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The Chinese species of Larnaca are reviewed. A new species, Larnaca (Larnaca) walle sp. nov. is described from China. Female of Larnaca (Larnaca) emarginata Bian, Guo & Shi, 2015 is described for the first time. The type specimen is deposited in Museum of Biology, East China Normal University.

The genus Waigara Zhang & Webb (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) is reported for the first time from Korea based on a new species, Waigara planstyla sp. nov.. Morphological information including diagnosis of the genus, descriptions of genitalia and illustrations of the new species, and a key to the species of the genus and type specimen’s habitus and genital photograph with redescription are provided.

A collection of a volvarioid species with whitish, medium-sized basidiomes and distinctive grooved stipe was found in sandy soil in the Sonoran Desert, northwest of Mexico. After a morphological comparison with the type specimen of Volvariopsis canalipes from Florida, USA, we found that both materials share a similar set of taxonomic characters that supports considering them to be conspecific. Some species formerly placed in Volvariella but characterized by a gelatinous pileipellis and large basidiospores (such as V. canalipes) are currently recognized in Volvopluteus. A phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU sequences obtained from the Sonoran material, inferred its position in Volvopluteus and sister to Vp. gloiocephallus. Based on morphological and molecular information, the new combination Volvopluteus canalipes is proposed. This corresponds to the second record of this species after its original publication. A description of the Mexican collection accompanied with photographs and line drawings is included and complemented with a taxonomic discussion.

Gloeocantharellus andasibensis sp. nov. is recognized by orange-red basidiomata with a convex to plane, innately fibrillose and viscid pileus, ellipsoid to amygdaliform, small, verrucose basidiospores, and a distinct nrITS sequence. This is the first record of the genus from Madagascar. To improve the understanding of the nomenclature of the genus, the type specimen of G. okapaensis and specimens of G. lateritius and G. corneri accessioned in the fungarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew were also sequenced.

Our examination of the type specimen of Blumea hunanensis shows that its phylliaries are not imbricate nor in 3–4 series, demonstrating that it may not belong to Blumea. Further examination of more specimens and in vivo observations show that B. hunanensis is conspecific with Synotis nagensium in all fundamental characters and thus is here treated as a synonym of the latter.

Burmagrion azari sp. nov., sixth species of the small damselfly family Burmacoenagrionidae, is described and illustrated. This family is currently only recorded from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber and is possibly endemic to this isolated island of the Tethys Ocean at that time. The presence of slender, elongate legs with very long tarsi is a putative synapomorphy of the Burmacoenagrionidae, as present in Burmagrion and Burmacoenagrion. The type specimen of the new genus and species is dislocated together with several fragments of flies, suggesting that these fossils are possibly the result of a regurgitation by a small vertebrate passing aside the fresh resin. The female of Burmagrion azari sp. nov. was probably laying its eggs inside plant cuticles. Its ovipositor is described.

Inocybe similis, a very rare smooth-spored species originally described from Italy by Bresadola, is illustrated. Based on sequence generated from the type specimen, freshly collected specimens from five sites, Grado in north-east Italy, Tolmin in Slovenia, Forchach and Rieden in Austria and Füssen in Gemany could be asigned to I. similis and a more detailed description is provided here. The macro- and micromorphological features of I. similis suggest this species should be placed in Inocybe sect. Splendentes according to Singer´s classification. In contrast, our phylogenetic analyses support instead that I. similis belongs to Inocybe sect. Marginatae. From a morphological point of view, I. similis is close to I. vulpinella, but it is phylogenetically close to I. flavobrunnescens in sect. Marginatae.

Lecanographa farinosa was considered to be a lichen inhabiting coastal rocks of the Mediterranean region and to possess psoromic and conpsoromic acids as major secondary metabolites. A revision of its type specimen from Germany proved that the species has been misunderstood. In this paper, L. farinosa is shown to have a thallus containing confluentic and 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acids and to have a different ecology and distribution. A revision of previous reports of L. farinosa from continental Portugal and the study of recent specimens of Lecanographa cf. farinosa from the Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde and continental Portugal revealed a new species described as L. atlantica. Moreover, reports of L. dialeuca from France (Brittany) and of L. subgrumulosa from the Azores are considered misidentifications of L. atlantica. This latter has thus a widespread distribution ranging from the Azores to the Atlantic coast of the European continent where it inhabits volcanic rocks near the sea. Lecanographa atlantica is characterized by a whitish to cream coloured thallus, usually rounded or oblong to shortly lirelliform and white pruinose ascomata with a widely exposed hymenial disc and thin margin, (3–)5–7-septate ascospores of (16–)18.9–23(–26) × (3–)3.4–4(–4.5) µm, and a chemistry including at least 2’-O-methylperlatolic acid but lacking confluentic and 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acids. Psoromic acid is sometimes present in L. atlantica but its origin is unclear. Phylogenetic analyses using nuLSU sequences place L. atlantica as sister to L. hypothallina.

