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A traditional mug shot is a front and side view of a person from the shoulder up, taken by law enforcement. Forensic science is exploring the benefit of working with 3D data offered by new technologies, and there is an increasing need to work with 3D mug shots. Among the various available techniques, a multi-view photogrammetric approach achieves the highest accuracy in the shortest acquisition time. In this work, a multi-view photogrammetric system for facial reconstruction based on low-cost cameras is developed with the aims of verifying the performance of such cameras for the production of a 3D mug shot with submillimetre accuracy and assessing the improvement of facial matching using a 3D mug shot over traditional 2D mug shots. The tests were carried out in both a virtual and a real-world environment, using either a virtual or a 3D-printed 3D model. The outcome is a point cloud, which describes the face. The quantitative analysis of the errors was realized through the distances between the mesh of the acquired 3D model and the point cloud. A total of 80% of the points with a distance of less than ±1 mm was obtained. Finally, the performance on facial recognition of the 3D mug shot is evaluated against the traditional 2D mug shot using the NeoFace Watching software (NeoFACE) with a score increment of up to 0.42 points, especially in scenarios where the suspect is not captured from a frontal view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, great interest has been focused on the development of highly reproducible 3D in vitro models that are able to mimic the physiological architecture and functionality of native tissues. To date, a wide range of techniques have been proposed to recreate an intestinal barrier in vitro, including synthetic scaffolds and hydrogels, as well as complex on-a-chip systems and organoids. Here, we describe a novel protocol for the generation of an artificial intestine based on the creation of decellularized bio-scaffolds and their repopulation with intestinal stromal and epithelial cells. Organs collected at the local slaughterhouse are subjected to a decellularization protocol that includes a freezing/thawing step, followed by sequential incubation in 1% SDS for 12 h, 1% Triton X-100 for 12 h, and 2% deoxycholate for 12 h. At the end of the procedure, the generated bio-scaffolds are repopulated with intestinal fibroblasts and then with epithelial cells. The protocol described here represents a promising and novel strategy to generate an in vitro bioengineered intestine platform able to mimic some of the complex functions of the intestinal barrier, thus constituting a promising 3D strategy for nutritional, pharmaceutical, and toxicological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of flood-induced hydrodynamic forces and high discharge on the masonry arch "Hannibal Bridge" (called "Ponte di Annibale" in Italy) using the Hydraulic Engineering Center's River Analysis Simulation (HEC-RAS) v6.5.0. hydraulic numerical method, incorporating Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and aerial Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data for visual analysis. The research highlights the highly transient behavior of fast flood flows, particularly when carrying debris, and their effect on bridge superstructures. Utilizing a Digital Elevation Model to extract cross-sectional and elevation data, the research examined 23 profiles over 800 m of the river. The results indicate that the maximum allowable water depth in front of the bridge is 4.73 m, with a Manning's coefficient of 0.03 and a longitudinal slope of 9 m per kilometer. Therefore, a novel method to identify the risks through HEC-RAS modeling significantly improves the conservation of masonry bridges by providing precise topographical and hydrological data for accurate simulations. Moreover, the detailed information obtained from LIDAR and UAV photogrammetry about the bridge's materials and structures can be incorporated into the conservation models. This comprehensive approach ensures that preservation efforts are not only addressing the immediate hydrodynamic threats but are also informed by a thorough understanding of the bridge's structural and material conditions. Understanding rating curves is essential for water management and flood forecasting, with the study confirming a Manning roughness coefficient of 0.03 as suitable for smooth open-channel flows and emphasizing the importance of geomorphological conditions in hydraulic simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional printing has become a fast-growing industry. The first phase of this technology is the design of a 3D object to personalize it and optimize its production. This paper explores the procedural generation of the 3D model. The article aims to present the method of procedurally generating 3D objects in Python. Procedural content generation is the automated creation of content using algorithms. Most often, as part of procedural generation, a small number of input parameters and pseudo-random processes are used to generate content that will meet the requirements. The programming techniques for object customization in Python optimize the manufacturing process. Moreover, procedural generation speeds up the model design, and if developers use 3D scanning methods and artificial intelligence, production can be personalized, which is in line with the concept of Industry 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the aerodynamic characteristics of Chinese Nordic combined athletes during the ski jump take-off process, comparing them with elite athletes from the 2009 Nordic World Ski Championships using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. Methods: Using 3D model analysis and continuous relative phase analysis, CFD methods were utilized to assess the mechanical characteristics of athletes during the take-off phase. Results: The analysis revealed that Chinese athletes displayed a lower dominance of the knee joint during the take-off phase, leading to increased air drag. Conclusion: Reduced knee joint dominance and an excessive ankle angle at the initiation of the ski jump take-off contribute to higher air drag. The lean angle of the body and the ankle angle post-take-off significantly affect the resultant lift and drag forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the goals of Industry 4.0 is to increase the transparency of the value chain through modern tools in production processes. This article aims to discuss the possibility of increasing the efficiency of a production system by modernizing it with the use of computer modelling tools. This article describes a method for the simulation modelling of a selected production system using the specialized FlexSim 2023 software in a 3D environment. The results and benefits of the practical application of the object-oriented modelling are presented, as well as the possibilities of collecting simulation data used to optimize production processes. The analyses were conducted at a selected production plant in a case study. The research assessed the effectiveness of the existing system and determined the impact of process changes in the event of the introduction of a new design solution. The simulation identified bottlenecks in the material flow. The basis for creating the simulation model was the analysis of the technological process. A simulation model for a real situation was created, and a simulation model was designed to identify and indicate a solution to eliminate the detection of the bottleneck. The problem area identified using visualization in the technological process slowed down the entire production process and contributed to time and economic losses. Thus, the authors confirmed the thesis that the simulation modelling of production systems using the FlexSim program can help eliminate bottlenecks and increase the efficiency of human resource use. At the same time, the use of this tool can lead to increased efficiency, reduced costs and improved sustainability and other performance indicators important for modern production environments as part of the promoted Industry 4.0 idea. A noticeable result of these changes was an increase in production from about 80–90 units. In addition, it was noticed that the condition of the machines preceding the stand changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents computer and color vision research focusing on human color perception in VR environments. A VR art gallery with digital twins of original artworks is created for this experiment. In this research, the field of colorimetry and the application of the L*a*b* and RGB color models are applied. The inter-relationships of the two color models are applied to create a color modification of the VR art gallery environment using C# Script procedures. This color-edited VR environment works with a smooth change in color tone in a given time interval. At the same time, a sudden change in the color of the RGB environment is defined in this interval. This experiment aims to record a user's reaction embedded in a VR environment and the effect of color changes on human perception in a VR environment. This research uses lie detector sensors that record the physiological changes of the user embedded in VR. Five