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Breeding technology is one of the necessary means for agricultural development, and the automatic identification of poor seeds has become a trend in modern breeding. China is one of the main producers of buckwheat, and the cultivation of Hongshan buckwheat plays an important role in agricultural production. The quality of seeds affects the final yield, and improving buckwheat breeding technology is particularly important. In order to quickly and accurately identify broken Hongshan buckwheat seeds, an identification algorithm based on an improved YOLOv5s model is proposed. Firstly, this study added the Ghost module to the YOLOv5s model, which improved the model's inference speed. Secondly, we introduced the bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) to the neck of the YOLOv5s model, which facilitates multi-scale fusion of Hongshan buckwheat seeds. Finally, we fused the Ghost module and BiFPN to form the YOLOV5s+Ghost+BiFPN model for identifying broken Hongshan buckwheat seeds. The results show that the precision of the YOLOV5s+Ghost+BiFPN model is 99.7%, which is 11.7% higher than the YOLOv5s model, 1.3% higher than the YOLOv5+Ghost model, and 0.7% higher than the YOLOv5+BiFPN model. Then, we compared the FLOPs value, model size, and confidence. Compared to the YOLOv5s model, the FLOPs value decreased by 6.8 G, and the model size decreased by 5.2 MB. Compared to the YOLOv5+BiFPN model, the FLOPs value decreased by 8.1 G, and the model size decreased by 7.3MB. Compared to the YOLOv5+Ghost model, the FLOPs value increased by only 0.9 G, and the model size increased by 1.4 MB, with minimal numerical fluctuations. The YOLOv5s+Ghost+BiFPN model has more concentrated confidence. The YOLOv5s+Ghost+BiFPN model is capable of fast and accurate recognition of broken Hongshan buckwheat seeds, meeting the requirements of lightweight applications. Finally, based on the improved YOLOv5s model, a system for recognizing broken Hongshan buckwheat seeds was designed. The results demonstrate that the system can effectively recognize seed features and provide technical support for the intelligent selection of Hongshan buckwheat seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]