The taxonomic identity of recently described Alysicarpus pokleanus is resolved here as synonym of A. hamosus. The image of type specimen of A. hamosus and A. pokleanus along with colour photographs of fresh collection of A. hamosus from the type locality are also provided. Further, the inconsistencies in the protologue of A. pokleanus are discussed in the present paper.

Type specimen of Lachnum japonicum Syd. & P. Syd. was discovered in the National Museum of Nature and Science (TNS). Based on the morphological reexamination of it, the species was transferred to the genus Trichopezizella. Trichopezizella japonica comb. nov. was proposed and the specimen was designated as lectotype.

Understanding the composition of the type specimen of Pseudolaelia corcovadensis is very important for establishing its taxonomic circumscription. This specimen, originally collected on the Morro do Corcovado in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, within the Atlantic Forest biome, were mixed with those of another species of Pseudolaelia. A careful study of the specimens has made it possible to propose the lectotypification of P. corcovadensis and determine the identity of the mixed specimen, which corresponds to P. vellozicola, a similar species. The morphological description and geographical distribution, now more restricted, are presented for P. corcovadensis, and the range of P. vellozicola is established as more extensive than previously understood.

Sematophyllum latifolium Brotherus (1911: 362), known only from the type collection, was originally described by Brotherus (1911) based on a collection made by C.C. Hosseus from Mt. Doi Suthep (Doi Sutäp), in northern Thailand. Pollawatn (2008) revised the family Sematophyllaceae s.l. in Thailand but did not see the type specimen of S. latifolium. During the study of Hosseus’s collections, however, we found two duplicates of type specimens of S. latifolium one located in H-BR and one in M. We found that several critical features of S. latifolium, such as the 1) irregular-pinnately branching habit with the erect flagelliform branches (Fig. 1A), 2) stem and branch leaves strongly differentiated (Fig. 1B−F), and 3) brotherelloid type alar cells often divided into larger hyaline cells towards leaf margins (Fig. 1G), were indistinguishable from those in the type material of Wijkia surcularis (Mitten 1859: 112) Crum (1971: 173), a common species found growing from India to Indochina (Gangulee 1980; Tan & Iwatsuki 1993; Tan & Jia 1999; Jia et al. 2005). Thus, we here propose S. latifolium as a new synonym of W. sucularis. In the protologue, Brotherus (1911) did not designate the holotype, therefore, it is necessary to select a lectotype for S. latifolium ((see Art. 9.11 of the Shenzhen Code (Turland et al. 2017)). We designate Hosseus’s collection (Hosseus s.n.) in H-BR (H) as the lectotype of the name S. latifolium.

Acanthocalyx (DC.) Tiegh. (1909: 199) is a small genus in Caprifoliaceae Jussieu (1789: 210), endemic to the Chinese Hengduan Mountains and adjacent montane regions, yet represents the family’s most characteristic alpine herbaceous perennials in the region. With only three species recognized (A. alba, A. delavayi, A. nepalensis), the taxonomy of Acanthocalyx has not been fully disentangled, and this is particularly due to problem related to the typification of A. delavayi (Franch.) Cannon & Cannon (1984: 14).

Archisargidae, an extinct family of the suborder Brachycera, are traditionally attributed to the infraorder Stratiomyomorpha (Oberprieler & Yeates, 2012). The type genus, Archisargus Rohdendorf, 1938, is a small group including only four species from two well-known localities, the Karatau Formation of Kazakhstan and the Jiulongshan Formation of China. Rohdendorf (1938) erected the genus based on the species Archisargus pulcher from the Karatau Formation of Kazakhstan, and assigned it to Stratiomyidae. Hennig (1954) questioned Rohdendorf’s assignment and pointed out that the characters of the Stratiomyidae were absent, but he didn’t propose an appropriate placement for this genus. Rohdendorf (1962) reconsidered the systematic position of the genus and established the new family Archisargidae based on the genus. In fact, the description of the Archisargus was not informative due to the incomplete preservation of the type specimen (only Sc and R were mentioned) (Rohdendorf, 1938). Mostovski (1997) re-described the type specimen of Archisargus pulcher, clarified the status of the genus, and described a second species, Archisargus maximus, which was also from Karatau, Kazakhstan. A decade later, Zhang et al. (2007) described two older species from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, China. The Daohugou locality is well-known for its diverse fossil insects, representing an important diversification center of insects during the Mesozoic Era (Ren et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2010, 2012; Gao et al., 2012; Gu et al., 2012; Meng et al., 2017; Ren et al., 2019). Herein, we describe a new species, Archisargus aequinervus sp. nov., from this locality. Additionally, a key to species of the genus is provided.