sensors are used to record the signal. An experiment on the influence of the user's color perception in a VR environment using lie detector sensors has never been conducted. This research defines the basic methodology for analyzing and evaluating the recorded signals from the lie detector. The presented text thus provides a basis for further research in the field of colors and human color vision in a VR environment and lays an objective basis for use in many scientific and commercial areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes the development of a software module for studying historical and cultural heritage objects using remote and non-invasive research data. The module aims to integrate modern technologies such as image processing, data analysis, and visualization to provide access to heritage information for researchers, conservators, and the general public. Utilizing non-invasive data, such as geophysical surveys, enables the collection of information about heritage objects without causing damage. The module facilitates the analysis and visualization of this data as well as the creation of interactive object models, thereby promoting further research, preservation, and popularization of cultural heritage. The module consists of three blocks: defining areas for ground-based research using interferograms; constructing a comprehensive 3D model based on ground and underground research data; and refining the boundaries of historical-cultural heritage objects and establishing protective zones. The program is developed in the object-oriented programming language VisualBasic with additional modules. This developed module could become a significant tool for studying and preserving historical and cultural objects in the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of intelligent construction of coal mines, gas extraction design is still based on manual design, which is complex, time–consuming, and error–prone, and its automation degree needs to be improved. In order to solve this problem, taking the 1302 working face of a mine in Shanxi Province as the research object, this paper carried out relevant research. Firstly, the influencing factors of gas extraction were determined, and the influence rules of different parameters on the extraction effect were studied by numerical simulation. Secondly, an intelligent optimization method of gas extraction drilling parameters based on deep mining called the PSO–LSTM model, is proposed. This model uses the PSO algorithm to optimize the parameters of the LSTM model, so as to improve the accuracy of the LSTM model results. Finally, a quantitative expression algorithm of 3D spatial information of gas extraction drilling holes based on Python is proposed, which can automatically generate 3D spatial models of bedding or through gas extraction drilling holes using optimized drilling parameters and known 3D information of coal seams. This study shows that the results obtained using the PSO–LSTM model are the same as the drilling parameters obtained using numerical simulation, which verifies the accuracy of the PSO–LSTM model. According to the optimized drilling parameters, a 3D model of gas extraction drilling is quickly generated, which greatly reduces the tedious work of drawing construction drawings for coal mine enterprises and improves the intelligence level of coal gas extraction drilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Two-dimensional (2D) models are unable to mimic the intricacies of the reaction in the natural tumor microenvironment to the irradiation, biological and architectural complexity, or dynamic nature of the many tissues. These features can be recreated using a decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM), such as bioscaffolds. We hypothesized that bioscaffolds can be a feasible and effective three-dimensional (3D) model, worthwhile also for radiobiological aims. To test our hypothesis, two cell lines (HMV-II and PANC-1) were seeded in decellularized porcine liver-derived scaffolds and irradiated with carbon ions (high-LET irradiation) and photons (low-LET irradiation). For the first time in the literature, we found that the 3D environment provided by the bioscaffolds was suitable for radiobiological research as well as being cost-effective. This model provides the opportunity to explore the biological consequences of different radiation modalities over prolonged periods of time. Introduction: Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) bioscaffolds have emerged as a promising three-dimensional (3D) model, but so far there are no data concerning their use in radiobiological studies. Material and Methods: We seeded two well-known radioresistant cell lines (HMV-II and PANC-1) in decellularized porcine liver-derived scaffolds and irradiated them with both high- (Carbon Ions) and low- (Photons) Linear Energy Transfer (LET) radiation in order to test whether a natural 3D-bioscaffold might be a useful tool for radiobiological research and to achieve an evaluation that could be as near as possible to what happens in vivo. Results: Biological scaffolds provided a favorable 3D environment for cell proliferation and expansion. Cells did not show signs of dedifferentiation and retained their distinct phenotype coherently with their anatomopathological and clinical behaviors. The radiobiological response to high LET was higher for HMV-II and PANC-1 compared to the low LET. In particular, Carbon Ions reduced the melanogenesis in HMV-II and induced more cytopathic effects and the substantial cell deterioration of both cell lines compared to photons. Conclusions: In addition to offering a suitable 3D model for radiobiological research and an appropriate setting for preclinical oncological analysis, we can attest that bioscaffolds seemed cost-effective due to their ease of use, low maintenance requirements, and lack of complex technology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground settlement occurs because of the surrounding ground behavior during tunnel excavation. A high chance of its occurrence could cause the collapse of buildings; therefore, the accurate prediction and assessment of ground settlement are necessary when structures are concentrated in urban regions. This study leverages Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and 3D modeling to evaluate the effects of tunnel excavation on the ground settlement and damage of buildings along the Mandeok–Centum underground highway in Busan. It integrates the field topography with building data to simulate and visualize construction-induced interactions. Numerical analysis is used to assess the effects of the terrain elevation, building presence, excavation sequences, and lag distance between the twin tunnels on the settlement. The results indicate that high terrain elevation, dense building layouts, and shorter distances between tunnels increase settlement. Furthermore, this study deduces that bidirectional excavation causes a rapid increase in settlement compared with parallel excavation, which is evident from the variations in the inflection points during the excavation process. Finally, this study estimates the damage to buildings and ground settlements and visualizes risk maps using GIS, emphasizing the practicality of 3D modeling based on GIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Channichthyidae, a monophyletic fish group belonging to the suborder Notothenioidei, are uniquely adapted to the polar environment. However, while their physiology has been extensively studied, studies on their ecology are relatively rare. Here, we investigated the trophic ecology of seven icefish species (Chaenodraco wilsoni, Chionobathyscus dewitti, Chionodraco hamatus, Dacodraco hunteri, Neopagetopis ionah, Pagetodes antarcticus and Pagetopsis macropterus) by using the traditional morphometric approach to assess the relationship between form and feeding function. The suction index (SI), the mechanical advantage in jaw closing (MA) and nine morphological traits related to feeding structures have been analysed. Icefish species are characterised by non-protractible, elongate jaws and a wide gape; such morphological features influence the low values of both MA and SI, supporting their ram-feeding habit. The ecomorphological differences among species resulted mainly determined by the anatomical structures related to SI. Such differences do not seem to be determined primarily by the type of prey, as is the case in other taxonomic groups of Notothenioidei, but rather by phylogenetic proximity. A 3D animation was developed to visualise the different feeding modes of two icefish species (C. hamatus and P. macropterus) which are characterised by different approaches to prey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the methodology and main results obtained after applying several geomatic techniques, based on the fusion of data acquired by several sensors, to document the recovery works carried out in an abandoned church. A century ago, the façade was moved to a museum to ensure its preservation. In addition to documentary purposes, a secondary goal is the virtual repositioning of a model of this element on that of the church. The method takes advantage of the potential of each technique, considering the acquisition of geometry based mainly on laser scanning techniques