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Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated at the individual level an elevated risk of cardiovascular death for women who have been using oral contraceptives. Nevertheless, there has been no detectable increase in the number of cardiovascular deaths during the last fifteen years in countries where the use of oral contraceptives has become widespread. In this paper, we have tried to analyse this apparent contradiction and to discuss the causal nature of the relationship linking oral-contraceptives and cardiovascular death. For this purpose, we present a bibliographical summary of the relevant studies as well as an analysis of the trend in cardiovascular deaths among women in France from 1968 to 1975.

Transnational exchanges have existed for centuries, with both economic and cultural effects. At the end of the 18 th century, in the aftermath of the French Revolution, medical education in France underwent radical innovations, prefiguring the training system now almost universally accepted. This paper presents 19 th and early 20 th century neurology-related exchanges between the United States (US) and Europe, particularly, Paris, which had become a major medical center and where many US neurologists were trained. We discuss some of the intense neurology-related exchanges between the USA and Europe, notably the role of US neurology founders William Alexander Hammond, Silas Weir Mitchell, Edward Seguin as well as Mauritius-born Charles Edouard Brown-Séquard and a few others. We emphasize the mutual benefits that resulted from such exchanges. In later years, the trend reversed with many foreigners, particularly Europeans coming to improve their knowledge in the US. More recently, a shared pattern of travel and enrichment is occurring despite current threats caused by isolationism and undue stress on local identity., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale was initially developed as a rapid method to assess symptom change in psychiatric inpatients of various diagnoses. The original version was expanded to an 18-item version and thereafter to a 24-item version to increase sensitivity to a broader range of psychotic and affective symptoms. The latest version of the expanded 24- item BPRS provides probe questions and detailed anchor points for the ratings for each item., Literature Findings: Studies have shown the expanded and anchored 24-item BPRS to be a sensitive and effective measure of psychiatric symptoms with good interrater reliability that can be maintained over time. To our knowledge, there are eight published papers including factor analyses of the BPRS-E(A). While many similarities are evident between these studies, inconsistencies are apparent that may have been due to sample size, characteristics and / or methodological differences in the factor analysis computation. Among these studies, six provided a four-factor solution. There was no French version of this scale available., Methods: After its translation into French and back translation, we investigated the validity of the French BPRS-E(A) version. We carried out a component analysis on the data of 111 participants of various diagnoses, mostly hospitalised for a first psychotic episode, yielding to a three-factor solution (positive symptoms--disorganisation; depression-anxiety and negative symptoms)., Results: A good internal consistency and interrater reliability were found. These results confirm the psychometric value of the BPRS-E(A) in its French version. We compared those findings to earlier reports; similarities and differences are discussed., (Copyright © 2009 L’Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Harvey Cushing was a man of many talents. He was a skilled, surgeon, scientist, author and bibliophile. In addition, he was an accomplished artist for both medical non-medical subjects. In this paper, we present three surgical drawings of Dr Cushing's that are representative of the nearly one hundred drawings we have thus far found with his operative notes in the Peter Bent Brigham Archives. We will also discuss Cushing's non-medical art, some of the best of which is of the French countryside.

When the six DSM-III (1980) diagnostic criteria are applied to the nine cases reported by Gilles de la Tourette in 1885, six of them are found to be in accordance with the diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (cases nos 4, 5 and 7 do not involve vocal tics). Gilles de la Tourette deserves credit, not only for having regrouped fragmented observations into one remarkably well described clinical entity which held over time (such as Itard's observations nos 9 and 10 in 1825; the latter is the famous Marquise of D ... seen several times by Charcot and the only one which, along with no 1, appears in Gilles de la Tourette's paper), but also for having described the course of this chronic and fluctuating disease. Why Gilles de la Tourette did not use the term "tic", a term which had been in use for a long time in both veterinary and human medicine, to describe "the motor incoordination" of these patients? Did Charcot take some distance from his student's paper as early as 1885? He viewed tics as the basis of "the disease described by Gilles de la Tourette". In addition to coprolalia and echolalia, he alsa reported the existence of "mental tics". How have French neurologists and psychiatrists been able to perpetuate Brissaud's error who, contrary to Gilles de la Tourette, mentioned that the illness "can be associated with severe mental disorders which often lead to dementia"?(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)