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Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of physical literacy (PL) in school children (10 to 16 years) in Santiago, Chile, and to explore the relationship between PL and body mass index (BMI). In addition, gender and age differences were analyzed in relation to PL levels in a context where childhood obesity remains a public health challenge. Methods: A total of 439 students in grades 5–8 were assessed using the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy-2 (CAPL-2) questionnaire. Demographic variables (sex, age, and BMI) were correlated with levels of motivation to engage in physical activity and physical activity knowledge. Chi-square and effect size were applied. Results: The results revealed a significant correlation between motivation for physical activity and gender, with boys showing higher levels of motivation than girls (χ² = 12.403, p < 0.006). In addition, an inverse relationship was observed between BMI and motivation (effect size = 0.198), suggesting that more motivated children tend to have a healthier BMI. Knowledge about physical activity increased with age (χ² = 60.460, p < 0.001) but did not have a significant influence on BMI. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need to design gender-specific interventions that enhance motivation as a key factor in promoting a healthy lifestyle and physical activity adherence. Public health strategies should include motivation-driven approaches to foster physical literacy and long-term engagement in physical activity, particularly for girls, to address pediatric health challenges in Chile. Public health policies should address these factors to improve pediatric health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The senescence-accelerated mouse 8 (SAMP8) represents a model for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research because it exhibits age-related learning and memory impairments consistent with early onset and rapid progression of senescence. To identify transcriptional changes during AD progression, in this study, we analyzed and compared the gene expression profiles involved in molecular pathways of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in senescence-accelerated resistant 1 (SAMR1) and SAMP8 mice. Methods: In total, 48 female SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into six groups (SAMR1 and SAMP8 at 3, 7, and 9 months of age). Microarray analysis of 22,000 genes was performed, followed by functional analysis using Gene Ontology (NCBI) and examination of altered molecular pathways using the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes). Results: SAMP8 mice had 2516 dysregulated transcripts at 3 months, 2549 transcripts at 7 months, and 2453 genes at 9 months compared to SAMR1 mice of the same age. These accounted for 11.3% of the total number. This showed that with age, the gene expression of downregulated transcripts increases, and that of over-expressed transcripts decreases. Most of these genes were involved in neurodegenerative metabolic pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease: apoptosis, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and mitochondria. The qPCR results indicated that Ndufs4, TST/Rhodanese, Wnt3, and Sema6a expression was differentially expressed during aging. Conclusions: These results further revealed significant differences in gene expression profiles at different ages between SAMR1 and SAMP8 and showed alteration in genes involved in age-related cognitive decline and mitochondrial processes, demonstrating the relevance of the SAMP8 model as a model for sporadic AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gestational diabetes (GD) is a metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance during pregnancy, significantly impacting maternal and fetal health. Its global prevalence is approximately 14%, with risk factors including obesity, family history of diabetes, advanced maternal age, and ethnicity, which are linked to cellular and molecular disruptions in glucose regulation and insulin resistance. GD is associated with short- and long-term complications for both the mother and the newborn. For mothers, GD increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. In the offspring, exposure to GD in utero predisposes them to obesity, glucose intolerance, and metabolic disorders later in life. This review aims to elucidate the complex cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying GD to inform the development of effective therapeutic strategies. A systematic review was conducted using medical subject headings (MeSH) terms related to GD's cellular and molecular pathophysiology. Inclusion criteria encompassed original studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses focusing on GD's impact on maternal and fetal health, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Data extraction captured study characteristics, maternal and fetal outcomes, key findings, and conclusions. GD disrupts insulin signaling pathways, leading to impaired glucose uptake and insulin resistance. Mitochondrial dysfunction reduces ATP production and increases reactive oxygen species, exacerbating oxidative stress. Hormonal influences, chronic inflammation, and dysregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway further impair insulin signaling. Gut microbiota alterations, gene expression, and epigenetic modifications play significant roles in GD. Ferroptosis and placental dysfunction primarily contribute to intrauterine growth restriction. Conversely, fetal macrosomia arises from maternal hyperglycemia and subsequent fetal hyperinsulinemia, resulting in excessive fetal growth. The chronic inflammatory state and oxidative stress associated with GD exacerbate these complications, creating a hostile intrauterine environment. GD's complex pathophysiology involves multiple disruptions in insulin signaling, mitochondrial function, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Effective management requires early detection, preventive strategies, and international collaboration to standardize care and improve outcomes for mothers and babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of metal nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance hydrogen production in dark fermentation (DF) has become a pioneering field of interest. In particular, iron-based nanoparticles (FeNPs) play a pivotal role in enhancing the activity of metalloenzymes and optimizing feedstock utilization, resulting in improved hydrogen production. This study investigated the effect of FeNPs (magnetite) supplementation at three different concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 ppm in a continuous dark fermenter for the production of hydrogen from rice straw acid hydrolysate. The highest hydrogen production rate of 2.6 ± 0.3 NL H2/L-d was achieved with the addition of 100 ppm of nanoparticles, representing a 53% increase compared to the condition without FeNPs addition. This improvement was driven by a microbial community in which Clostridium was the major dominant genus. In addition, increasing the nanoparticle concentration to 100 ppm resulted in an increase in butyrate concentration to 2.0 ± 0.1 g/L, which is 43% higher than the butyrate concentration without FeNPs. However, when the NP concentration was increased to 200 ppm, the hydrogen production rate decreased to 1.6 ± 0.2 NL H2/L-d. This study can serve as a guideline for future research aimed at evaluating the effects of FeNPs in continuous dark fermentation systems. This work highlights the potential benefits and challenges associated with the use of FeNPs, paving the way for future studies to optimize their application and improve the efficiency of dark fermentation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The Ventilatory Workload Kinetic Index (VWKI) has been proposed as a clinical instrument to evaluate ventilatory balance–imbalance. However, the regulated application of scales that allow an integral evaluation of the object of study and their subsequent reliability evaluation should be continuous. The objective was to determine the reliability of the VWKI between two evaluators and its applicability in the