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Petroleum-based plastics, such as PP, PE, PVC, etc., have become an important source of environmental pollution due to their hard degradation, posing a serious threat to the human health. Isolating nanocellulose from abundant biomass waste resources and further integrating the nanocellulose into hydrophobic transparent film (i.e., nanopaper), to replace the traditional nondegradable plastic film, is of great significance for solving the problem of environmental pollution and achieving sustainable development of society. This study respectively extracted nanocellulose from the branches of Amorpha fruticosa Linn., wheat straw, and poplar residues via combined mechanical treatments of grinding and high-pressure homogenization. Among them, the nanocellulose derived from the Amorpha fruticosa has a finer structure, with diameter of about 10 nm and an aspect ratio of more than 500. With the nanocellulose as building block, we constructed hydrophilic nanopaper with high light transmittance (up to 90%) and high mechanical strength (tensile strength up to 110 MPa). After further hybridization by incorporating nano-silica into the nanopaper, followed by hydrophobic treatment, we built hydrophobic nanopaper with transmittance over 82% and a water contact angle of about 102° that could potentially replace transparent plastic film and has wide applications in food packaging, agricultural film, electronic device, and other fields.

Paper-based sensors and assays have been highly attractive for numerous biological applications, including rapid diagnostics and assays for disease detection, food safety, and clinical care. In particular, the paper immunoassay has helped drive many applications in global health due to its low cost and simplicity of operation. This review is aimed at examining the fundamentals of the technology, as well as different implementations of paper-based assays and discuss novel strategies for improving their sensitivity, performance, or enabling new capabilities. These innovations can be categorized into using unique nanoparticle materials and structures for detection via different techniques, novel biological species for recognizing biomarkers, or innovative device design and/or architecture.

Most power transformers are oil-immersed transformers for which its insulation system consists of oil and cellulosic solid. The insulation liquid impregnates the solid-covering air spaces, which improves the efficiency of the insulation system. Not only does the oil ensure electrical insulation but it also works as coolants transferring the heat generated during transformer operation to the exterior of the transformer. Throughout normal operation conditions, transformers experience multiple stresses that degrade their insulation. Since the lifetime of oil-immersed transformers is defined mainly by the state of the insulation paper, it is critical to understand the behavior and degradation mechanisms of new insulation systems that try to overcome the drawbacks of mineral oil as well as to improve power transformer performances. The current increased prevalence of the nonlinear loads additionally stresses power transformers, which generates their premature ageing or even failure. Consequently, new materials and assessment methods are required to guarantee the suitable management of power transformer populations. In this Special Issue "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Thermal Ageing in Power Transformers", four papers have been published. The guest editor also describes briefly some challenges involved beyond the coverage of this Special Issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a systematic study on solid Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) substrates consisting of Au and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) loaded on filter paper with the dip-coating method. The aim of this work is to explore how a series of parameters (e.g., concentration of colloidal solution, different porosity of filter paper, and the presence of an aggregating agent) affects the analytical performance of paper-based SERS substrates. All the substrates developed in this study have been analyzed with two non-resonant probe molecules, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) and adenine, in terms of (i) inter-sample repeatability, (ii) intra-sample repeatability, (iii) sensitivity, and (iv) overall SERS performance in terms of analyte quantification. Moreover, the issue of how to evaluate the repeatability for a solid SERS substrate is carefully discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A goal of our study was to find an alternative to nano-silver-based antimicrobial materials which would contain active silver immobilized in a solid matrix that prevents its migration into the surrounding environment. In this study, we investigated whether silver cations dispersed in an atomic form and trapped in an ion-exchanged zeolite show comparable antimicrobial activity to silver nanoparticles (NPs). The biocidal active material was prepared from the sodium form of faujasite type zeolite in two steps: (1) exchange with silver cations, (2) removal of the external silver oxide NPs by elution with Na2EDTA solution. The modified biocidal zeolite was then added to paper pulp to obtain sheets. The zeolite paper samples and reference samples containing silver NPs were tested in terms