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The Prospective Payment System uses Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRG) as a reimbursement system. DRG 202 is a disease-related group including liver cirrhosis as a whole. Patients referring to the inpatient unit complain of variable severity and complications of cirrhosis, possibly implying different expenditure of resources. Aim of the investigation was to identify factors affecting cost variability in patients with cirrhosis. A total of 73 consecutive, DRG 202-assigned, cirrhotic patients classified according to demographic and clinical variables were evaluated for length and costs of hospitalization calculated on a full-cost basis. Mean length of hospitalization was 10.2 +/- 7 days. Mean cost of hospitalization was Lit. 4.348.000 +/- 2.718.000. Medical, nursing, diagnostic, drug and general charges accounted for 13%, 29%, 37%, 5% and 16% of the cost, respectively. Child-Pugh score significantly correlated with drug consumption (p < 0.005), length (p < 0.01) and costs (p < 0.001) of hospitalization, but not with cost per day. Age, sex, admission status, referral reason, associated diseases and liver transplant susceptibility did not correlate with duration and costs of hospitalization. Disease severity significantly modifies costs of hospital admission in cirrhotic patients mostly on account of longer hospital stay. Surrogate indexes of disease severity, derived from ISTAT/DRG records, cannot identify patients consuming larger resources. In liver cirrhosis, the DRG system could be improved by introducing parameters, such as Child-Pugh score, directly taking into account disease severity.

The relationship between the professional background of the physician requesting the biopsy procedure (whether non-specialist or specialist in hepatology/gastroenterology) and the subsequent decision of treatment of the patients was analyzed. Treatment was divided into two categories named arbitrarily "no therapy" (general supportive measures) or "therapy" (causal treatment based on active drugs or measures aimed at affecting the cause of the disease). Of the 204 cases of outpatient needle biopsies available for study, 157 were made by specialist request and 47 were made by a non-specialist request. Sixty-eight (43%) of the former, but only 3 (2%) of the latter had "therapy" (p = 0.0001). Also, patients in which histology showed chronic active liver disease had "therapy" more frequently (49 of 109, 44.9%) than those without chronic active liver disease (22 of 95, 23%) with p less than 0.01. However, patients with histological active chronic disease were not more frequent among specialist requests (56.6%) than among the non-specialist requests (42.5%). But among patients attended by the specialist, there were more patients (31.8%) with positive serum markers of Hepatitis B virus infection than among those sent by others (12.7%) with p less than 0.01. We conclude that at least in the premises in which this study was carried out, blind liver biopsies will lead to active treatment more often in patients treated by a specialized physician, because these patients are more likely to have a virus identified as the cause of their liver disease and consequently will receive antiviral treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Hepatitis viruses may cause liver cancer (HCC) through an indirect mechanism inducing inflammation and cirrhosis. Only hepatitis B virus (HBV) was shown to have a direct oncogenetic potential. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection, superimposed on the oncogenetic background provided by chronic HBV infection, appears to provide an additional risk for HCC. Patients with florid infections from both HBV and HDV and active liver inflammation develop HCC at a significantly younger age than those infected by HBV alone or infected by hepatitis C virus (about 10 years earlier). In patients positive for serum HBV-DNA/HDV-RNA and/or IgM anti-HBc/IgM anti-HD it is mandatory to program a more frequent (thrice a year) schedule of screenings (ultrasound scan, alpha-1-phetoprotein, etc.) for prophylaxis of HCC.