clinical field of physiotherapy. Materials and Methods: The methodology was divided into three stages: (i) induction period, (ii) application of the VWKI, and (iii) assessment of reliability. Results: The VWKI total score obtained excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.913, p < 0.05). The airway resistance (AR) showed moderate inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.528, p < 0.05), while the use of accessory musculature (UAM) showed poor inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.483, p < 0.05). In the physiotherapy care prioritization system, for both evaluator A (EA) and evaluator B (EB), the total VWKI score was significantly higher in priority 1 (p = 0.001; p < 0.05, respectively). Regarding the total VWKI score by services, it was observed that both EA and EB rated the VWKI significantly higher in the intensive care unit (ICU) than in medicine and the other services (p = 0.001, p = 0.0001 and p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions: VWKI is highly reliable in the total score. It is also consistent with the system of prioritization of physiotherapy care and the ability to determine the severity of clinical respiratory symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of digital rectal examination (DRE) in the early detection of significant prostate cancer (PCa) is being questioned in the era of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, some men with suspected PCa may still be identified solely through DRE, even with low serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Additionally, most predictive models designed to improve significant PCa diagnostic pathways incorporate DRE findings. We assessed the role of DRE among 5005 men with serum PSA levels > 3.0 ng/mL and/or suspicious DRE findings, who underwent pre-biopsy MRI and targeted and/or systematic biopsies, as part of the significant PCa opportunistic screening program in Catalonia (Spain) between 2016 and 2023. Significant PCa, defined as grade group > 2, was detected in 2097 men (41.9%). Suspicion of PCa was based solely on DRE in 206 cases (4.1%) with significant PCa detected in 50 of them (2.4%). Two pathways using the Barcelona predictive models, before and after MRI, with and without DRE findings showed specificities of 52.8 and 38.7%, respectively (p < 0.001), after fixing sensitivity at 90%. Prostate biopsy was avoided in 35.1 and 26.7%, respectively (p < 0.001), while its efficacy increased from 52.8 to 58%. We conclude that DRE improved the effectiveness of an opportunistic significant PCa-screening program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carers of people with Alzheimer's disease often have a high degree of commitment and dedication which may also compromise physical and emotional, leisure, and occupational self-care. This study aimed to explore health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychoemotional variables in caregivers with and without caregiver overload and its relationship. Methods: A single-measure cross-sectional correlational study was carried out involving 59 informal caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease with a mean age of 59.30 (±10.58). The participants completed the adult HRQoL questionnaires (EQ-5D-3L), Zarit Burden Inventory test, General Happiness Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ-E), International Fitness Scale (IFIS), Family Apgar scale, and Duke-UNC-11 Functional Social Support Questionnaire. Results: A significantly higher level of HRQoL (p = 0.029) in subjective happiness (p = 0.018), perceived social support (p = 0.046), avoidance (p = 0.034), occupational balance (p = 0.002), life satisfaction (p = 0.037), and self-perceived physical fitness (p = 0.021) was found in caregivers without perceived overload. Also, HRQoL was directly associated with self-perceived physical fitness (β = 0.534; p < 0.001) and occupational balance (β = 0.375; p < 0.001) and self-esteem (β = 0.249; p < 0.016). Conclusions: Caregivers who do not perceive overload have better levels of HRQoL and psychoemotional variables, establishing a relationship between HRQoL with self-perceived physical fitness, occupational balance, and self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this review article is to systematically identify the caffeine placebo effect in sport and exercise activities. We selected randomized controlled trial studies to better understand the impact of caffeine and its placebo effect on sports performance. We extracted a set of articles that refer strictly to the topics of caffeine and its placebo effect in sport and exercise, considering the databases integrated to the Core Collection Web of Science and Scopus, as well as the registration of the documents in PubMed®, a system with a selection process aligned with the guidelines for the PRISMA methodology, establishing the eligibility criteria of the articles with the PICOS tool, to which a systematic review is applied. Finally, the results show that caffeine improves anaerobic capacity and endurance, while placebo perceived as caffeine can also increase performance by reducing pain and improving concentration. This finding underscores the influence of expectations and placebo on physical performance, suggesting that managing these expectations may be an effective strategy for improving athletic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on medicinal plants is essential for their conservation, propagation, resistance to environmental stress, and domestication. The use of organic nutrition has been demonstrated to improve soil fertility and plant quality. It is also important to study the effects of the Basic Cation Saturation Ratio (BCSR) approach, which is a topic where there is currently controversy and limited scientific information. Evaluating the growth and yields of Agastache mexicana subsp. mexicana (Amm) in different environments is crucial for developing effective propagation and domestication strategies. This includes examining warm and subhumid environments with rain in summer in comparison to mild environments with summer rain. Significant differences were observed in the effects of cold, waterlogging, and heat stresses on the plant's biomass yield and the morphometric-quantitative modeling by means of isolines. The biomass yield was 56% higher in environment one compared to environment two, 19% higher in environment one with organic nutrition, and 48% higher in environment two with organic nutrition compared to using only BCSR nutrition. In the second harvesting cycle, the plants in environment one did not survive, while the plants in environment two managed to survive without needing additional nutrition. Statistical and mathematical analyses provided information about the population or sample. Additionally, further analysis using isolines as a new approach revealed new insights into understanding phenology and growth issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the emotional dysregulation in teachers of the Chilean school system, focusing on gender and age similarities and differences. The sample included 1059 teachers from various regions of Chile, of whom 80.3% were female and 19.7% were male. Participants completed the Spanish version of the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS-E). A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out to evaluate the structure of the theoretical model, along with the convergent, discriminant, and internal consistency of the instrument. Additionally, a measurement invariance analysis was performed to identify possible differences between demographic groups, which is crucial to ensure that comparisons between these groups are valid and unbiased. The results indicated that the theoretical model presents a good fit to the data and confirms the validity and reliability of the DERS-E. Scalar invariance was achieved among the analyzed groups. We found significant differences in emotional dysregulation between men and women, which also varied by teacher age. The importance of understanding the specific needs of teachers in terms of their emotional regulation is discussed and the urgency of implementing training programs that improve their emotional skills, fostering a positive and