMARTGAIT is a promising tool for gait analysis in stroke, particularly for quantifying gait characteristics in the sagittal plane, which is very relevant for clinical gait analysis. However, further analyses are required to validate the use of SMARTGAIT in larger samples and its transferability to different types of pathological gait. In conclusion, a single smartphone recording (monocular 2D RGB camera) could make gait analysis more accessible in clinical settings, potentially simplifying the process and making it more feasible for therapists and doctors to use in their day-to-day practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of maceration and different winemaking techniques on the species diversity of yeasts in white wines from the Slovak Tokay wine region, known for its traditional white wine production. Lipovina grape variety samples were divided into three groups: control (C), macerated (M) and macerated with the addition of a yeast culture (MY). During the entire fermentation process, quantitative and qualitative microbiological analyses of the raw material and must samples were carried out, which resulted in the identification of 60 yeast isolates via the API 20 C AUX biochemical test and MALDI-TOF MS. Identification was further verified via Sanger sequencing of PCR amplicons, which confirmed the presence of less common wild yeasts in Tokay wine must samples, including Aureobasidium pullulans, Cryptococcus magnus, Torulaspora delbrueckii and Rhodotorula sp. The highest species diversity was observed in the macerated group. These findings indicate that the quality and distinctiveness of Slovak Tokay wines can be increased by careful management of the maceration process during winemaking procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of the plant's ability to take up mercury (Hg) from polluted soil was affected by location, plant family, and species in two former cinnabar mining areas in the Czech Republic. At each location, seven sampling points were marked out in the vicinity of former shafts and dumpsites connected to the mining activity, where representative soil samples and dicotyledonous plants were collected. The individual locations were characterized by specific plant communities, where, in most cases, different plant species were found within one family at both locations. The total Hg content in the soil, as well as gaseous elemental mercury (GEMsoil-air), confirmed elevated levels of this element in the mining-affected environment, with high variability of the data. The low Hg accumulation ability of plants, especially the low root–shoot translocation in most of the plant species, indicated the predominant occurrence of excluders. Among the families, the results showed the exceptional position of the Fabaceae family regarding soil Hg pollution, as the highest Hg content in both shoots and roots was determined for Onobrychis viciifolia. Therefore, the behavior of Fabaceae plants in polluted soil, the mechanisms of their tolerance to high Hg content, and their Hg accumulation ability deserve further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with the coating properties of synthetic latices comprising two kinds of polymers, specifically polyacrylate and polypyrrole, which were simultaneously formed by semi-continuous emulsion polymerization using a "one-pot" synthesis strategy. In this procedure, both the emulsion polymerization of acrylate monomers and the oxidative polymerization of pyrrole occurred concurrently in one reactor. Polyacrylate latices differing in polypyrrole loading were prepared by applying various dosages of pyrrole, specifically 0, 0.25, and 0.50, based on the fraction of acrylate monomers. The effect of the in situ incorporated polypyrrole component (having the nature of submicron composite polypyrrole-coated polyacrylate latex particles) on the physico-mechanical properties and chemical resistance of the resulting heterogeneous coating films was investigated. The interaction of incorporated polypyrrole and anti-corrosion pigments (see ZnS, Zn3(PO4)2, ZnFe2O4, MoS2, and ZnO) on the corrosion resistance of coatings was evaluated by using the electrochemical linear polarization technique. The polyacrylate latex prepared with the lowest polypyrrole loading (achieved by polymerizing 0.25 wt. % of pyrrole related to acrylic monomers) was found to be the optimum binder for waterborne anticorrosive coatings based on their properties and protective function. Their compatibility with the selected types of pigments was studied for these latex binders. In addition, their influence on the anti-corrosion efficiency of polyacrylate paint films was evaluated using the linear polarization electrochemical technique. For high corrosion resistance, the ZnS and MoS2 pigments, showing compatibility with polyacrylate latices containing the polypyrrole component, proved to be advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of essential oils (EOs) against Aeromonas spp. as a major pathogen in aquaculture. EOs represent secondary metabolic compounds exhibiting strong antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiviral, or antibacterial activities, making them possible antibiotic alternatives. Of eight different EOs, oregano, extracted from Origanum vulgare L., and thyme EOs, extracted from Thymus vulgaris L., showed strong antibacterial activity against A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida, A. veronii, and A. hydrophila followed by tea tree, extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia, and peppermint EO, extracted from Mentha piperita L. Biofilm, as one of the virulence factors contributes to the ineffectiveness of antimicrobial agents and increased resistance to antibiotics. However, oregano and thyme EO have shown significant antibiofilm activity, reducing biofilm formation by Aeromonas isolates. These findings suggest the potential use of EOs as a preventive measure against bacterial diseases and as an antibiofilm agent in aquaculture. Aeromonas spp. is a major pathogen in aquaculture with a great negative economic impact. Essential oils (EOs) are compounds of the secondary metabolism of plants known for