During a recent survey, Oxygyne specimens were discovered in three lowland evergreen forests on Okinawa Island, Japan. After morphological investigation, we identified the specimens as O. shinzatoi. Intriguingly, the colour of the specimens from one of the localities was significantly different from that of specimens collected from both the type and two of the new localities. Furthermore, morphological analysis also revealed clear differences between specimens collected from the type locality, including the type specimen, and previous descriptions of O. shinzatoi. Therefore, an amended description of O. shinzatoi is provided, based on the type and newly collected specimens. Phylogenetic relationships of Oxygyne from Japan and western Central Africa are also discussed, with consideration of the characteristics of newly discovered colour variation.

Karny (1912) proposed the tribe Copiphorini within the subfamily Conocephalinae, family Tettigoniidae. Copiphorini is one of the four tribes of Conocephalinae. The members of this tribe are characterized by slanting head shape and notched frons. The specimens for this study were collected in different regions of the Kashmir valley in the year 2020. A brief morphological description of the genus and new species is given. Also, a key to Indian species is provided. The type specimen has been deposited in the Museum of Zoology Department AMU.

Corallus hortulana presents a large array of tones and color pattern variability throughout its distribution (= polychromatism), which trigged the description of several taxa now considered to be primary synonyms. Linnaeus described two of these (Boa enydris and Boa hortulana) on the same page of the 10th Edition of the Systema Naturae. However, both names had been widely used in literature almost in an optional way, until their formal synonymization more than two centuries after the original description. Additionally, the type specimen of Boa hortulana was reported as missing since the late 19th century. These two factors may have enabled the unjustified switched association of types, which was perpetuated in the literature to the present day. Our main goals here were to trace the correct type specimens for each species through a literature review and specimen examination, and to amend the switched association of type material. We found two specimens in the collection of the Uppsala University that are unmistakably associated with Boa hortulana. Herein we designate one of them as its lectotype in order to promote nomenclatural stability considering its huge phenotypic variability and the future possibility of eventually splitting the species.

Among the thecate hydroids brought back by the Proteus-Guyane 2017 expedition of the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle of Paris, France, from French Guiana, two interesting species are reported upon. The plumulariid Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881, known so far from the type specimen only, is comprehensively redescribed 140 years after its original description. It adopts two different morphotypes with respect to both its tropho- and gonosome, forming either simple or ramified colonies, with either structurally-complex or rudimentary phylactocarps, respectively. Taxonomic notes on the genera Callicarpa Fewkes, 1881 and Hippurella Allman, 1877 are provided in light of their intricate history of origin and fate, together with the provisional resurrection of Antomma Stechow, 1919, as an allied genus of the former. The aglaopheniid Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, whose gonosome was only partly documented to date, is redescribed thoroughly based on specimens bearing male and female corbulae. Scanning electron microscopy and molecular data were also used to document both species. A checklist of the thecate hydroids from French Guiana gathered during Proteus-Guyane 2017 and Guyane 2014 expeditions is provided as an appendix, together with brief notes on some species. Not dealing with the present study, but taking advantage of it, a new name, Antennella billardi Galea, nom. nov., is proposed as a replacement name for Plumularia balei Billard, 1911, which is a permanently invalid junior primary homonym of P. balei Bartlett, 1907.

The subgenus Delineatia Volynkin & Huang, 2019 of the genus Ammatho Walker, 1855 is reviewed. The subgenus is subdivided into the A. delineata and the A. sublucana species-groups. Two new species are described: Ammatho (Delineatia) tairadiata Wu & Volynkin, sp. n. from Taiwan and Ammatho (Delineatia) trangchim Volynkin &Wu, sp. n. from Central Vietnam. The synonymy of Hypocrita rhodina Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 with Ammatho (Delineatia) delineata (Walker, 1854) is revised. It is stated that the type locality of H. rhodina, Borneo is wrong and probably based on the incorrectly labeled type specimen. Adults and male and female genitalia of all species are illustrated.

Ganesa bujnitzkii Gorbunov, 1946 was described from the bathyal of the Arctic Ocean north to the Laptev Sea based on only two specimens, which were the only representatives of this species mentioned by Gorbunov (1946b). Galkin (1955) noted that the shell sculpture of Ganesa bujnitzkii is similar to that of Cyclostrema valvatiodes (Jeffreys, 1883), and that the radula of the G. bujnitzkii differs from other species of the genus Ganesa Jeffreys, 1883 and members of the family Trochidae. Later, based on the original description, Warén (1993) proposed that the species may belong to the genus Skenea; however, he did not examine the type specimen. This opinion was reiterated by Kantor & Sysoev (2006).