and radiometry on photogrammetry. The results include 3D models and orthoimages, which are used to perform a stratigraphic study. The 3D model of the façade has been repositioned in the general one, considering common geometries previously fitted in both models and repeating part of the photogrammetric process, using masks to define the image areas related to the church and the façade. Therefore, we obtained a 3D model with the façade included in it. This procedure has demonstrated its feasibility despite the existence of different environmental conditions in both areas. Using these results, we have also developed a BIM to allow for the management of future restoration works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Microwave ablation (MWA) is a minimally invasive image-guided approach that uses microwaves emitted by an antenna to heat and destroy cancer cells. MWA is commonly used for treating liver tumors due to its efficient heating, minimal susceptibility to heat sink effects, and ability to treat larger tumors effectively. However, achieving effective ablation, defined by a minimal ablative margin of at least 5 mm, is crucial to prevent tumor recurrence and is affected by factors like tumor size and location, antenna placement, patient health status, and MWA device parameters. Challenges in antenna placement and the need for precise monitoring during MWA therapy often result in repeated adjustments and potential over-ablation, risking damage to healthy tissues. This study demonstrated that patient-specific three-dimensional models in MWA therapy can accurately predict the delivered ablation zone and have the potential to improve treatment efficacy, enabling more precise ablations and better patient outcomes with minimal unnecessary tissue damage and adequate margins. Microwave ablation (MWA) of liver tumors presents challenges like under- and over-ablation, potentially leading to inadequate tumor destruction and damage to healthy tissue. This study aims to develop personalized three-dimensional (3D) models to simulate MWA for liver tumors, incorporating patient-specific characteristics. The primary objective is to validate the predicted ablation zones compared to clinical outcomes, offering insights into MWA before therapy to facilitate accurate treatment planning. Contrast-enhanced CT images from three patients were used to create 3D models. The simulations used coupled electromagnetic wave propagation and bioheat transfer to estimate the temperature distribution, predicting tumor destruction and ablation margins. The findings indicate that prolonged ablation does not significantly improve tumor destruction once an adequate margin is achieved, although it increases tissue damage. There was a substantial overlap between the clinical ablation zones and the predicted ablation zones. For patient 1, the Dice score was 0.73, indicating high accuracy, with a sensitivity of 0.72 and a specificity of 0.76. For patient 2, the Dice score was 0.86, with a sensitivity of 0.79 and a specificity of 0.96. For patient 3, the Dice score was 0.8, with a sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.74. Patient-specific 3D models demonstrate potential in accurately predicting ablation zones and optimizing MWA treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping the terrain and the Earth's surface can be performed through non-contact methoYes, that is correct.ds such as laser scanning. This is one of the most dynamic and effective data collection methods. This case study aims to analyze the usability of spatial data from available sources and to choose the appropriate solutions and procedures for processing the point cloud of the area of interest obtained from available web applications. The processing of the point cloud obtained by airborne laser scanning results in digital terrain models created in selected software. The study also included modeling of different types of residential development, and the results were evaluated. Different data sources may have compatibility issues, which means that the position of the same object from different spatial data databases may not be identical. To address this, deviations of the corresponding points were determined from various data sources such as Real Estate Cadaster, ZBGIS Buildings, LiDAR point cloud, orthophoto mosaic, and geodetic measurements. These deviations were analyzed according to their size and orientation, with the average deviations ranging from 0.22 to 0.34 m and standard deviations from 0.11 to 0.20 m. The Real Estate Cadaster was used as the correct basis for comparison. The area of the building was also compared, with the slightest difference being present between the Real Estate Cadaster and geodetic measurement. The difference was zero after rounding the area to whole numbers. The maximum area difference was +5 m2 for ZBGIS Buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent industrial settings, time-of-flight (ToF) cameras have become essential tools in various applications. These cameras provide high-performance 3D measurements without relying on ambient lighting; however, their performance can degrade due to environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and distance to the target. This study proposes a novel method to enhance the pixel-level sensing accuracy of ToF cameras by obtaining precise depth data labels in real-world environments. By synchronizing 3D simulations with the actual ToF sensor viewpoints, accurate depth values were acquired and utilized to train AI algorithms, thereby improving ToF depth accuracy. This method was validated in industrial environments such as automobile manufacturing, where the introduction of 3D vision systems improved inspection accuracy compared to traditional 2D systems. Additionally, it was confirmed that ToF depth data can be used to correct positional errors in mobile robot manipulators. Experimental results showed that AI-based preprocessing effectively reduced noise and increased the precision of depth data compared to conventional methods. Consequently, ToF camera performance was enhanced, expanding their potential applications in industrial robotics and automated quality inspection. Future research will focus on developing real-time synchronization technology between ToF sensor data and simulation environments, as well as expanding the AI training dataset to achieve even higher accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rockfalls are incidents of nature that take place when rocks or boulders break from a steep slope and fall to the ground. They can pose considerable threats to buildings placed in high-risk zones. Despite the fact that the impact of a rockfall on a building can cause structural and non-structural damage, few studies have been undertaken to investigate the danger associated with this event. Most of these studies indicated that the risk resulting from rockfall hazards is hard to forecast and assess. A comprehensive quantitative risk assessment approach for rockfalls on buildings is developed and described in this paper and applied for the Mtein village in Mount Lebanon. This method employs a 3D model to simulate the rockfall trajectories using a combination of digital elevation data, field surveys, and orthorectified aerial photographs. The spatial and temporal probability of rockfalls were evaluated using the analysis of historical data in two triggering-factor scenarios: earthquake and precipitation. The findings show that, during the period of 1472 years between the years 551 (the first observed large earthquake in Lebanon) and the current year of the study (2023), the temporal probability will potentially be equal to 0.002 and 0.105 in the cases of earthquake- and rainfall-triggered rockfalls, respectively, while the maximal damage values are expected to be 232 USD and 10,511 USD per year, respectively. The end result is a final map presenting the risk values assigned to each building that could be damaged by rockfalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the difficulty of explaining the unwrapping process through traditional teaching methodologies, this article presents the design, development, and validation of an immersive Virtual Reality (VR) serious game, named Unwrap 3D Virtual: Ready (UVR), aimed at facilitating the learning of unwrapping 3D models. The game incorporates animations to aid users in understanding the unwrapping process, following Mayer's Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning and Gamification principles. Structured into four levels of increasing complexity, users progress through different aspects of 3D model unwrapping, with the final level allowing for result review. A sample of 53 students with experience in 3D modeling was categorized based on device (PC or VR) and previous experience (XP) in VR, resulting in Low-XP, Mid-XP, and High-XP groups. Hierarchical clustering identified three clusters, reflecting varied user behaviors. Results from surveys assessing game experience, presence, and satisfaction show higher immersion reported by VR users despite greater satisfaction being observed in the PC group due to a bug in the VR version. Novice users exhibited higher satisfaction, which was attributed to the novelty effect, while experienced users demonstrated greater control and proficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to identify an efficient method for transforming the point cloud into parametric objects in the fields of architecture, engineering and construction by four main steps: 3D survey of the structure under investigation, generation of a new point cloud based on feature extraction and identification of suitable threshold values, geometry reconstruction by semi-automatic process performed in Rhinoceros/Grasshopper and BIM implementation. The developed method made it possible to quickly obtain geometries that were very realistic to the original ones as shown in the case study described in the paper. In particular, the application of ShrinkWrap algorithm on the simplify point cloud allowed us to obtain a polygonal mesh model without errors such as holes, non-manifold surfaces, compenetrating surfaces, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital twins (DTs) are highly valuable tools for urban planning as they provide a virtual replica of the physical city, integrating real-time data and simulations to enhance the decision-making and management processes. The use of DTs expands the possibilities for data integration and visualization in urban contexts. This includes real-time data measurements from multiple sources, such as sensors and IoT devices, facilitating comprehensive insights. DT's virtual representation helps authorities and planners visualize urban dynamics and improve their understanding of urban ecosystems, energy efficiency, traffic management, emergency response, and more. DT supports the simulation and modeling of different scenarios in an urban built environment, enabling the predictive analysis of transformation decisions and the anticipation of future trends and challenges. This paper highlights the assumptions and ongoing progress in the development of a DT for the city of Turin (Italy), focusing on a range of applications, such as the extraction of built and natural environment features, land use data, road network and pavement quality, and signage, along with continuous model updates over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trend of using conventional devices like mobile phones, tablets, and the other devices is gaining traction in improving customer service practices. This coincides with the growing popularity of building information modeling (BIM), which has led to increased exploration of various 3D object capture methods. Additionally, the technological boom has resulted in a surge of applications working with different 3D model formats including mesh models, point cloud, and TIN models. Among these, the usage of mesh models is experiencing particularly rapid growth. The main objective advantages of mesh models are their efficiency, scalability, flexibility, sense of detail, user-friendliness, and compatibility. The idea of this paper is to use a conventional device, specifically an iPad Pro equipped with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology, for creating mesh models. The different data capture methods employed by various applications will be compared to evaluate the final models´ precision. The accuracy of the 3D models generated by each application will be assessed by comparing the spatial coordinates of identical points distributed irregularly across the entire surface of the chosen object. Various available currently most-used applications were utilized in the process of data collection. In general, 3D representations of the object/area, etc., may be visualized, analyzed, and further processed in more formats such as TIN models, point cloud, or mesh models. Mesh models provide a visualization of the object mirroring the solid design of the real object, thus approximating reality in the closest way. This fact, along with automatized postprocessing after data acquisition, the ability to capture and visualize both convex and concave objects, and the possibility to use this type of 3D visualization for 3D printing, contribute to the decision to test and analyze mesh models. Consequently, the mesh models were created via the automatic post-processing, i.e., without external intervention. This fact leads to the problems of random coordinate systems being automatically pre-defined by every application. This research must deal with the resulting obstacles in order to provide a valid and credible comparative analysis. Various criteria may be applied to the mesh models' comparisons, including objective qualitative and quantitative parameters and also the subjective ones. The idea of this research is not to analyze the data acquisition process in detail, but instead to assess the possibilities of the applications for the basic users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The morphology of the pelvic cavity is important for decision-making in obstetrics. This study aimed to estimate the accuracy and reliability of pelvimetry measures obtained when radiologists manually label anatomical landmarks on three-dimensional (3D) pelvic models. A second objective was to design an automatic labeling method. (2) Methods: Three operators segmented 10 computed tomography scans each. Three radiologists then labeled 12 anatomical landmarks on the pelvic models, which allowed for the calculation of 15 pelvimetry measures. Additionally, an automatic labeling method was developed based on a reference pelvic model, including reference anatomical landmarks, matching the individual pelvic models. (3) Results: Heterogeneity among landmarks in radiologists' labeling accuracy was observed, with some landmarks being rarely mislabeled by more than 4 mm and others being frequently mislabeled by 10 mm or more. The propagation to the pelvimetry measures was limited; only one out of the 15 measures reported a median error above 5 mm or 5°, and all measures showed moderate to excellent inter-radiologist reliability. The automatic method outperformed manual labeling. (4) Conclusions: This study confirmed the suitability of pelvimetry measures based on manual labeling of 3D pelvic models. Automatic labeling offers promising perspectives to decrease the demand on radiologists, standardize the labeling, and describe the pelvic cavity in more detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is currently a shift in surgical training from traditional methods to simulation-based approaches, recognizing the necessity of more effective and controlled learning environments. This study introduces a completely new 3D-printed modular system for endovascular surgery training (M-SET), developed to allow various difficulty levels. Its design was based on computed tomography angiographies from real patient data with femoro-popliteal lesions. The study aimed to explore the integration of simulation training via a 3D model into the surgical training curriculum and its effect on their performance. Our preliminary study included 12 volunteer trainees randomized 1:1 into the standard simulation (SS) group (3 stepwise difficulty training sessions) and the random simulation (RS) group (random difficulty of the M-SET). A senior surgeon evaluated and timed the final training session. Feedback reports were assessed through the Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning Scale. The SS group completed the training sessions in about half time (23.13 ± 9.2 min vs. 44.6 ± 12.8 min). Trainees expressed high satisfaction with the training program supported by the M-SET. Our 3D-printed modular training model meets the current need for new endovascular training approaches, offering a customizable, accessible, and effective simulation-based educational program with the aim of reducing the time required to reach a high level of practical skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares and discusses the methods for evaluation of the structural integrity of the mid spacer grid of nuclear fuel assembly via a finite element analysis of 3D shell elements. The structural stiffness of the spacer grid is determined by applying either force or deformation as loads onto the spacer grid for both the square load and shear load directions. This study is an extension of a single-cell strength analysis of a spacer. External events such as seismic activities that might happen in a nuclear reactor are able to transfer loads onto nuclear components in random directions, which can be broken down into square and shear loadings. The structural strength indicated by the force reaction against the input displacement load was proven to be smaller such that the same displacement square load is around 260 times greater than the shear load. Due to the weakness in shear stiffness, the maintenance of a spacer grid structure is more vulnerable against out-of-plane loads. This indicates that the shear load needs to be considered in studies of fuel assembly integrity assessment for newly developing fuel design, as well as existing fuel assembly designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) has been known as the most prevalent cancer disease and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men almost all over the globe. There is an urgent need for establishment of PCa models that can recapitulate the progress of genomic landscapes and molecular alterations during development and progression of this disease. Notably, several organoid models have been developed