their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. In this study, in vitro antibacterial activity of eight EOs: tea tree (extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia), eucalyptus (extracted from Eucalyptus globulus LABILL.), knee timber (extracted from Pini mungo L.), peppermint (extracted from Mentha piperita L.), oregano (extracted from Origanum vulgare L.), rosemary (extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis L.), thyme (extracted from Thymus vulgaris L.) and pine EO (extracted from Pinus silvestris L.), obtained from Calendula a.s., was evaluated. Their antibacterial activity was demonstrated against Aeromonas spp. isolates. Oregano and thyme EOs showed the strongest activity against all tested isolates at low concentrations, followed by tea tree and peppermint EOs. The MIC value ranged from 0.06 µL/mL to 1.0 µL/mL. The tested EOs showed a significant antibiofilm activity against biofilm-forming isolates with MBIC50 ranging from 0.015 µL/mL to 0.25 µL/mL. All tested isolates were obtained from rainbow trout free of clinical signs of infection. Twelve isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida, four Aeromonas hydrophila, and four isolates of Aeromonas veronii were identified. The results of the in vitro study showed a significant effect of EOs against Aeromonas spp., which confirmed their potential for use in aquaculture as a prevention against bacterial diseases and a way of reducing the use of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are one of the most common congenital malformations and often require heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Children undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB are especially at greater risk of post-operative complications due to a systemic inflammatory response caused by innate inflammatory mediators. However, the pathophysiological response is not fully understood and warrants further investigation. Therefore, we investigated the inflammatory response in macrophages initiated by peri-operative serum samples obtained from patients with CHD undergoing CPB cardiac surgery. Human differentiated THP-1 macrophages were pretreated with Stattic, a STAT3 (Tyr705) inhibitor, before stimulation with serum samples. STAT3 and NF-κB activation were investigated via a Western blot, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-10, mediators for vascular permeability (VEGF-A, ICAM), and SOCS3 gene expressions via RT-qPCR. CPB induced an inflammatory response in macrophages via the activation of the STAT3 but not NF-κB signaling pathway. Longer duration on the CPB correlated with increased cytokine, VEGF, and ICAM expressions, relative to individual pre-operation levels. Patients that did not require CPB showed no significant immune response. Pretreatment with Stattic significantly attenuated all inflammatory mediators investigated except for TNFα in the macrophages. CPB induces an increased expression of cytokines and mediators of vascular permeability via the activation of STAT3 by IL-6 and IL-8 in the serum samples. Stattic attenuates all mediators investigated but promotes TNFα expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a fuzzy graph G , a fuzzy coalition is formed by two disjoint vertex sets V 1 and V 2 , neither of which is a strongly dominating set, but the union V 1 ∪ V 2 forms a strongly dominating set. A fuzzy coalition partition of G is defined as Π = { V 1 , V 2 , ⋯ , V k } , where each set V i either forms a singleton strongly dominating set or is not a strongly dominating set but forms a fuzzy coalition with another non-strongly dominating set in Π. A fuzzy graph with such a fuzzy coalition partition Π is called a fuzzy coalition graph, denoted as FG (G , Π) . The vertex set of the fuzzy coalition graph consists of { V 1 , V 2 , ⋯ , V k } , corresponding one-to-one with the sets of Π , and the two vertices are adjacent in FG (G , Π) if and only if V i and V j are fuzzy coalition partners in Π. This study demonstrates how fuzzy coalition graphs can model and optimize cybersecurity collaborations across critical infrastructures in smart cities, ensuring comprehensive protection against cyber threats. This study concludes that fuzzy coalition graphs offer a robust framework for optimizing collaboration and decision-making in interconnected systems like smart cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) is an important regulatory protein responsible for maintaining calcium homeostasis within cells. Impairment of SERCA associated with activity/expression decrease has been implicated in multiple chronic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and skeletal muscle pathologies. Natural polyphenols have been recognized to interact with several target proteins involving SERCA. To date, only a limited number of polyphenolic compounds or their derivatives have been described either to increase SERCA activity/expression directly or to affect Ca2+ signaling pathways. In this study, we tested polyphenols for their ability to activate SERCA1a in the absence or presence of methylglyoxal or palmitate and to impact insulin release in pancreatic beta cells. The protective effects of these compounds against methylglyoxal- or palmitate-induced injury were evaluated. Results indicate that 6-gingerol, resveratrol, and ellagic acid activate SERCA1a and protect against activity decrease induced by methylglyoxal and palmitate. Molecular docking analysis revealed the binding of these polyphenols to Glu439 in the SERCA1a P-domain, suggesting a critical role in the stimulation of enzyme activity. Ellagic acid was found to directly stimulate the activity of SERCA1a, marking the first instance of such an observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Krškopolje pig has a reputation for being more resilient and having a lower protein requirement compared to modern breeds, which is important for sustainable agriculture. However, this difference needs to be proven by comparing the genotypes under the same conditions. The present study compares this indigenous Slovenian breed with modern hybrid pigs, investigating the effects of reduced dietary protein intake on growth and meat quality. Our research showed