Examination of the type specimen of the Neotropical Eumicrus deplanatus Schaufuss, as well as material newly collected in Venezuela, allowed for clarifying the systematic placement of this enigmatic species. It is not a member of Scydmaenus Latreille or Euconnus Thomson, genera in which it was placed by previous authors, but belongs in Sciacharis Broun. Sciacharis (Palaeoconnus) deplanatus comb. n. is established, and the species is redescribed. For the first time males are reported, and the aedeagus, crucial for species identification, is illustrated.

One Issidae specimen stored in Paris museum historical collections is reported as holotype of Issus analis Brullé, 1833. From the original description, which is confirmed by study of this specimen, the species is moved to the genus Zopherisca Emeljanov, 2001 under a new combination Zopherisca analis (Brullé, 1833), comb. n. Date of description is discussed and modified from 1832 to 1833 accordingly. Unfortunately being a female as type specimen, the species remains quite enigmatic until some molecular analsysis could be undertaken on this old material.

We re-examined the putative type specimen of Society Kingfisher Todiramphus veneratus (J. F. Gmelin, 1788) in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (NMW 50.633) and conclude based on plumage that it represents the taxon from Moorea, T. veneratus youngi Sharpe, 1892, rather than nominate T. veneratus veneratus from Tahiti. X-rays reveal that it was prepared using techniques common in the late 18th century, and that its preparation style matches that of other specimens collected during Cook’s three voyages. NMW 50.633 has been assumed to be the one, or one of a number of, specimen(s) used by Latham to describe and illustrate his ‘Venerated Kingfisher’ (present-day Society Kingfisher), which was the basis of the later valid introduction of the name Alcedo venerata by J. F. Gmelin. However, whereas the description and an unpublished illustration in Latham’s archives agree closely with veneratus from Tahiti, NMW 50.633 appears to represent Moorea youngi. While this finding does not compromise the definition of Society Kingfisher veneratus, it leaves it without a safely identified type specimen. We also examined a Moorea specimen in the National Museums Liverpool (LIVCM D2366) that is almost as old as NMW 50.633, but which X-rays suggest had a different origin than NMW 50.633.

For slightly more than a century only the type specimen has been known for Pyrgometopa penicillata, a monotypic genus of Drosophilidae whose sole species has an ocellar triangle distended into a bizarre tubercle bearing a tuft of large, spine-like bristles in both sexes. Here we report additional specimens of both sexes of the species, recently rediscovered from Brazil, Peru and French Guyana, allowing us to state that Pyrgometopa is a junior synonym for Stegana, a large cosmopolitan genus. A detailed redescription of Stegana penicillata (Kertész) new combination is provided, including new morphological information, like the male and female terminalia, the egg and a short discussion is provided about its hallmark feature.

The Indian spider species formerly placed in the zodariid genus Lutica Marx, 1891 are revised. The following new combinations are proposed: Tropizodium bengalensis (Tikader & Patel, 1975) comb. nov., Tropizodium kovvurensis (Reddy & Patel, 1993) comb. nov., Tropizodium poonaensis (Tikader, 1981) comb. nov. and Zodarion deccanensis (Tikader & Malhotra, 1976) comb. nov.. T. kovvurensis comb. nov. is redescribed based on freshly collected female specimens. All the examined type specimens are illustrated and the current status of each type is discussed.

Meloscaphander grandis is a little-known species missing from databases and papers on taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Scaphandridae. This species is redescribed herein, based on the type specimen and specimens from the abyssal plain adjacent to the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. A phylogenetic analysis of COI, 16S, and 28S markers show M. grandis to nest within the Scaphander clade. Additionally, Scaphander lignarius and S. bathymophilus are suggested to be a complex of cryptic species. Morphological differences between the genera Meloscaphander and Scaphander are of dubious significance and, when coupled with molecular data, give a strong reason for reconsidering Meloscaphander as a junior synonym of Scaphander. Thus, according to an integrative taxonomic analysis, Meloscaphander grandis has been transferred to the genus Scaphander. The diagnosis of the genus Scaphander is expanded. We propose new combinations as follows: Scaphander grandis (Minichev, 1967) comb. n. for Meloscaphander grandis, Scaphander sibogae (Schepman, 1913) comb. n. for Meloscaphander sibogae, and Scaphander imperceptus (Bouchet, 1975) comb. n. for Meloscaphander imperceptus. Due to the homonymy of Scaphander sibogae Schepman, 1913 (with a sunken spire) and Scaphander sibogae (Schepman, 1913) comb. n. (with an elevated spire), the name S. attenuatus Schepman, 1913 becomes valid for the former species (with a sunken spire).