effective learning environment, is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A randomized, double-blind and controlled study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the intake of 250 mL of lactose-free skimmed milk enriched with ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) alone or combined with tryptophan vs. non-enriched milk (control) on the subjective quality of sleep in healthy adults with sleep problems. The duration of supplementation was 90 days. Fifty-two eligible subjects were assigned to the study arms of ashwagandha 250 mg, ashwagandha 250 mg plus tryptophan 175 mg, ashwagandha 600 mg, and control with 13 subjects in each group. It was hypothesized that ashwagandha plus tryptophan could be superior to ashwagandha alone for improving sleep-related variables. Changes in the visual analogue scale (VAS) for sleep quality were significantly higher in the three experimental groups as compared with controls (p = 0.014). Improvements in the subscales of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were found in all groups, but between-group differences were not significant. In the index of insomnia severity, decreases were higher in the three experimental groups as compared with controls especially in the group of ashwagandha 600 mg. Daytime somnolence was also reduced in the three experimental groups. Changes in anxiety levels and Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire were not observed. The study products did not elicit changes in body composition and were well tolerated and safe. The data did not support the hypothesis, as the combination of ashwagandha and tryptophan did not show greater benefits in improving sleep quality than ashwagandha alone. However, the results from the three experimental groups containing ashwagandha were more favorable compared to the placebo group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: Gastric cancer (GC) is a complex disease representing a significant global health concern. Advanced tools for the early diagnosis and prediction of adverse outcomes are crucial. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) plays a fundamental role. The aim of this work was to develop a diagnostic and prognostic tool for GC, providing support to clinicians in critical decision-making and enabling personalised strategies. Methods: Different machine learning and deep learning techniques were explored to build diagnostic and prognostic models, ensuring model interpretability and transparency through explainable AI methods. These models were developed and cross-validated using data from 590 Spanish Caucasian patients with primary GC and 633 cancer-free individuals. Up to 261 variables were analysed, including demographic, environmental, clinical, tumoral, and genetic data. Variables such as Helicobacter pylori infection, tobacco use, family history of GC, TNM staging, metastasis, tumour location, treatment received, gender, age, and genetic factors (single nucleotide polymorphisms) were selected as inputs due to their association with the risk and progression of the disease. Results: The XGBoost algorithm (version 1.7.4) achieved the best performance for diagnosis, with an AUC value of 0.68 using 5-fold cross-validation. As for prognosis, the Random Survival Forest algorithm achieved a C-index of 0.77. Of interest, the incorporation of genetic data into the clinical–demographics models significantly increased discriminatory ability in both diagnostic and prognostic models. Conclusions: This article presents GastricAITool, a simple and intuitive decision support tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition towards nature-based cities has increasingly become a central focus in political–environmental agendas and urban design practices, aiming to enhance climate adaptation, urban biodiversity, spatial equilibrium, and social well-being as part of the ongoing socio-ecological urban transition process. Climate adaptation in cities is a complex problem and one of the main collective challenges for society, but the relationships between city managers and citizens as to urban green care still face many challenges. Parks design guided by technical-expert and globalised criteria; inflexibility from bureaucratic inertia; and citizens' demands to participate in the urban green transition, sometimes without the necessary knowledge or time, are some of the challenges that require further research. In this study, we examine four long-lasting approaches to green-space management in four cities in the Netherlands, ranging from municipality-driven to community-driven management forms, and encompassing diverse spatial configurations of greenery within the urban fabric. Utilising the theoretical lens of the Social–Ecological Systems Framework, we employ a multiple-case-study approach and ethnographic fieldwork analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of the norms, collective-choice rules, and social conventions embodied in each urban green management arrangement. The purpose of this research is applied, that is, to provide urban managers and decision-makers with a deeper understanding of drivers to promote effective collaborative management approaches, focusing on specific organisational rules that may contribute to more sustained planning and maintenance pathways for urban green spaces, regardless of changes in political leadership or significant external funding sources. The results of the investigated cases show that long-lasting collaborative management of forests and parks has established a set of collective-choice rules for resource transfer between municipalities and citizens, including non-monetary resources (such as pruning-training courses or guided tours that attract tourists and researchers). Additionally, these arrangements have been favoured by the existence of legal norms that enable co-ownership of the land, and monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms that offer a slightly different interpretation from the evidence identified so far in the scientific literature on collective resource management and organisational studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purinergic signaling has emerged as an important paracrine–autocrine intercellular system that regulates physiological and pathological processes in practically all organs of the body. Although this system has been thoroughly defined since the nineties, recent research has made substantial advances regarding its role in aspects of liver physiology. However, most studies have mainly targeted the entire organ, 70% of which is made up of parenchymal cells or hepatocytes. Because of its physiological role, the liver is exposed to toxic metabolites, such as xenobiotics, drugs, and fatty acids, as well as to pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Under injury conditions, all cell types within the liver undergo adaptive changes. In this context, the concentration of extracellular ATP has the potential to increase dramatically. Indeed, this purinergic response has not been studied in sufficient detail in non-parenchymal liver cells. In the present review, we systematize the physiopathological adaptations related to the purinergic system in chronic liver diseases of non-parenchymal liver cells, such as hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and cholangiocytes. The role played by non-parenchymal liver cells in these circumstances will undoubtedly be strategic in understanding the regenerative activities that support the viability of this organ under stressful conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension (HP) is a health condition that overloads the heart and increases the risk of heart attack and stroke. In an infarction, the lack of oxygen causes an exclusive use of glycolysis, which becomes a crucial source of ATP for the heart with a higher glucose uptake mediated by glucose transporters (GLUTs). Due to the unpleasant effects of antihypertensives, new drugs need to be researched to treat this disease. This study aimed to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of three novel antihypertensive compounds (LQMs, "Laboratorio de Química Medicinal") synthesized from Changrolin under hypoxic conditions with the