that dietary protein reduction in modern pigs led to a slight decrease in performance but not in Krškopolje pigs, confirming its lower protein requirement and better adaptability. Overall, the modern pigs grew faster and deposited more muscle, while the Krškopolje pigs deposited more fat. Their fat was also more saturated. The meat from Krškopolje pigs showed a better aptitude for processing into high-quality meat products. The results obtained can help farmers in rearing Krškopolje pigs more efficiently and thus preserve the breed and offer high-quality meat products. This study compared the performance, meat quality and adipose tissue characteristics of Krškopolje pigs and modern hybrid pigs under identical rearing conditions, besides examining the effects of dietary protein reduction in both genotypes. A total of 29 pigs (14 Krškopolje and 15 hybrids) were assigned to litter into two dietary groups (high and low protein). The low-protein diet for hybrid pigs corresponded to the high-protein diet for Krškopolje pigs. All diets were iso-energetic. Dietary protein reduction decreased growth rate and muscle development in modern hybrids but had no significant impact on performance, quality or metabolic traits in Krškopolje pigs. Genotype differences revealed that Krškopolje pigs had lower growth rates, less lean and more fat deposition, as reflected in thicker subcutaneous and higher intramuscular fat compared to modern hybrids. Krškopolje pigs also exhibited higher myoglobin concentration and fatty acid saturation. Lipogenic enzyme activity and histo-morphological traits behaved in a tissue-specific manner but still indicated a greater lipogenic potential in Krškopolje pigs. This study provides valuable insights into breed-specific responses to dietary changes and highlights the unique characteristics of Krškopolje pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Almost a third of breast cancer patients may develop cancer that spreads to the brain or the tissue around it, with a higher risk for those with HER2-positive cancers. For these patients, using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a liquid biopsy is a promising way to track the disease, guide treatment, and predict outcomes. This study looked at CSF samples from three patients with brain metastases (seen on scans but not confirmed by lab tests) and compared them to blood samples. Cancer cells were found in the CSF, but not in the blood, and were further studied to reveal a group of cancer cells that looked different from one another. Overall, the results suggest that CSF could be a useful tool for diagnosing and tracking cancer in these patients. Background/Objectives: Up to 30% of patients with breast cancers will develop brain or leptomeningeal metastases, and this risk is especially high with HER2-positive cancers. For patients with central nervous system metastases, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) liquid biopsies are a promising opportunity to monitor disease, inform treatment, and predict prognosis. This pilot study investigated CSF liquid biopsy analytes from three patients diagnosed with central nervous system metastases based on imaging but not confirmed via clinical cytology. Methods: The detection of cellular analytes with the non-enrichment high-definition single-cell assay (HDSCA3.0) workflow was compared between the CSF and matched peripheral blood (PB) samples. Results: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were detected in the CSF but not the PB and were subsequently molecularly characterized using single-cell genomics and targeted multiplexed proteomics to reveal a clonal population of phenotypically heterogeneous cells. There was a lack of concordance in the copy number alteration profiles between CTCs and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the CSF. Extracellular vesicle surface marker analysis in CSF revealed a prominent signal among tetraspanins (CD9/CD63/CD81), with CD81 exhibiting the highest signal across all patients. Conclusions: The data presented suggest that CSF could be a useful tool for diagnosing and assessing disease severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) mainly afflicting young women. Various steroids can influence the onset and development of the disease or, on the contrary, mitigate its course; however, a systematic review of steroidomic changes in MS patients is lacking. Based on the gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) platform and, in the case of estradiol, also using immunoassay, this study performed a comprehensive steroidomic analysis in 25 female MS patients aged 39(32, 49) years compared to 15 female age-matched controls aged 38(31, 46) years. A significant trend towards higher ratios of conjugated steroids to their unconjugated counterparts was found in patients, which is of particular interest in terms of the balance between excitatory and inhibitory steroid modulators of ionotropic receptors. Patients showed altered metabolic pathway to cortisol with decreased conversion of pregnenolone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone and increased conversion of 17-hydroxypregnenolone to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), resulting in lower levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, as well as indications of impaired conversion of 11-deoxy-steroids to 11β-hydroxy-steroids but reduced conversion of cortisol to cortisone. Due to over-activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA), however, cortisol and cortisone levels were higher in patients with indications of depleted cortisol synthesizing enzymes. Patients showed lower conversion of DHEA to androstenedione, androstenedione to testosterone, androstenedione to estradiol in the major pathway, and testosterone to estradiol in the minor pathway for estradiol synthesis at increased conversion of androstenedione to testosterone. They also showed lower conversion of immunoprotective Δ5 androstanes to their more potent 7α/β-hydroxy metabolites and had lower circulating allopregnanolone and higher ratio 3β-hydroxy-steroids to their neuroprotective 3α-hydroxy-counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]