of biocidal activity against an array of fungi and bacteria strains, including Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Trichoderma viride, Chaetomium globosum, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Mortierella alpina. The paper with the modified faujasite additive showed higher or similar antibacterial and antifungal activities towards the majority of tested microbes in comparison with the silver NP-filled paper. A reverse effect was observed for the Mortierella alpina strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inkjet-printed relative humidity sensor based on capacitive changes which responds to different humidity levels in the environment is presented in this work. The inkjet-printed silver interdigitated electrodes configuration on the paper substrate allowed for the fabrication of a functional proof-of-concept of the relative humidity sensor, by using the paper itself as a sensing material. The sensor sensitivity in terms of relative humidity changes was calculated to be around 2 pF/RH %. The response time against different temperature steps from 3 to 85°C was fairly constant (about 4-5 min), and it was considered fast for the aimed application, a smart label. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we report on the formation and mode-of-operation of an affinity biosensor, where alternate layers of biotin/streptavidin/biotinylated-CRP-antigen/anti-CRP antibody are grown on printed gold electrodes on disposable paper-substrates. We have successfully demonstrated and detected the formation of consecutive layers of supra-molecular protein assembly using an electrical (impedimetric) technique. The formation process is also supplemented and verified using conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements and surface sensitive characterization techniques, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The article provides a possible biosensor development scheme, where--(1) fabrication of paper substrate (2) synthesis of gold nanoparticle inks (3) inkjet printing of gold electrodes on paper (4) formation of the biorecognition layers on the gold electrodes and (5) electrical (impedimetric) analysis of growth--all are coupled together to form a test-structure for a recyclable and inexpensive point-of-care diagnostic platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservation of textiles is a challenge due to the often fast degradation that results from the acidity combined with a complex structure that requires remediation actions to be conducted at several length scales. Nanomaterials have lately been used for various purposes in the conservation of cultural heritage. The advantage with these materials is their high efficiency combined with a great control. Here, we provide an overview of the latest developments in terms of nanomaterials-based alternatives, namely inorganic nanoparticles and nanocellulose, to conventional methods for the strengthening and deacidification of cellulose-based materials. Then, using the case of iron-tannate dyed cotton, we show that conservation can only be addressed if the mechanical strengthening is preceded by a deacidification step. We used CaCO3 nanoparticles to neutralize the acidity, while the stabilisation was addressed by a combination of nanocellulose, and silica nanoparticles, to truly tackle the complexity of the hierarchical nature of cotton textiles. Silica nanoparticles enabled strengthening at the fibre scale by covering the fibre surface, while the nanocellulose acted at bigger length scales. The evaluation of the applied treatments, before and after an accelerated ageing, was assessed by tensile testing, the fibre structure by SEM and the apparent colour changes by colourimetric measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of functional papers requires a specific deposition of chemical moieties at the surface. In particular, water-repellent barrier coatings can be formed by the deposition of (poly(styrene-co-maleimide) nanoparticles filled with different vegetable oils. The analysis of coated paper surfaces by dispersive Raman spectroscopy allows for statistical classification of different coating types and chemical mapping of the lateral surface distribution of the coating components. The Raman spectra were used to quantify the amount of free oil and imide content. The partial least squares model with three principal components (PC) could differentiate between the type of oil (degree of saturation in PC-1), coating thickness (cellulose bands of paper substrate in PC-2), and organic coating phase (styrene, imide in PC-3). The chemical surface maps with average intensities indicate coating inhomogeneities for thin coatings located near the organic coating components, while the presence of free oil acts as a natural binder in between the organic phase and provides a more homogeneous coating. Depending on the type of oil, a higher amount of free oil coincides with lower imide content at the surface. The surface coverage of polyunsaturated oils overlaps relatively well with the areas of organic coating components, as the oil is largely encapsulated. The surface coverage for mono- and unsaturated oils is rather complementary to the organic phase as there are larger amounts of free oil. The latter is confirmed by single wavenumber maps and image processing constructing composite chemical surface maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]