participation of two primary cardiac GLUT1 and GLUT4 using a high-salt diet HP model. The model used a diet with 10% salt to increase arterial blood pressure in Wistar rats. In isolated cardiomyocytes from these rats, glucose uptake was measured during hypoxia, evaluating the participation of GLUTs with or without the animals' previous treatment with LQM312, 319, and 345 compounds. In silico calculations were performed to understand the affinity of the compounds for the trafficking of GLUTs. Results: Control cells do shift to glucose uptake exclusively in hypoxia (from 1.84 ± 0.09 µg/g/h to 2.67 ± 0.1 µg/g/h). Meanwhile, HP does not change its glucose uptake (from 2.38 ± 0.24 µg/g/h to 2.33 ± 0.26 µg/g/h), which is associated with cardiomyocyte damage. The new compounds lowered the systolic blood pressure (from 149 to 120 mmHg), but only LQM312 and LQM319 improved the metabolic state of hypoxic cardiomyocytes mediated by GLUT1 and GLUT4. In silico studies suggested that Captopril and LQM312 may mimic the interaction with the AMPK γ-subunit. Therefore, these compounds could activate AMPK, promoting the GLUT4 trafficking signaling pathway. These compounds are proposed to be cardioprotective during hypoxia under HP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parque Nacional La Campana (PNLC) is recognized worldwide for its flora and fauna, rather than for its microbial richness. Our goal was to characterize the structure and composition of microbial communities (bacteria, archaea and fungi) and their relationship with the plant communities typical of PNLC, such as sclerophyllous forest, xerophytic shrubland, hygrophilous forest and dry sclerophyllous forest, distributed along topoclimatic variables, namely, exposure, elevation and slope. The plant ecosystems, the physical and chemical properties of organic matter and the soil microbial composition were characterized by massive sequencing (iTag-16S rRNA, V4 and ITS1-5F) from the DNA extracted from the soil surface (5 cm, n = 16). A contribution of environmental variables, particularly related to each location, is observed. Proteobacteria (35.43%), Actinobacteria (32.86%), Acidobacteria (10.07%), Ascomycota (76.11%) and Basidiomycota (15.62%) were the dominant phyla. The beta diversity (~80% in its axes) indicates that bacteria and archaea are linked to their plant categories, where the xerophytic shrub stands out with the most particular microbial community. More specifically, Crenarchaeote, Humicola and Mortierella were dominant in the sclerophyllous forest; Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria and Alternaria in the xerophytic shrubland; Solicoccozyma in the dry sclerophyllous forest; and Cladophialophora in the hygrophilous forest. In conclusion, the structure and composition of the microbial consortia is characteristic of PNLC's vegetation, related to its topoclimatic variables, which suggests a strong association within the soil microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean diet, featuring sourdough bread, shows promise in managing metabolic syndrome. This study explored the effects of two sourdough breads, with differing fermentation times but similar nutritional profiles, on inflammation, satiety, and gut microbiota composition in adults with metabolic syndrome. In a double-blind clinical trial, participants were randomized to consume either Elias Boulanger® long-fermentation (48 h) sourdough bread (EBLong) or Elias Boulanger® short-fermentation (2 h) sourdough bread (EBShort) over a two-month period. We assessed clinical parameters, inflammatory biomarkers, satiety-related hormones, and the richness and abundance of gut microbiota at baseline and follow-up. The participants included 31 individuals (mean age, 67, 51.6% female). EBShort was associated with reduced levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), and all participants, regardless of the intervention, exhibited a decrease in sICAM and diastolic pressure from baseline (p < 0.017). At follow-up, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels were lower in EBShort (−744 pg/mL; 95%CI: −282 to −1210 pg/mL) compared to EBLong. No differences in microbiota richness or abundance were observed. EBShort bread was effective in reducing some inflammation markers. The consumption of sourdough bread may offer potential benefits in reducing inflammation markers in individuals with metabolic syndrome; however, longer fermentation times did not show additional benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) levels have been proposed as a biomarker of the clinical activity, disability progression, and response to treatment of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS); however, questions remain about its implementation in clinical practice. Ocrelizumab (OCR) has proven effective in improving clinical and radiological outcomes and reducing sNfL levels. This real-life study followed the sNfL levels of 30 PwMS treated for 12 months with OCR and evaluated the usefulness of this biomarker for their short-term prognosis, considering expanded disability status scale (EDSS), annualized relapse rate (ARR), radiological activity, and NEDA-3 values. OCR reduced ARR in 83% of PwMS and radiological activity in 80%. EDSS was maintained, while NEDA-3 was achieved in 70% at 12 months. OCR produced an early reduction in sNfL levels (at 3 months). At baseline, greater MRI-evaluated radiological activity was associated with higher sNfL levels. sNfL levels over the first 12 months of treatment did not predict a suboptimal response or sustained control of the disease. Longer-term studies are needed to explore the predictive usefulness of sNfL levels in PwMS treated with high-efficacy drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the association between parental employment status and education level and the prevalence of sensory reactivity (SR) in population-based sample of school-aged children. SR was assessed in 495 children using the parent-reported Short Sensory Profile (SSP) questionnaire. Children with SR were identified based on probable or definitive differences in total SSP and subscales. Association between parental employment and education level were explored using multiple Poisson regression models with robust variance, adjusted for potential confounders. The main findings showed that a mother's unemployment status was associated with higher prevalence of SR for the taste/smell sensitivity subscale (PR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.08–2.56), and the low energy/weak (PR = 2.18, 95%CI: 1.31–3.49) subscale. A lower education level of a father was also associated with a higher prevalence of sensory problems on the tactile sensitivity subscale (PRprimary education = 2.68, 95%CI: 1.27–5.61; PRsecondary education = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.004–3.66) and the low energy/weak subscale (PRsecondary education = 1.95, 95%CI: 1.02–3.73). This study underscores the impact of parental employment and education on SR in school-aged children, offering insights for interventions and support systems aimed at improving their sensory functioning and overall well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocorrosion of materials used in dental restorations is a complex process involving various bacterial species that coexist as biofilms. Since copper possesses excellent antibacterial properties, it could help minimize this problem. The aim of this study is to assess the antibiofilm characteristics and corrosion resistance of CoCr and copper-coated CoCr alloys in a multispecies biofilm model. CoCr alloys and CoCr coated with copper (CoCr/Cu) using Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) were investigated. The samples were incubated in media with and without a multispecies biofilm for 24 h and for 15 days. Potentiodynamic Polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were used to assess the corrosion behavior of the samples. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe the growth of multispecies biofilms and the type of corrosion. The Mann–Whitney U test was employed to examine corrosion results, with significant differences defined as p < 0.05. CoCr/Cu alloys demonstrated superior corrosion resistance at 24 h and 15 days in the presence of biofilm compared to those without coating. No differences were observed in multispecies biofilm formation at 24 h. The study demonstrates that copper-coated CoCr alloys (CoCr/Cu) exhibit a more positive corrosion potential (Ecorr) compared to uncoated CoCr alloys, both in the presence and absence of multispecies biofilm (BP) at 24 h and 15 days. After 15 days, the potential of CoCr/Cu with BP was −0.144 V, compared to −0.252 V for uncoated CoCr. These significant differences in Ecorr values underscore the protective effect of copper against corrosion in multispecies biofilm environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigated the impact of four weeks of age-dependent detraining on army soldiers' cardiorespiratory fitness and maximal and explosive strength. Methods: Fourteen volunteer tactical athletes participated, divided into two age groups (20 to 29 and 30 to 40 years). Before and after the detraining period, we assessed their anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index, fat mass, and fat-free mass), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] and ventilatory thresholds [VT1 and VT2]), and kinematic properties during a single-leg counter-moving jump (CMJ) test for both the dominant and non-dominant legs. Two-way ANOVA followed by the Holm–Sidak post hoc test was used. Results: The anthropometric and cardiovascular variables did not show significant differences between the groups. However, both groups exhibited a significantly reduced maximum time and speed at the VO2max. Furthermore, the flight time and maximum height during the CMJ significantly decreased in the non-dominant leg for both age groups. Notably, the dominant leg's concentric impulse (CI) significantly reduced during the CMJ, but this effect was observed only in the 30–40 age group. There were significant differences between the two age groups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that four weeks of detraining negatively impacts aerobic fitness and muscular strength, independently of age. However, the dominant leg may be more susceptible to detraining effects in army soldiers aged 30–40. Furthermore, as a perspective, our results strongly suggest that a detraining period could affect successful missions (aerobic performance deterioration), as well as promote a muscle imbalance between the legs, which could encourage muscle injuries and endanger combat missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic hyperglycemia results in morphological and functional alterations of the kidney and microvascular damage, leading to diabetic nephropathy (DN). Since DN progresses to irreversible renal damage, it is important to elucidate a pharmacological strategy aimed for treating DN in the early stage. Here, we used the type 2 diabetic rat model to induce DN and show a nephroprotective effect following the stimulation of PPAR-α, which stabilized renal tight junction components claudin-2, claudin-5, and claudin-16. At 14 weeks old, streptozotocin-induced DN, evidenced by elevated creatinine clearance, proteinuria, and electrolyte excretion, was followed by an elevation in oxidative stress and increasing MMP activities affecting the integrity of claudin-2 and claudin-5. Treatment with a PPAR-α agonists decreased glucose levels in diabetic rats. In addition, we found that the expressions of CLDN-5 in glomeruli, CLDN-2 in proximal tubules, and CLDN-16 in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle were increased after treatment. As a result, renal function improved, while the oxidative stress and enzymatic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 decreased. In conclusion, PPAR-α stimulation prevented the decrease in claudins through a mechanism involving a correction of hyperglycemia, decreasing it in kidney oxidative stress and MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities, showing a promising nephroprotective action in the early stage of DN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study is an open clinical trial that included 3 months of follow-up. Methods: This study aimed to show the changes that occur in the viscoelastic properties of the PF measured by SEL after the six applications of a 448 kHz capacitive resistive monopolar radiofrequency (CRMR) in active, healthy subjects, immediately before the CRMR intervention (T0), during the two-week CRMR intervention program (T1), after the CRMR intervention program (T2), two weeks after the CRMR intervention program (T3), one month after the CRMR intervention program (T4), and three months after the CRMR intervention program (T5). Results: Our results showed that the effects of CRMR on the plantar fascia elasticity may last up to one month in a healthy population after a 3-week treatment program when compared to controls, specifically following the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity (points 1 and 2). However, there were no changes when analyzing points 3 and 4. These findings are a first step towards understanding the duration of the CRMR effects in the elastic properties of the tissue and therefore how long the benefit may last. Conclusions: This study showed that changes in the plantar fascia elasticity measured by SEL have been found after a CRMR intervention protocol, similarly to other structures reported in the literature, such as the patellar tendon or supraspinatus tendon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Fasciolosis is one of the parasitic diseases that exerts the greatest impact on sheep productive systems worldwide. Affected sheep generally show a decrease in their reproductive capacity, weight gain, meat and milk production, and wool quality. In the pathogenesis of Fasciola hepatica, the penetration and migration of parasitic stages through the liver provoke intense inflammatory immune responses and tissue damage. Following strong activation signals, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) reportedly release chromatin and granular proteins into the extracellular space, forming DNA traps called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). It was recently demonstrated that F. hepatica induces NET formation in vivo in the liver parenchyma from naturally infected sheep. Thus, in this paper we investigated F. hepatica-mediated NET-derived cytotoxic effects in exposed hepatic cells in vitro as well as F. hepatica-triggered ovine NETs under hypoxic conditions (5% O2). Our results confirm the ability of ovine PMNs to form NETs in low-oxygen environments after F. hepatica antigen (FhAg) stimulation, as seen in many pathological and pro-inflammatory states, and their cytotoxic effects on exposed hepatic cells. In addition, we demonstrate that this defence mechanism is NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent and therefore a tightly regulated molecular process. Overall, we hypothesize that NET formation plays a role in the pathogenesis of fasciolosis, and NETs contribute to liver tissue damage if released in an uncontrolled manner. Fasciola hepatica is a parasitic trematode that causes fasciolosis in sheep, provoking a decrease in their reproductive capacity, weight gain, meat and milk production, and wool quality. In the pathogenesis of F. hepatica, the penetration and migration of parasitic stages through the liver provoke intense inflammatory immune responses and tissue damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of Fascila hepatica-induced ovine NETs in exposed hepatocytes in vitro, and to analyze whether F. hepatica antigens (FhAg) trigger the release of ovine NETs under hypoxic conditions as well as the roles of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and CD11b in this cellular process in vitro. Here, isolated ovine PMNs were co-cultured with FhAg under hypoxia (5% O2) and NETs were visualized via immunofluorescence analyses, confirming their classical characteristics. The quantification of NETs in response to FhAg in hypoxic conditions significantly enhanced the formation of anchored and cell-free NETs (p < 0.01), and NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI) significantly reduced their production (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of NETs on hepatic cells was determined by using a