The giant millipede Pachybolus tectus Cook, 1897, described from Zanzibar, East Africa, and never re-collected till now, is re-described based on newly collected specimens from Cameroon, West Africa. The species is transferred to the genus Pelmatojulus Saussure, 1860, and compared with the most similar congener, P. togoensis (Cook, 1897). The type specimen of P. tectus, which no longer exists, probably was mis-labelled. An overview of the distribution of Pelmatojulus species and records of the genus from Cameroon are given, including P. brachysternus (Cook, 1897) as new to the fauna of Cameroon. Pelmatojulus insignis (Saussure, 1859) and P. togoensis are recorded as new to the fauna of Ghana.

The identity and validity of Liobagrus kingi Tchang, 1935 remain contentious to date due to its inaccurate original description. A re-description is provided here for this species based on our examination on its type, hitherto deposited in ASIZB and available topotypic material. It is confirmed that L. kingi is a species with a serrated posterior edge of the pectoral-fin spine and distinct from the sympatrically existing species L. nigricauda. Comments on former recognitions of specimens from the upper Chang-Jiang basin as L. kingi are presented.

The original description of Ischnocnema lactea (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923) was based on two specimens and an inaccurate type locality. These circumstances have obscured the identity of this name. Moreover, the I. lactea species has had a complex taxonomic history and, in general, specimens of species in this group are poorly represented in amphibian collections. The diagnosis of the series is confusing, with many non-exclusive and variable characters barely useful. An accurate diagnosis for the series requires a precise characterization of I. lactea, its type species. Recently discovered populations, museum data, and new information on the collector of the type specimen allowed the elucidation of important issues related to this species. Here we provide the redescription of Ischnocnema lactea based on the lectotype, and intraspecific variation based on newly collected specimens. Ischnocnema lactea is characterized by its large body size (adult 19.6–26.7 mm SVL; females 27.6–34.3 mm SVL); dorsum and flanks rugose, venter granular; vocal sac single and subgular, externally expanded; finger disks expanded, T-shaped, indented and truncate in fingers II–IV; toes relative length I

New subtribe, Oronoquina subtrib. n., is erected for the genus Oronoqua Fennah, 1947 in the tribe Thioniini Melichar. New genera, Fowlerium gen. n. (type species: Thionia naso Fowler, 1905) and Aplos gen. n. (type species: Issus simplex Germar, 1830) are erected in the subtribe Thioniina Melichar. Thionia acuta Doering, 1941 and T. producta Van Duzee, 1908 are transferred to Fowlerium gen. n. The photos of type specimen of Issus cinctifrons Stål, 1854 are examined and compared with original description of Issus rubrocostatus Spinola, 1839 (currently Thionia rubrocostata (Spinola, 1839)). I. cinctifrons is reinstalled from synonymy with I. rubrocostatus as Thionia cinctifrons (Stål, 1854). Diagnosis of Thionia sensu stricto is given basing on the characters of T. cinctifrons. Generic status of Cheiloceps Uhler, 1895 is discussed and confirmed. Thionia argo Fennah, 1949, T. anguillana Fennah, 1965, T. borinqueta Caldwell et Martorell, 1951, and T. puertoricensis Caldwell et Martorell, 1951 are transferred to the genus Cheiloceps Uhler. Hind wing venation characters of Issidae are discussed.

A new species of Cousinia (sect. Cynaroideae Bunge) is described and illustrated. Cousinia sharifii was found in mountain steppes near the border between Iran (W Azarbaijan) and Turkey. It is related to the complex of C. canescens s.l., in which it can be distinguished by the shape of involucre and phyllaries, and by the number of flowers and phyllaries. A distribution map, a line drawing and a scanned image of the type specimen of the new species are provided.

