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Malnutrition is the process of body weight, fat and muscle loss associated with acute and chronic illnesses. This syndrome is well defined in people and its diagnosis is based on specific clinical criteria. Unlike in humans, malnutrition in dogs and cats is poorly recognised. This clinical review will highlight the key features of malnutrition in dogs and cats and discuss the clinical methods (such as body and muscle condition scoring) to assess patients for this problem. The nutritional requirements (including calories, macronutrients, micronutrients) to prevent and correct malnutrition will also be highlighted. Finally, the practical steps that can be taken to address malnutrition, including enteral and parenteral feeding techniques, will be outlined.