live/dead-staining with Sytox Orange, thereby demonstrating that FhAg-induced NETs are cytotoxic for hepatic cells (p = 0.001). We additionally analyzed PMN supernatants to determine the enzymatic activity of MMP-9, observing that FhAg exposure enhances MMP-9 release in ovine PMNs (p < 0.05) but not in bovine PMNs. Interestingly, by using flow cytometric analysis, we determined that the exposure of PMNs to FhAg does not increase the CD11b surface expression of ovine PMNs. This could be an effect of the activation of other surface receptors or transcription factors involved in F. hepatica-induced NETosis. Consequently, we hypothesize that F. hepatica-induced NETs play a role in the pathogenesis of fasciolosis, contributing to liver tissue damage if released in an uncontrolled manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in patient rehabilitation integrate both traditional and modern techniques to enhance treatment efficacy and accessibility. Hydrotherapy, leveraging water's physical properties, is crucial for reducing joint stress, alleviating pain, and improving circulation. The rehabilitation of upper limbs benefits from technologies like virtual reality and robotics which, when combined with hydrotherapy, can accelerate recovery. Exoskeletons, which support and enhance movement, have shown promise for patients with neurological conditions or injuries. This study focused on implementing and comparing proportional–integral–derivative (PID) and fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) in a lower limb exoskeleton. Initial PID control tests revealed instability, leading to a switch to a PI controller for better stability and the development of a fuzzy control system. A hybrid strategy was then applied, using FLC for smooth initial movements and PID for precise tracking, with optimized weighting to improve performance. The combination of PID and fuzzy controllers, with tailored weighting (70% for moderate angles and 100% for extensive movements), enhanced the exoskeleton's stability and precision. This study also explored quantum computing techniques, such as the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) and the quantum Fourier transform (QFT), to optimize controller tuning and improve real-time control, highlighting the potential of these advanced tools in refining rehabilitation devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protecting AC microgrids (MGs) is a challenging task due to their dual operating modes—grid-connected and islanded—which cause sudden variations in fault currents. Traditional protection methods may no longer ensure network security. This paper presents a novel approach to protection coordination in AC MGs using non-standard features of directional over-current relays (DOCRs). Three key optimization variables are considered: Time Multiplier Setting (TMS), the plug setting multiplier's (PSM) maximum limit, and the standard characteristic curve (SCC). The proposed model is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem and solved using four metaheuristic techniques: the genetic algorithm (GA), Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA), Harmonic Search (HS), and Firefly Algorithm (FA). Tests on a benchmark IEC MG with distributed generation and various operating modes demonstrate that this approach reduces coordination times compared to existing methods. This paper's main contributions are threefold: (1) introducing a methodology for assessing the optimal performance of different standard curves in MG protection; (2) utilizing non-standard characteristics for optimal coordination of DOCRs; and (3) enabling the selection of curves from both North American and European standards. This approach improves trip time performance across multiple operating modes and topologies, enhancing the reliability and efficiency of MG protection systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The etiology of gallbladder cancer (GBC) is multifactorial, with chronic inflammation resulting from infections, autoimmune diseases, and lifestyle factors playing a pivotal role. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and various malignancies, including GBC. Research on autoimmune diseases highlights the anti-inflammatory properties of vitamin D, suggesting its potential to mitigate disease progression. In oncology, VDD has similarly been linked to increased inflammation, which may contribute to both the initiation and progression of cancer. A critical component in carcinogenesis, as well as in the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in autoimmune conditions, is the balance between T-helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. We hypothesize that vitamin D may inhibit epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GBC by modulating the spatial distribution of tumor-infiltrating T cells, particularly through the regulation of the Th17/Treg balance at the tumor margins. This Th17/Treg imbalance may act as a mechanistic link between VDD and the progression of GBC carcinogenesis. Investigating the role of an Th17/Treg imbalance as a mediator in VDD-induced EMT in GBC not only provides deeper insights into the pathogenesis of GBC but also sheds light on broader mechanisms relevant to the development of other solid organ cancers, given the expanding recognition of the roles of VDD and Th17/Treg cells in cancer biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We sought to examine the correlation between the recommended consumption of at least two servings (400 g) of vegetables per day and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in an elderly population. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted with 264 non-institutionalized people aged 65 to 79 years old. We adhered to the recommended guidelines for vegetable intake from the MEDAS-14 questionnaire, which has been validated for elderly populations at high cardiovascular risk. Diagnoses of MetS were made based on the criteria set forth by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Results: Among 264 individuals, who had a mean age of 71.9 (SD: 4.2) and comprised 39% men, the prevalence of MetS was 40.2%. A total of 17% of the participants adhered to the recommended vegetable consumption. Consuming the recommended amount of vegetables was correlated with a 19% reduction in the prevalence of MetS, to 24.4% from 43.4% among those with low vegetable consumption (p < 0.05). A main finding was that inadequate vegetable consumption was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of MetS (OR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.06–4.63; p = 0.035), considering potential influences by nutritional (consumption of fruit and nuts) and socio-demographic (sex, age, and level of education) covariates. Conclusions: A beneficial inverse correlation was identified between the recommended vegetable intake and the prevalence of MetS. In contrast, inadequate vegetable consumption was revealed as an independent variable associated with the prevalence of MetS. Considering the very low adherence to the recommended vegetable intake we observed, encouraging increased vegetable consumption among older individuals, who have a high prevalence of MetS, is advisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the development of a low-cost alternating current (AC) smart current generator using ARM Cortex-M33 microcontrollers with integrated peripherals, Digital to Analog Converters (DAC) and Operational amplifiers (OPAMPS). The system generates an AC voltage signal through the DAC, which is then converted to an AC using integrated operational amplifiers and passive components. The proposed design provides a compact, low-power, cost-effective solution which is suitable for optimized embedded system sensor design. Results show a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of up to 70 dB and a total harmonic distortion (THD) as low as 0.2%, illustrating the potential for advanced sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimized guidelines for the design of power converters are crucial to achieve the expected goals in terms of performance, efficiency, power density, etc. Therefore, they are the basis for industrial success or failure. Resonant converters based on