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Objective: The relationship between exam conditions with the peripheral oxytocin and cortisol levels and psychological characteristics by gender were investigated. Participants and Methods: Thirty-six preclinical medical students gave saliva samples in exam-free and pre-and post-exam conditions and completed a comprehensive psychometric questionnaire. Results: Before the theoretical exam, cortisol levels were elevated in females but not in males, whereas, oxytocin levels were similar in both sexes under exam conditions. Genders were equalized in terms of most psychometric properties. Females did not feel prepared for the exam and experienced more anxiety before the exam than males. Females had higher cortisol levels before the exam than after the exam, but no change was observed in the cortisol levels of males by the exam conditions. Oxytocin levels did not differ significantly for any condition or group. Conclusion: Females may need to be supported in study planning and time management to increase exam preparedness and stress management to increase coping with stress. The study's small sample size casts a shadow on the generalizability of the results. In future studies, the research process can be spread over a longer period and more people can be reached by not giving up strict selection rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Epileptic seizures may cause skeletal muscle injury and memory dysfunctions. The present study was aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of exercising prior to seizure on seizure-induced oxidative injury in the skeletal muscle and brain. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats were assigned as non-exercise (n=16) and exercise groups (n=16). Following a 3-day exercise training, exercise protocol (30 min) was performed on a treadmill for 10 days, while control rats had no exercise. On the 11th day, the epileptic seizure was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (45 mg/kg), while the control groups were injected with saline. Passive-avoidance test was initially performed before PTZ/saline injection and repeated 72 h later for the assessment of memory function. Brain and gastrocnemius muscles were taken for histological assessments and to determine the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and luminal -- and lucigenin -- enhanced chemiluminescence levels. Results: Exercise training alone increased the formation of reactive oxygen species and elevated the antioxidant GSH capacity of the muscle tissue in the control rats, but these effects were not observed in the muscles of the exercised rats induced with a PTZ-seizure. On the other hand, short-term exercise alone had no effect on the basal oxidative parameters of the brain tissues. Prior exercise did not alter the average seizure scores or memory performances when compared to non-exercised groups, but suppressed the PTZ-induced elevations in MDA and chemiluminescence levels as well as MPO activity in the brain. Conclusion: A 10-day mild treadmill exercise reduced the oxidative brain damage due to a single seizure-induced excitotoxicity and exerted a preconditioning effect on the skeletal muscles exposed to tonic-clonic contractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]