Two morphologically distinct forms of the nominal species Kyphosus sydneyanus (Günther, 1886) (Kyphosidae) were discerned while collecting off Western Australia near Perth in 2009. A morphological comparison with recognized species of Kyphosus and an analysis of mtDNA (Cytochrome b, control region, 12S and 16S) and three nDNA markers (RAG1, RAG2 and Tmo-4C4) demonstrated that the more elongate of these forms was an undescribed species of Kyphosus. It differs from congeners in the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the combination of the following characters: green bar on the operculum, 11–12 dorsal soft fin rays, depth of caudal peduncle 9.9–11.8 % SL, body depth 33.3–41.6 % SL, 55–63 scales in lateral line, 12–16 interorbital scales, 44–55 pored scales in the lateral line, 3–5 gill rakers on upper limb of first gill arch internally, 11–15 gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch internally, 15–19 total gill rakers on first gill arch, and by having 10 precaudal vertebrae and 16 caudal vertebrae. Examination of museum specimens and available underwater photographs suggests that the new species is restricted to Western Australia, and to date it has been recorded between the Houtman Abrolhos Islands and Albany. Discrepancies between the type specimen and original description of Segutilum klunzingeri Whitley made it impossible to determine the relationship between this taxon and the new species from Western Australia, and thus we consider S. klunzingeri a nomen dubium.

Vriesea roberto-seidelii is redescribed based on new specimens from Espírito Santo and from Rio de Janeiro states. It is a poorly recorded species, currently represented only by a few incomplete specimens in Brazilian herbaria. Beside the limited taxonomic treatment, we show illustrated photos with additional material supplied to complement the morphology and geographical distribution. Although originally described as related to V. lancifolia, we believe that this taxon is morphologically more closely related to V. longiscapa, from which it can be distinguished by the size of the flowering plant, size of the inflorescence and peduncle, floral bract and petal characteristics. Our data also indicate that its provenance, as mentioned for the type specimen, is incorrect. Rather than occurring in rocky fields from Chapada Diamantina habitats, the species is confined to sandy coastal plain vegetation from southern Bahia, northern Espírito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro. Pictures of live specimens, updated distributional map, and additional specimens are presented.

Lecteria (Lecteria) calopus (Walker, 1856), previously know only from its female holotype from an unknown locality, is rediscovered and recorded for the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest between 22°-23°S and 45°-52°W. The species is richly illustrated, including for the first time photographs of the type specimen and information on the male with details on the morphology of the male genitalia.

The type specimens of 3 species described by Dr. Johannes Govertus De Man, Cuapetes amymone (De Man, 1902), Periclimenella spinifera (De Man, 1902), Periclimenes brockii (De Man, 1888), were re-examined in the collection of the Senckenberg Natural History Museum (SMF), Frankfurt-at-Maine, Germany. Periclimenes brockii De Man, 1888 is found to be a senior synonym of Allopontonia iaini Bruce, 1972 and Periclimenes priodactylus Bruce, 1992.

A review of the Magelonidae from three surveys carried out in Hong Kong waters revealed the presence of three species: Magelona crenulifrons Gallardo, 1968 , Magelona cornuta Wesenberg-Lund, 1949 , and Magelona cf. cincta. Type materials of M. crenulifrons and M. cornuta were examined and redescriptions undertaken. Magelona cornuta was shown to possess a crenulate anterior margin, and the nature of the thoracic neuropodial lamellae was found to differ from the original description. Comparison with M. crenulifrons revealed these two species to be very morphologically similar, differing however, in several features that require close examination, including the dentition of the abdominal hooks. The presence of a species matching the description of Magelona cincta led to a redescription of the type specimen. Whilst the Hong Kong material shared many similarities with the holotype, several differences were noted. However, due to size variation between the material, the species cannot be currently described as new and is treated separately herein. Material collected from the Gulf of Oman was subsequently studied and revealed the presence of M. crenulifrons off Iran and Qatar, however, M. cornuta which was originally described from Iranian waters, was not present. Additional information has been added to species descriptions and the relationship between Indo-West Pacific species discussed.

The Galápagos pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae Gentile & Snell, 2009 (Squamata: Iguanidae) is the latest example of a species being described without the proper deposition of a preserved onomatophore (name-bearing type specimen) in a taxonomic collection. Differently from other recent similar descriptions, the holotype of Conolophus marthae was marked with a Passive Integrated Transponder, allegedly allowing it to be tracked and found after its death, when it would be deposited at the Governmental Galápagos collection. Although apparently fulfilling the criteria of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, I here argue that this practice should not be followed and that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should urgently act to standardize criteria that should be met by those describing species found at the brink of extinction.