Dual Active Bridges (DABs) are particularly sensitive to the design process due to their inherently nonlinear behaviour; thus, they are in the spotlight for research and development at present. Plenty of design methodologies can be found in the literature but each of them is specific to the perspective of the authors, the performed analysis, the assumptions made, and the design objectives. It is critical to understand the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and design methodologies of a resonant DAB converter. There is a significant lack of articles that concisely and clearly summarize this. Different design methodologies are analyzed and compared with respect to the most important KPIs, and the most relevant demos and experiences are pointed out so that designers can select the best choice for their assignment. These results will help designers understand the design methodologies and carefully choose one based on the application, analysis, and design objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) significantly impacts quality of life, with varying prevalence in women depending on factors such as age, childbirth, and type of sport practiced. This study compared the prevalence, types, and severity of urinary incontinence (UI) between professional female soccer players and sedentary students, analyzing its relation to playing position and competitive level. Methods: A descriptive, observational, and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted, assessing the prevalence, severity, and types of UI among 235 nulliparous professional female soccer players (experimental group, EG) and 252 sedentary female students (control group, CG). Data were collected using the short version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ-SF). Statistical analyses included Fisher's exact test to compare prevalence rates. Results: The findings revealed that 35% of soccer players and 31% of sedentary students reported experiencing UI. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) was the most prevalent type in both groups, affecting 26% of soccer players and 14% of sedentary students, while mixed UI was more frequent among sedentary women (17%) (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in UI prevalence based on playing position or competitive level (p ≥ 0.05). However, female soccer players exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of UI during physical exertion or exercise compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.001), suggesting that high-impact sports may contribute to pelvic floor dysfunction. Additionally, 23.8% of soccer players reported mild-to-moderate UI severity. Conclusion: Female soccer players showed higher UI prevalence during exercise, underscoring the need for targeted interventions like pelvic floor training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual disability (ID) encompasses diverse challenges that affect daily life and health. Sedentary behaviors, prevalent in this population, contribute to alarming health concerns, notably obesity and musculoskeletal issues. This review examines the role of physical activity (PA) interventions in addressing these health challenges among children and adolescents with ID. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was conducted in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases, using specific keywords aligned with the PICO framework (population, intervention, comparison, and outcome). From January 2013 to October 2024, a total of 5236 studies were identified, of which 17 met the inclusion criteria for this review according to PRISMA procedures. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on the impact of PA on body composition, physical fitness, bone health, metabolic indicators, and overall quality of life were included. The study cohort consisted of individuals aged 13–24 diagnosed with ID. The findings consistently highlight the positive relationship between PA interventions and improved health markers in individuals with ID. Diverse PA interventions, ranging from strength training to high-intensity exercises, demonstrated significant improvements in body composition, physical fitness, and bone mineral density. Notably, higher-frequency PA programs (minimum three sessions per week) yielded more substantial benefits. This review underscores the potential of adapted PA interventions to address health concerns and enhance the quality of life for individuals with ID. Further comprehensive research is needed to establish standardized guidelines for effective PA interventions in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Evidence supports the relationships between socioeconomic status and access to health care, incidence of pathologies, and lifestyle. Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate whether there are associations between having a household income below the poverty line, and participation in unhealthy lifestyle habits, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, and the number of comorbidities in US middle-aged and older adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study is based on the NHANES 2011–2020. A total of 10,788 US middle-aged and older adults (5653 males and 5135 females) participated in this research. Associations were studied through the Chi-squared test, and odds ratios were calculated using a binary logistic regression model. Results: There were associations between a household income below the poverty line and physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and being or having been an alcoholic. Associations were found between this adverse economic situation and having hypertension, diabetes, liver disease, kidney problems, arthritis, congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, heart attack, stroke, and also with having two or more, three or more, four or more, and five or more comorbidities. Increased odds of being involved in these unhealthy habits and of suffering these diseases and multimorbidity were found for those with a family income below the poverty threshold. Conclusions: The existence of associations between having a family income under the poverty threshold and having unhealthy habits, suffering non-communicable diseases, and having multimorbidity is confirmed in US middle-aged and older adults. Increased odds for various non-communicable diseases, multimorbidity, and for being involved in these unhealthy habits were found for this low-income group. These findings should serve to draw the attention of policy makers to the increased health vulnerability of the adult population below the poverty line in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetic eye disease is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. This complication has some direct impact on an individual's well-being and health. Some lifestyle habits have been associated with the incidence of these co-morbidities. Objective: To classify the diabetic population into sufferers or non-sufferers of diabetes eye disease according to lifestyle and demographic variables, and to identify which of these variables are significant for this classification. Methods: The present cross-sectional study based on the NHANES 2011–2020 used the Classification and Regression Tree (CRT) analysis for classifying the diabetic population into sufferers and non-sufferers of diabetes eye disease. The odds ratio (OR) and relative risks (RR) of suffering this diabetes complication of the subgroups formed by the model were studied. The final sample formed 2657 individuals (1537 males and 1120 females). Results: A 79.4% accuracy was found for the CRT model. The independent variables of sleep hours (100.0%), physical activity (PA) group (92.8%), gender (76.2%), age (46.4%), education level (38.4%), sedentary time (38.1%), and diet (10.0%) were found to be significant for the classification of cases. The variable high alcohol consumption was not found significant. The analysis of the OR and RR of the subgroups formed by the model evidenced greater odds of suffering diabetes eye disease for diabetes sufferers from the inactive and walk/bicycle PA group compared to those from the Low, Moderate, and High PA groups (OR: 1.48 and RR: 1.36), for males compared