for assessing the complex interaction between PCa and its surrounding microenvironment. In recent years, PCa organoids have been emerged as powerful in vitro 3D model systems that recapitulate the molecular features (such as genomic/epigenomic changes and tumor microenvironment) of PCa metastatic tumors. In addition, application of organoid technology in mechanistic studies (i.e., for understanding cellular/subcellular and molecular alterations) and translational medicine has been recognized as a promising approach for facilitating the development of potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the application of PCa organoids in the high-throughput screening and establishment of relevant xenografts for developing novel therapeutics for metastatic, castration resistant, and neuroendocrine PCa. These organoid-based studies are expected to expand our knowledge from basic research to clinical applications for PCa diseases. Furthermore, we also highlight the optimization of PCa cultures and establishment of promising 3D organoid models for in vitro and in vivo investigations, ultimately facilitating mechanistic studies and development of novel clinical diagnosis/prognosis and therapies for PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This review explores various studies to understand how 3D cell cultures mimic real tumour conditions and respond to anticancer drugs. This study focuses on osteosarcoma (OS), which is a type of bone cancer. The findings of these studies revealed that 3D OS models, especially those with specific scaffolds, better replicate the OS tumour environment by influencing their growth and resistance to anticancer drugs. This review highlights the importance of improving 3D OS models to better represent the actual tumour environment and increase the accuracy of drug testing. Future work should explore innovative 3D models and materials for more effective advancement in osteosarcoma research, with the hope of translating to better patient care. This scoping review evaluated 3D osteosarcoma (OS) models' biomimicry, examining their ability to mimic the tumour microenvironment (TME) and their drug sensitivity. Adhering to PRISMA-ScR guidelines, the systematic search revealed 293 studies, with 70 selected for final analysis. Overall, 64% of 3D OS models were scaffold-based, compared to self-generated spheroid models. Scaffolds generated using native matrix were most common (42%) with collagen I/hydroxyapatite predominating. Both scaffold-based and scaffold-free models were used equally for drug screening. The sensitivity of cancer cells in 3D was reported to be lower than that of cells in 2D in ~90% of the drug screening studies. This correlates with the observed upregulation of drug resistance. OS cells cultured in extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic scaffolds and native biomaterials were more resistant than cells in 2D. Co-cultures of OS and stromal cells in 3D models enhanced osteogenic differentiation, ECM remodelling, mineralisation, and angiogenesis, suggesting that tumour–stroma crosstalk promotes disease progression. Seven studies demonstrated selective toxicity of chemotherapeutics towards OS cells while sparing stromal cells, providing useful evidence for developing biomimetic tumour–stroma models to test selective drug toxicity. In conclusion, this review highlights the need to enhance biomimicry in 3D OS models for TME recapitulation, especially in testing novel therapeutics. Future research should explore innovative 3D biomimetic models, biomaterials, and advancements in personalised medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tajos de Alhama de Granada, which since ancient times have inspired and surprised locals and strangers, especially foreign travelers, constituted a unique landscape, cultural and ethnological heritage of Spain, linked to water and its old flour mills. And, they are currently at serious risk of degradation. The aim of this research is to obtain a high-resolution 3D model capable of documenting this historical heritage environment with a high level of detail, using a methodology that includes small light weight LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) system for UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System). The model obtained should serve, on the one hand, as a valuable tool for knowledge and analysis of all the elements (river, lake, ditches, dams, mills, aqueducts, and paths) that made up this place, registered as a picturesque landscape for its extraordinary beauty and uniqueness, and on the other hand, as a basis for the development of rehabilitation and architectural restoration projects that would have to be undertaken to preserve this cultural and landscape legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant increase in hiking, wood extraction, and transportation activities exerts a notable impact on the environmental balance along trails and forest roads in the form of soil degradation. The aim of this study was to develop a Deformation Classification Model for the surface of a multi-use trail, as well as to calculate sediment deposition and generate a flood hazard map in a partially forested region. The eBee X mapping Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with the senseFly S.O.D.A. 3D camera and Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) technology flew over the study area of 149 ha in Northern Greece at an altitude of 120 m and achieved a high spatial resolution of 2.6 cm. The specific constellation of fixed-wing equipment makes the use of ground control points obsolete, compared to previous, in most cases polycopter-based, terrain deformation research. Employing the same methodology, two distinct classifications were applied, utilizing the Digital Surface Model (DSM) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for analysis. The Geolocation Errors and Statistics for Bundle Block Adjustment exhibited a high level of accuracy in the model, with the mean values for each of the three directions (X, Y, Z) being 0.000023 m, −0.000044 m, and 0.000177 m, respectively. The standard deviation of the error in each direction was 0.022535 m, 0.019567 m, and 0.020261 m, respectively. In addition, the Root Mean Square (RMS) error was estimated to be 0.022535 m, 0.019567 m, and 0.020262 m, respectively. A total of 20 and 30 altitude categories were defined at a 4 cm spatial resolution, each assigned specific ranges of values, respectively. The area of each altitude category was quantified in square meters (m2), while the volume of each category was measured in cubic meters (m3). The development of a Deformation Classification Model for the deck of a trail or forest road, coupled with the computation of earthworks and the generation of a flood hazards map, represents an efficient approach that can provide valuable support to forest managers during the planning phase or maintenance activities of hiking trails and forest roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camera network design is a challenging task for many applications in photogrammetry, biomedical engineering, robotics, and industrial metrology, among other fields. Many driving factors are found in the camera network design including the camera specifications, object of interest, and type of application. One of the interesting applications is 3D face modeling and recognition which involves recognizing an individual based on facial attributes derived from the constructed 3D model. Developers and researchers still face difficulty in reaching the required high level of accuracy and reliability needed for image-based 3D face models. This is caused among many factors by the hardware limitations and imperfection of the cameras and the lack of proficiency in designing the ideal camera-system configuration. Accordingly, for precise measurements, we still need engineering-based techniques to ascertain the specific level of deliverables quality. In this paper, an optimal geometric design methodology of the camera network is presented by investigating different multi-camera system configurations composed of four up to eight cameras. A mathematical nonlinear constrained optimization technique is applied to solve the problem and each camera system configuration is tested for a facial 3D model where a quality assessment is applied to conclude the best configuration. The optimal configuration is found to be a 7-camera array, comprising a pentagon shape enclosing two additional cameras, offering high accuracy. For those who prioritize point density, a 9-camera array with a pentagon and quadrilateral arrangement in the X-Z plane is a viable choice. However, a 5-camera array offers a balance between accuracy and the number of cameras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) indoor models are a crucial component to simulate pedestrian evacuations realistically in indoor environments. However, existing 3D indoor models cannot fully represent realistic indoor environments to enable the simulation of 3D pedestrian motions in evacuations because spaces above/below some physical components (e.g., desks, chairs) have been largely overlooked. Thus, this paper introduces a conceptual space model to advance a space identification and classification scheme that can fully capture 3D pedestrian motions. This paper