Polystoma africanum was originally described from a single specimen recovered from the common African toad, Amietophrynus regularis. The parasite has also been reported from the Angola river frog, Amietia angolensis, in Ethiopia; the Mascarene ridged frog, Ptychadena mascareniensis, in Uganda; and Ptychadena sp. in Zaire. One of the characters ascribed to this species was the lack of caecal anastomoses. Based on this and other characteristics, other polystomes from frog species like Pty. mascareniensis have been identified as P. africanum. A large collection of parasite specimens retrieved from A. regularis collected in Nigeria allowed a thorough re-examination of the species. A good proportion of the specimens (37%) correspond closely with the type in lacking intercaecal anastomoses. Other specimens showed considerable variation in this regard by possessing one to four intercaecal anastomoses. An unusual feature observed in several specimens is where two adjacent medial diverticula on one side join to form a loop. The type specimen also has a loop. The handle and guard of the hamuli are well separated, as in the type specimen from Liberia, and in other specimens from A. regularis (syn. Bufo regularis) in Uganda. The mean hamuli length of 388μm is close to the 370μm recorded for the type species, but this value is considerably smaller than the 459μm recorded for the specimens from Pty. mascareniensis in Uganda. On the basis of the aforementioned and invoking strict host specificity, we conclude that P. africanum is exclusively parasitic in A. regularis, and that the polystomes retrieved from Pty. mascareniensis from Uganda and a Ptychadena sp. from Zaire are most likely Polystoma pricei. The materials from A. angolensis most likely represent another species.

The Chinese fauna of the genus Cestrotus Loew (Diptera: Lauxaniidae) is revised, including the five new species Cestrotus acuticurvus sp. nov., Cestrotus heteropterus sp. nov., Cestrotus liui sp. nov., Cestrotus longinudus sp. nov. and Cestrotus obtusus sp.nov., and the two previously described species Cestrotus apicalis (Hendel) and Cestrotus flavoscutellatus de Meijere. Extralimital records are also given for Cestrotus flavoscutellatus and Cestrotus heteropterus, including paratypes of the latter species from Thailand. A key to the species of Cestrotus from China is presented, and a list of all described species of Cestrotus is provided, with information on type locality, primary type specimen(s) and depository, synonymy, and distribution.

The Chrysobothris femorata (Olivier, 1790) species group is currently comprised of five species from North American localities north of Mexico. One previously described and synonymized species, C. quadriimpressa Gory & Laporte, 1837 is resurrected. In addition, neotypes are designated for C. femorata , C. rugosiceps Melsheimer, 1845 and C. viridiceps Melsheimer, 1845 as the type specimen for each of these species is lost. A key is included to facilitate identification of the 12 species, 11 of which have deciduous trees as hosts and one species from woody goldenrod, Chrysoma pauciflosculosa (Michx.). Six new species of Chrysobothris are described herein: C. mescalero, C. seminole, C. wintu, C. comanche, C. caddo, and C. shawnee . The new species are each fully described and the elytra, male genitalia, and female pygidium (8 th abdominal tergite) of all species are illustrated.

The collection of the Zoological Museum of the Humboldt-University Berlin holds approximately 2,000 mammal type specimens. No catalogue has yet been published. Here, we present a type catalogue of the non-monophyletic group “Insectivora” containing the Erinaceidae (hedgehogs), Soricidae (shrews), Talpidae (moles), Solenodontidae (solenodons), and Chrysochloridae (golden moles). We checked the present nomenclatural and taxonomic status of each (referred) type specimen. We registered 33 holotypes, 69 syntypes and 13 paratypes (of which 17 represent subspecies and 3 are missing). We reidentified two original specimens of Khster’s Sorex pachyurus, now Crocidura pachyura, which is a senior name for Crocidura ichnusae. Lectotypes are designated for Solenodon cubanus, Sorex pachyurus, and Myosorex preussi.

In preparing our world catalog of Bombyliidae (Evenhuis & Greathead 1999), we attempted to find any and all names that were or could possibly be attributed to the family. One of these in the latter category, Bibio lugens Thunberg, 1789, collected from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, was treated at the end of the catalog as Unplaced Species in Bombyliidae (Evenhuis & Greathead 1999: 528) since access to the type specimen was not feasible at the time and no images existed. All we could go on was its vague original description and placement of the name in Thunberg’s paper (1789: 89) in close association with other Bombyliidae.

The identity of the holotype specimen of G. campestre var. famatinum is investigated through both morphological and molecular approaches. Morphological data and molecular data of ITS, 28S, rpb 1 and atp 6 DNA regions confirm that G. campestre var. famatinum is a different species to G. campestre var. campestre , and that it should belong to G. sect. Hariotia instead of G. sect. Campestria . However, the analyses performed also show that the type specimen of G. campestre var. famatinum is better included within the intraspecific variation of a previously described species, G. parvisporum , so both names are considered as heterotypic synonyms.

The type specimen of Parastacus nicoleti (Philippi, 1882) was not designated and the material used for the description has never been found. We designate herein the neotype of P. nicoleti based on the examination of specimens from the type locality deposited in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural of Chile previously analyzed by Bahamonde (1958), who confirmed the identity and validated the species. To improve the species description we included new drawings and provide additional morphological characters. A synonym list and updated distribution map of this species are also provided.

