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Background: Smoking is very important during pregnancy because of severe fetal and maternal complications. No community-based studies have been conducted on pregnant women in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy, as well as maternal and neonatal complications in Mashhad, Iran, during 2017.Methods: This cross-sectional study reviewed the information of 1140 and 92,225 smoking and non-smoking pregnant women during pregnancy, respectively, and 3-5 days after delivery using Sina Electronic Health Record System in Mashhad, Iran, during 2017. All data were extracted, encoded, and entered into SPSS software (version 16).Results: Out of the total of 93,365 pregnant women with a mean age of 22.36 years, the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy was significantly higher among those who live in the city (i.e., Mashhad), compared to individuals living in the suburbs or villages. The mean rates of stillbirth, prematurity, very-low-birth-weight, and low-birth-weight were higher in smoking pregnant mothers, compared to non-smoking ones (p

Cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease (CFLD) is an important aspect of cystic fibrosis (CF), which manifests with various signs and symptoms. Lack of specific examinations for CFLD have made the diagnostic process of the disease time-consuming, and the disease is often identified after severe progress. Finding the associations between the outcomes of various clinical, biochemical, and sonography examinations could help specialists identify the disease in a timely manner. This review study aimed to determine the correlations between the outcomes of various diagnostic approaches based on the current literature. According to the literature, some studies have reported correlations between various diagnostic approaches, while other studies have reported no associations in this regard. This discrepancy could be due to the various manifestations associated with CF.

Introduction: This article aimed to review the literatures on visual impairments and ocular changes in premature infants with low birth weight and gestational age.Methods: Five electronic databases including: PubMed, Web of Science, Science direct, Ovid, and Scopus were searched. Original articles published until 2015 describing preterm infants were reviewed. Repetitive and derivative articles were excluded.Results: Out of 100 unique, potentially relevant articles, 42 studies that addressed and met the inclusion criteria were evaluated.Conclusion: Prematurity affects ocular structures (from anterior to posterior segment) and functions. Premature infants are at risk of myopization. Concerning the changes in premature infants, a significant increase is found in axial length, intraocular pressure, and central corneal thickness; moreover, high incidence of retinal changes is reported as a result of prematurity. On the other hand, visual acuity, tear, electroretinogram, and visual evoked potential responses decrease with prematurity. The most common ophthalmic disorders in preterm infants are myopia and retinopathy of prematurity, which could affect life quality due to reduced visual acuity.

Introduction: Patient satisfaction is an accurate assessment factor for evaluating the performance of health policies in the community. The purpose of this study is to assess patients' satisfaction with emergency department of Imam Reza hospital of Mashhad Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, during six months period from April to October 2012, 420 patients were entered to study in morning, evening and night shifts before being discharged or transferred from emergency department. The Press Ganey questionnaire of patient satisfaction was completed. Results: 420[daneshgar1] patients in three work shifts of morning (140 patients) evening (140 patients) and night (140 patients) participated in our research. 226 (53.8%) of participants were male and 194(46.2%) were female. The average of patients’ time waiting for doctors' visit was 10.7±6.1 minutes. The mean score of satisfaction during attendance in Emergency Department (ED), during physicians' visit and overall satisfaction was 25.24±5.04, 25.32±5.42, 8.52±1.91 respectively. The highest level of satisfaction is related to speed of admission (81%), medical treatment (76%), nursing skills for doing medical orders (71.4%) and lowest level of satisfaction is related to comfort and pleasantness of the waiting area (45.9%), time the physician spent with the patient (56.5%) and length of wait before going to an exam room (62.8%). Conclusion: Attempt for reducing waiting time, providing comfort environment, increasing the time of visit with emergency physicians and enhance service quality based on patient needs can reduce the patient dissatisfaction.

ABSTRACT Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the main cause for antibiotic (AB) use in all age groups specially the first two years of life. The local information about the pattern of AB prescription in ARI is a necessary part for any program which aims logical use of AB. The current study was designed to find the frequency and types of AB administration for ARI in young children (

Introduction: According to statistics, opioid addiction is quite common in Iran. Pathologic dilatation of the Common Bile Duct (CBD) may be caused by mechanical obstruction or opioid consumption; the latter is especially common among chronic opium abusers. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between CBD diameter and addiction-related factors in opium users. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. A checklist, consisting of 18 items on demographic characteristics, type, administration route, and duration of opioid consumption, and type of biliary disease as indicated by Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), was prepared and completed via interview. The results of ERCP and abdominal ultrasonography of 40 addicted patients were gathered. Data were analyzed, using SPSS version 11.5. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In total, 31 (62%) out of 50 patients were male, and the mean age of the subjects was 66±12.0 years. According to the findings, 46 (92%) cases were addicted to opium and four (8%) cases to laudanum (a solution prepared from opium). Among the addicted cases, 30 (75%) used opium through inhalation, while 10 (25%) cases used it orally. There was a significant relationship between the type of opioid and CBD diameter (P=0.03). However, no significant relationship was found between CBD diameter and the route of administration or opioid dose (P=0.6 and 0.06, respectively). Conclusion: Opium used by addicts has various degrees of impurity. It can be concluded that higher opium purity induces more CBD dilatation, although further investigations are highly recommended.