first proposes the definition and parameterisation of different 3D pedestrian motions. Then, the definition and specifications of three categories of space components are elaborated on based on the motions. Finally, a voxel-based approach is introduced to identify and classify the space components, which are demonstrated by an illustrative example. This work contributes to advancing 3D indoor modelling to enable a more realistic simulation of 3D pedestrian motions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimensional (3D) geological voxel model is essential for numerical simulation and resource calculation. However, it can be challenging due to the point in polygon test in 3D voxel modeling. The commonly used Winding number algorithm requires the manual setting of observation points and uses their relative positions to restrict the positive and negative solid angles. Therefore, we proposed the Winding number with triangle network coding (WNTC) algorithm and applied it to automatically construct a 3D voxel model of the ore body. The proposed WNTC algorithm encodes the stratum model by using the Delaunay triangulation network to constrain the index order of each vertex of the triangular plane unit. GPU parallel computing was used to optimize its computational speed. Our results demonstrated that the WNTC algorithm can greatly improve the efficiency and automation of 3D ore body modeling. Compared to the Ray casting method, it can compensate for a voxel loss of about 0.7%. We found the GPU to be 99.96% faster than the CPU, significantly improving voxel model construction speed. Additionally, this method is less affected by the complexity of the stratum model. Our study has substantial potential for similar work in 3D geological modeling and other relevant fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a 3D model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with crossed channels and an ultra-thin membrane is developed to investigate the feasibility of self-humidification; experiments utilizing a PEMFC stack with identical configurations are conducted to validate the simulation results and further investigate the effects of various operating conditions (OCs) on self-humidification. The results indicate that the crossed flow channel leads to enhanced uniformity of water distribution, resulting in improved cell performance under low/no humidification conditions. External humidifiers for the anode can be removed since the performance difference is negligible (≤3%) between RHa = 0% and 100%. Self-humidification can be achieved in the stack at 90 °C or below with an appropriate back pressure among 100–200 kPa. As the current density increases, there is a gradual convergence and crossing of the voltage at low RH with that at high RH, and the crossover points are observed at 60–80 °C with suitable pressure when successful self-humidification is achieved. Below the current density of the point, the stack's performance is inferior at lower RH due to membrane unsaturation, and conversely, the performance is inferior at higher RH due to flooding; this current density decreases with higher pressure and lower temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the influence of burden deviation from the designed one on the intensity of blasting vibrations through the use of laboratory and field examinations. By definition, the burden represents the shortest distance from the axis of an explosive column charge to the free surface. It should be measured along the entire hole length, although, in practice, it is often measured only on the bench surface as the shortest distance from the axis of the explosive column charge to the crest. The real surface of the bench slope (free face) can be very irregular and should be considered during every blast. The deviation of burden in the blast pattern represents a serious problem in the field during blasting operation. Burden deviation from the designed one can be greater or lesser, affecting the results of blasting through poor fragmentation and sometimes causes unwanted effects like increased blasting vibrations or fly rock. The influence of burden deviation on the intensity of blasting vibrations was tested on a laboratory model, where 8 mm diameter holes were drilled into blocks with certain dimensions. The small explosive charges placed in blastholes were initiated. The design burden was set at 30 mm, as the distance from blastholes to the free face of the blocks. Any deviation in distance greater than the designed burden was taken as a parameter for comparison. During each initiation, vibrations were measured using a seismic instrument at a distance of 150 mm from the borehole. At the same time, the free face in the front of the blastholes was photographed to create a detailed 3D model of the blasted surface of the blocks for each blasting. Each measurement is presented on a diagram and classified depending on the values of the burden in the cases where the value of the burden is equal to the designed one, as well as any deviation that is smaller or larger than 30 mm. A total of 55 tests were carried out. The results were analyzed, and the model of dependence of each burden deviation from the designed one on the intensity of blasting vibrations was established under laboratory conditions. To verify the model, the same experiments were also applied in the field. The basic parameter of the model, the coefficient K, which represents the ratio of peak particle velocity and the surfaces of the blasted material from laboratory and field testing, indicates that there is a connection between these values. The deviation of the coefficient K, obtained from laboratory and field measurements, was 5.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keratoconus is an eye disease that distorts the shape of the cornea. This study aimed to analyze the effect of an increase in intraocular pressure applied to eyes with different severity of keratoconus disease using patient-specific models. Finite element models of the normal eye, eye with keratoconus, and eye with keratoglobus were constructed. The loading conditions considered the intraocular pressure increment as well as their physiological intraocular pressure. The analysis was performed with distinct materials for normal and keratoconic eyes. The finite element analysis revealed differences in the three models in terms of their deformation and maximum principal stress, and differences were observed in corneal curvature and thickness. These findings could enhance research in the biomechanical area, leading to more successful treatment options and a more individualized approach in the field of practical ophthalmology. Further investigation with larger sample sizes and more precise data on eye material would allow us to evaluate whether these disparities could inform the diagnosis of keratoconus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops an algorithm to compute optimal routes for an autonomous compost turner. In commercial composting, the material to be composted is piled up in large heaps called windrows and turned regularly by compost turners. The environment at the composting site is constantly changing, as the locations of the windrows change with each turning procedure. Therefore, we propose a novel method that automatically computes routes on a composting plant from LiDAR data. The LiDAR is mounted on the compost turner together with a dual-antenna GNSS receiver, an IMU, and rotary encoders. An extended Kalman filter is used to obtain the vehicle's pose. Through direct georeferencing, a global point cloud is obtained. The routing algorithm crops, segments, and filters the point cloud until the points along the ridge of each windrow remain. These points are used to compute the optimal routes along each windrow. Furthermore, a user can select the windrows which need to be turned and the algorithm then computes the most efficient path for the compost turner, which also includes the passages between the windrows. The method was tested within a simulation environment using a 3D model of the composting site. The results show that the algorithm detects the windrows and computes the routes with sufficient accuracy for autonomous compost turning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model based on the finite element method (FEM) is developed to determine the fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena in a real multi-tube downhole heat exchanger (DHE), designed ad hoc for the present application, considering natural convection inside a geothermal reservoir. The DHE has been effectively installed and tested on the island of Ischia, in southern Italy, and the measurements have been used to validate the model. In particular, the authors analyze experimentally and numerically the behavior of the DHE based on the outlet temperature of the working fluid, thermal power, overall heat transfer coefficient, and efficiency. Furthermore, the influence of the degree of salinity on the performance of the DHE has been studied, observing that it degrades with the increase in the degree of salinity. The results show that the DHE allows to exchange more than 40 kW with the ground, obtaining overall heat transfer coefficient values larger than 450 W/m2 K. At the degree of salinity of 180 ppt, a decrease in the efficiency