to females (OR: 1.77 and RR: 1.61), for those sleeping less than 6 h or more than 9 compared to those who sleep between 6 and 8 h (OR: 1.61 and RR: 1.43), and for diabetes sufferers aged over 62 compared to younger ones (OR: 1.53 and RR: 1.40). Conclusions: sleep hours, PA group, gender, age, education level, sedentary time, and diet are significant variables for classifying the diabetic population into sufferers and non-sufferers of diabetes eye disease. Additionally, being in the inactive or walk/bicycle PA group, being a male, sleeping less than 6 or more than 9 h, and being aged over 62 were identified as risk factors for suffering this diabetes complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DR is a complex complication of DM with multiple biochemical pathways implicated in its genesis and progression. Circulating OS and mitochondrial function biomarkers represent potential candidates in the DR staging system. We conducted a comparative cross-sectional study comparing the OS biomarkers: TAC, GR, NOS, CARB, and hydroperoxydes, as well as mitochondrial function biomarkers: ATP synthase and ATPase activity in healthy volunteers, DM w/o DR, Moderate and Severe NPDR, and PDR. TAC is progressively diminished the more DR progresses to its proliferative stages. GR and NOS may function as biomarkers to differentiate the progression from S NPDR to PDR. CARB may correlate with the progression from M NPDR to S NPDR. Hydroperoxide levels were higher in patients with DR compared to DM w/o DR expressing OS in the early development of DR. ATPase activity is increasingly augmented the more DR progresses and may function as a biomarker that reflects the difference between N PDR and PDR, and ATP synthesis was lower the more DR progressed, being significantly lower compared to DM w/o DR. The behavior of OS and mitochondrial function in several stages of DR may aid in the staging and the prognosis of DR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an immunomodulatory treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) that can cross the blood–brain barrier, presenting neuroprotective potential. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, and there is a need to characterize whether DMF or its bioactive metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) exerts neuroprotective properties. Moreover, the combination of adjuvant agents such as cannabidiol (CBD) could be relevant to enhance neuroprotection. The aim of this study was to compare the neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects of DMF, MMF, and CBD in neurons and microglia in vitro. We found that DMF and CBD, but not MMF, activated the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway in neurons. Similarly, only DMF and CBD, but not MMF, prevented the LPS-induced activation of the inflammatory pathway NF-kB in microglia. Additionally, the three drugs inhibited the production of nitric oxide in microglia and protected neurons against apoptosis. Transcriptomically, DMF modulated a greater number of inflammatory and Nrf2-related genes compared to MMF and CBD in both neurons and microglia. Our results show that DMF and MMF, despite being structurally related, present differences in their mechanisms of action that could be relevant for the achievement of neuroprotection in MS patients. Additionally, CBD shows potential as a neuroprotective agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), play an important role in transcriptome regulation by binding to mRNAs and post-transcriptionally inhibiting protein production. This regulation occurs in both physiological and pathological conditions, where the expression of many miRNAs is altered. Previous reports by our group and others have demonstrated that miRNA expression is also altered during aging. However, most studies have analyzed human peripheral blood samples or brain samples from animal models, leaving a gap in knowledge regarding miRNA expression in the human brain. In this work, we analyzed the expression of sncRNAs from coronal sections of human hippocampal samples, a tissue with a high vulnerability to deleterious conditions such as aging. Samples from young (n = 5, 27–49 years old), old (n = 8, 58–88 years old), and centenarian (n = 3, 97, 99, and 100 years old) individuals were included. Our results reveal that sncRNAs, particularly miRNAs, are differentially expressed (DE) in the human hippocampus with aging. Besides, miRNA-mediated regulatory networks revealed significant interactions with mRNAs deregulated in the same hippocampal samples. Surprisingly, 80% of DE mRNA in the centenarian vs. old comparison are regulated by hsa-miR-192-5p and hsa-miR-3135b. Additionally, validated hsa-miR-6826-5p, hsa-let-7b-3p, hsa-miR-7846, and hsa-miR-451a emerged as promising miRNAs that are deregulated with aging and should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are no clinical or laboratory markers that can diagnose acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) accurately. This study aimed to find differences in clinical and laboratory markers between arterial occlusive AMI and other acute abdominal diseases where AMI was initially suspected. Methods: This was a post hoc study of an international prospective multicenter study where data on patients with suspected AMI were collected. Independent factors associated with arterial occlusive AMI were evaluated in a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: The number of patients with arterial occlusive AMI was 231, consisting of thrombotic (n = 104), embolic (n = 61), and indeterminate (n = 66) occlusions. The non-AMI group included 287 patients, of whom 128 had strangulated bowel obstruction. Current smoking (odds ratio [OR] 2.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31–5.03), hypertension (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.09–3.97), bowel emptying (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.59–6.63), and leukocytosis (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.14–2.08) at admission were independently associated with arterial occlusive AMI compared to the non-AMI group. Conclusions: This study found clinical and laboratory data to be associated with arterial occlusive AMI in patients with suspicion of AMI, which can possibly be of value in screening for arterial occlusive AMI at the emergency department. Further studies are needed to find more accurate diagnostic markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind farm layout optimization is essential to maximize the energy production of renewable energy systems. A new layout optimization method for offshore wind farms is proposed to minimize power deficits due to the wake effect without limitation on the number of turbines, the shape, or the extension of the concession area. The main engine of the algorithm is a gradient-descent method in which throughout the optimization process, new turbines are progressively and randomly included within the concession area and quickly expand outward, looking for areas with less perturbation, in turn, pushing the previous ones. When the optimization process ends, to avoid local maxima, it enters into a process of suppression of the set of locations that cause the greatest potential (power deficit). Then, a map of potential for the entire area is created, and a greedy algorithm places new turbines to complete the layout with the final number of turbines. The overall process is completed in 25 s. To drastically speed up the search process and the creation of the potential map, a simplification has been validated and added: for turbines affected by multiple wakes, the resulting power has been calculated by using a linear aggregation of power deficits, instead of the usual linear (or quadratic) aggregation of speed deficits. Owing to this type of aggregation, an analogy is established between power deficit and repulsive non-isotropic electrostatic potential energy, which allows using the properties of conservative fields. Thanks to this, the process is 20 times faster than any other layout optimization algorithm found in the revised literature. Irregular concession areas are easily treated using Stokes' theorem to detect outer points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]