of the DHE of more than 8% is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various studies on the structural and functional constructions of hand prostheses inspired by human biomechanics, and there are different kinds of prostheses available on the market. This paper aims to present the relevant stages of designing a hand prosthesis prototype that is innovative due to its mechanical structure and, therefore, the prosthesis fingers' DOF and mobility. The prosthesis is designed to have independent finger motion with the rotations of each of the three phalanges and, most importantly, rotation for each of the fingers relative to the palm. All these motions are generated and controlled by micromotors, a microcontroller, and sensors. A reverse engineering technique was applied for obtaining the exterior surface dimensions of the prosthesis and this consequently ensures that this prosthesis looks as realistic as possible. Small, light mechanical parts were designed as components of the mechanical system for the motions of finger phalanges and most of them (gears, levers, shells) were made using 3D-printing technologies (digital light processing (DLP) and/or selective laser sintering (SLS)). Aspects of some technical problems which arose during the prototype assembly are also recorded in the paper. Further research development will focus on the tests conducted on the prosthesis and the consequent adjustments of the prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality (VR) technology has recently been adopted by educators for use in the classroom. Currently, this educational model includes not only lectures with teachers in the online classroom but also practical sessions using online platforms. Few studies have explored the potential of pedagogical approaches to implementing VR in the classroom for the purpose of design education. The focus of this paper was to study the learning experiences of the 3D visualisation of products among industrial design students through the strategic implementation of virtual reality technology. A within-subjects comparative study was conducted to measure cognitive workload and engagement and enjoyment, while a 3D modelling task was given using two different set-ups (conventional 3D software versus VR-based software). The statistical results show that the NASA-TLX score was lower in the case of the VR-based 3D modelling exercise compared to the conventional 3D software-based exercise. On the other hand, the mean values were higher for the engagement and enjoyment and usability scores, which means that the VR-based experience for 3D modelling was better than the traditional modelling experience using conventional software. Hence, there are possibilities to implement VR-based 3D modelling tools for online industrial design education for 3D visualisation in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on improving progress monitoring in construction projects through the integration of 3D laser scanning technology and component-specific data identification. The conventional method of measuring progress using cost-based rates and on-site factors often leads to discrepancies between actual progress and reported rates. Additionally, data collection challenges in real construction sites further hinder accurate progress assessment. To address these issues, the study utilizes 3D laser scanning to gather real-time construction progress data and introduces a method to identify specific components by comparing 3D models with positional information. The method used in this study shows how to obtain powerful location information from BIM. This prevents direct duplicate operations from proceeding between models during execution. The comparison enables accurate identification, and an algorithm extracts additional details for construction status verification. The outcomes offer a promising solution for acquiring precise and reliable progress data, enabling stakeholders to make well-informed decisions. By implementing this approach, construction projects can achieve enhanced management and overall success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characterization of a groundwater body involves the construction of a conceptual model that constitutes the base knowledge for monitoring programs, hydrogeological risk assessment, and correct management of water resources. In particular, a detailed geological and geophysical approach was applied to define the alluvial Caronia Groundwater Body (CGWB) and to reconstruct a hydrogeological flow model. The analysis of the CGWB, located in north-eastern Sicily, was initially approached through a reanalysis of previous stratigraphic (boreholes) and geophysical (vertical electrical soundings and seismic refraction profiles) data, subsequently integrated by new seismic acquisitions, such as Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and horizontal-to-vertical seismic ratio (HVSR). The analysis and reinterpretation of geoelectrical data allowed the construction of a preliminary 3D resistivity model. This initial modeling was subsequently integrated by a geophysical data campaign in order to define the depth of the bottom of the shallow CGWB and the thickness of alluvial deposits. Finally, a preliminary mathematical model flow was generated in order to reconstruct the dynamics of underground water. The results show that integration of multidisciplinary data represent an indispensable tool for the characterization of complex physical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in new electric aerial vehicles have encouraged research on pioneering Urban Air Mobility (UAM) solutions, which would provide fast service for passengers, goods, and emergencies. From this perspective, some air service scenarios have been identified, such as air taxis, airport shuttles, and intercity services. Such air services should be supported by a suitable urban air network, which should comply with several boundary conditions linked to the specific features of this new type of aerial mobility. This paper proposes an Urban Air Network (UAN) model that includes a third (vertical) dimension and whose aim is to satisfy the basic principle of linking origin/destination pairs, as in usual ground transportation networks, by guaranteeing at the same time safe aerial paths between origin/destination pairs with suitable vehicle separations. The proposed UAN consists of multiple 2D graphs on different layers, which allows for the transfer of aerial vehicles in lower airspace. A suitable cost function has been associated with each UAN link in order to compute the shortest paths connecting the origin/destination pairs. The links in a UAN have a dynamic nature and can be enabled or disabled in consideration of capacity issues. In addition, indirect CO2 emissions linked to aerial vehicles (such as operational and disposal phase charges) have been computed to foresee the potential environmental impacts based on the proposed UAN model. The preliminary results of a test case show encouraging results and provide interesting findings for further advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To build a representative 3D finite element model (FEM) for intracorneal ring segment (ICRS) implantation and to investigate localized optical changes induced by different ICRS geometries, a hyperelastic shell FEM was developed to compare the effect of symmetric and progressive asymmetric ICRS designs in a generic healthy and asymmetric keratoconic (KC) cornea. The resulting deformed geometry was assessed in terms of average curvature via a biconic fit, sagittal curvature (K), and optical aberrations via Zernike polynomials. The sagittal curvature map showed a locally restricted flattening interior to the ring (Kmax −11 to −25 dpt) and, in the KC cornea, an additional local steepening on the opposite half of the cornea (Kmax up to +1.9 dpt). Considering the optical aberrations present in the model of the KC cornea, the progressive ICRS corrected vertical coma (−3.42 vs. −3.13 µm); horizontal coma (−0.67 vs. 0.36 µm); and defocus (2.90 vs. 2.75 µm), oblique trefoil (−0.54 vs. −0.08 µm), and oblique secondary astigmatism (0.48 vs. −0.09 µm) aberrations stronger than the symmetric ICRS. Customized ICRS designs inspired by the underlying KC phenotype have the potential to achieve more tailored refractive corrections, particularly in asymmetric keratoconus patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although reversible data hiding technology is widely used, it still faces several challenges and issues. These include ensuring the security and reliability of embedded secret data, improving the embedding capacity, and maintaining the quality of media data. Additionally, irregular data types, such as three-dimensional point clouds and triangle mesh-represented 3D models, lack an ordered structure in their representation. As a result, embedding these irregular data into digital media does not provide sufficient information for the complete recovery of the original data during extraction. To address this issue, this paper proposes a method based on convolutional neural network prediction error expansion to enhance the embedding capacity of carrier images while maintaining acceptable visual quality. The triangle mesh representation of the 3D model is regularized in a two-dimensional parameterization domain, and the regularized 3D model is reversibly embedded into the image. The process of embedding and extracting confidential information in carrier images is symmetrical, and the regularization and restoration of 3D models are also symmetrical. Experiments show that the proposed method increases the reversible embedding capacity, and the triangle mesh can be conveniently subjected to reversible hiding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic-based precision medicine has not only improved tumour therapy but has also shown its weaknesses. Genomic profiling and mutation analysis have identified alterations that play a major role in sarcoma pathogenesis and evolution. However, they have not been sufficient in predicting tumour vulnerability and advancing treatment. The relative rarity of sarcomas and the genetic heterogeneity between subtypes also stand in the way of gaining statistically significant results from clinical trials. Personalized three-dimensional tumour models that reflect the specific histologic subtype are emerging as functional assays to test anticancer drugs, complementing genomic screening. Here, we provide an overview of current target therapy for sarcomas and discuss functional assays based on 3D models that, by recapitulating the molecular pathways and tumour microenvironment, may predict patient response to treatments. This approach opens new avenues to improve precision medicine when genomic and pathway alterations are not sufficient to guide the choice of the most promising treatment. Furthermore, we discuss the aspects of the 3D culture assays that need to be improved, such as the standardisation of growth conditions and the definition of in vitro responses that can be used as a cut-off for clinical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, large-scale heavy rainfall disasters have occurred frequently in several parts of the world. Therefore, a quantitative approach to understanding how buildings are damaged during floods is necessary to develop appropriate flood-resistant technologies. In flood inundation simulations for the quantitative evaluation of a building's resistance to flooding, a subgrid model is necessary to appropriately evaluate the resistance of buildings smaller than the grid size at a medium grid resolution. In this study, a new subgrid (SG) 3D inundation model is constructed to evaluate the fluid force acting on buildings and assess the damage to individual buildings during flood inundation. The proposed method does not increase the computational load. The model is incorporated into a 2D and 3D hybrid model with high computational efficiency to construct a 3D river and inundation flow model. Its validity and effectiveness are evaluated through comparisons with field observations and the conventional equivalent roughness model. Considering horizontal and vertical velocity distributions, the proposed model showed statistically significant improvements in performance in terms of building loss indices such as velocity and fluid force. These results suggest that the SG model can effectively evaluate the fluid force acting on buildings, including the vertical distribution of flow velocities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microwave plasma torch (MPT) has gained popularity in industrial applications due to its high energy density, ionization levels, and high temperature. However, the non-uniform and unstable plasma generated by microwave plasma sources has limited the production of large-scale MPTs. This paper proposes a novel MPT device utilizing a four-port microwave source (2.45 GHz, 4 kW) to address these issues. The improved plasma uniformity and stability are achieved through the new structure, and the microwave efficiency is enhanced by introducing the focusing dielectric in the coupled cavity. Using a 3D electromagnetic field model, microwave plasma model and fluid model, the paper optimizes the geometry and inlet mode of the MPT device. Experimental results show that the novel MPT device can generate a plasma torch with a maximum height of 545 mm, a working range of 10–95 L/min, and a microwave efficiency up to 86%. The proposed device not only competently meets industrial requirements, but also provides design ideas and methods for future MPT devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oblique photography 3D models are increasingly used in 3D modeling and visualization, urban planning and design, smart cities, smart mines, and other fields. To ensure that 3D models can be replaced and updated, it is necessary to deal with the model holes and incomplete areas caused by the incorrect matching of feature points in the modeling process. Moreover, in 3D models of the planning and management of certain mining areas or urban areas to be developed, regions can also be delineated for replacements and updates. Due to the unsatisfactory display effect of the manually modeled models used to replace and update, the authenticity of the model texture and the detail characteristics of the model triangle meshes cannot be guaranteed during integration. Therefore, this paper proposes a 3D model triangle mesh integration method for oblique photography data which integrates the real and complete 3D models used for replacement with the incomplete part or the part of the original model that needs to be replaced. The experimental results show that this method can integrate the original terrain model and the replacement model efficiently and quickly, the integrated model has no gap, and the display effect is good, effectively achieving model repair or model update and replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest in graphene derivatives is a result of their variety of applications in many fields. Due to their use, the oral route could be a potential way of entrance for the general population. This work assesses the biotransformation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) after an in vitro digestion procedure (mouth, gastric, intestinal, and colon digestion), and its toxic effects in different cell models (HepG2, Caco-2, and 3D intestinal model). The characterization of rGO digestas evidenced the agglomeration of samples during the in vitro gastrointestinal (g.i.) digestion. Internalization of rGO was only evident in Caco-2 cells exposed to the colonic phase and no cellular defects were observed. Digestas of rGO did not produce remarkable cytotoxicity in any of the experimental models employed at the tested concentrations (up to 200 µg/mL), neither an inflammatory response. Undigested rGO has shown cytotoxic effects in Caco-2 cells, therefore these results suggest that the digestion process could prevent the systemic toxic effects of rGO. However, additional studies are necessary to clarify the interaction of rGO with the g.i. tract and its biocompatibility profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medieval wall of Jaén is a historical monument that has suffered from the apathy of institutions in recent years, causing its calamitous current status. This study focuses on the previous geomatic tasks developed to obtain a 3D documentation of this site in order to manage future restoration works. The methodology included the integration of data obtained using several geomatic techniques, such as LiDAR and photogrammetry at three scale levels, from the general to the particular. Therefore, data fusion is the main aspect of this methodology, developed in an attempt to take advantage of the benefits of each technique. The application demonstrated the feasibility of using the methodology in order to obtain a complete documentation, including 3D models, orthoimages and DEMs, at several scales with different resolutions and point densities. In addition, we also considered the accuracy of data and products with respect to the project requirements. Another aspect to highlight is the reduction in acquisition time by minimizing the necessity of conducting classic surveying to obtain georeference data. The results show reliable products for supporting restoration tasks and allowing the development of a BIM application to manage them, but also for the dissemination of knowledge regarding this unknown monument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is to investigate the capability of six numerical schemes to simulate reflected wave over a dry and closed domain with and without building, namely: (a) two proposed 2D numerical models solving the conservation form of 2D Shallow Water Equations (2D-SWEs) by Finite Volume Method (FVM) with Roe and HLLC schemes are invoked to approximate Reimann solver; (b) three options of shallow models in the commercial software Flow 3D based on a non-conservation form of 2D-SWEs and (c) the Flow 3D with turbulence modules. By analyzing flooding maps, the area of the reflected wave, and water level profiles on a dry and closed domain, two proposed models give reasonable solutions, while three options of the shallow module of Flow 3D originate result less accurately when initial wave celerity (c0) is small. The accuracy level will be increased if c0 value increases. The 3D model presented the best performance of the complex flow pattern in the dry and enclosed domain in both cases without and with building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]