We present molecular evidence for the presence of two species morphologically similar to Spinomantis bertini in Andohahela National Park, south-eastern Madagascar, differing by 5.5−6.3% pairwise DNA sequence divergences in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. One of these was observed at higher elevations of ca. 1650 m above sea level, whereas the other was found at lower elevations of ca. 715 m a.s.l., close to the type locality of S. bertini (Isaka-Ivondro), and in one other location (Andreoky, ca. 1050 a.s.l.). We herein assign these low- to mid-elevation specimens to S. bertini based on their occurrence near the type locality and general agreement in colour pattern with the type specimen of Gephyromantis bertini Guibe, 1947. The high-elevation form is described as Spinomantis beckei sp. nov. based on its molecular divergence and reciprocal monophyly with respect to S. bertini , lower expression of greenish dorsal colour and less distinct frenal stripe. Based on a comparison of published call descriptions for S. bertini and our recordings of S. beckei, we hypothesize that S. bertini has a lower note repetition rate in advertisement calls. Molecular data suggest that the S. bertini species complex is more diverse than previously recognized, with at least two more candidate species identified: S. sp. Ca7 from Ranomafana National Park, and a newly identified candidate species S. sp. Ca12 from Pic d’Ivohibe Special Reserve.

Crocus heilbronniorum is described as a new species from Fethiye, Mugla province (SW Turkey). Diagnostic morphological characters, a full description and detailed illustrations are provided based on the type specimen and wild specimens. Morphologically, C. heilbronniorum is close to Crocus atrospermus , but the newly described species differs by its indistinct corm tunic neck, the presence of teeth on rings, basal leaf number and narrower leaves, star-like flowers, longer filaments, almost half length shorter anthers, and style always longer than stamens. Furthermore, Crocus heilbronniorum possesses a different chromosome number (2 n = 2 x = 12) with regard to C. atrospermus (2n = 10). In order to clarify the phylogenetic position of this species within Series Lyciotauri , data on ITS region sequences are also reported.

Aframmi is a mixed concept made up of disparate elements from three different genera. Recent studies of Aframmi angolense , the type species of Aframmi , provide evidence that the species belongs to the genus Heteromorpha . An examination of the type specimen of Aframmi longiradiatum shows it to be fundamentally different from the generitype, A. angolense , and better placed in Physotrichia, in which it was originally described. The third element, previously misidentified as A. longiradiatum , is an as yet undescribed species with populations from both sides of the Zambia-Tanzania border as well as Angola. This new species is here accommodated in a new monotypic genus and described as Normantha filiformis P.J.D.Winter. The affinities of Normantha P.J.D.Winter & B-E.van Wyk with other genera currently considered to belong in the tribe Heteromorpheae are discussed. A combination of inflorescence and fruit morphological evidence as well as the extended, woody vegetative axis in common with the other (typically woody) genera in the tribe, lead us to postulate an affinity with Pseudocarum .

The genus Sternosternus Guillebeau, 1894 was described as an aberrant taxon of the family Phalacridae from Sumatra, based on the unique morphology of its meso- and metaventrite resembling those of Cetonia aurata Linnaeus, 1758 (Guillebeau 1894). It contained the single species, S. grouvellei Guillebeau, 1894, known from a single specimen. The identity of Sternosternus was long unclear, and nothing was published on the genus until Gimmel (2013) studied the type specimen and recognized it actually belonged to the family Hydrophilidae, likely being a member of the genus Dactylosternum Wollaston, 1854.

Tulostoma dumeticola Long is an American gasteroid species described based on collections from Southern Brazil. Specimens were first identified as T. verrucosum Morgan by J. Rick (known as the father of the Brazilian Mycology), but then, described as a new species years later by Long (1947). According to Wright’s (1987) monograph on the genus, the type specimen of T. dumeticola was kept at BPI under the number 704401 and isotypes were deposited at FH and NY (Thiers 1997). Wright’s (1987) statement about the supposed type was later followed by Calonge & Carranza (2003), who even annotated the specimen. In 2008, the supposed type specimen of T. dumeticola (BPI 704401) was requested as a loan from Herbarium ICN (Brazil), but unfortunately, it was lost during shipping. Therefore, the selection of a lectotype would be necessary.

Here, I review the synonymy of Craniolaria integrifolia and typify this name and its synonyms, including the taxonomically complicated species C. argentina. The distribution of C. integrifolia is also greatly extended by the discovery of a gathering of this species from Piauí, north-eastern Brazil, and the recognition of overlooked gatherings from Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, where the type specimen most probably originated from. An updated identification key to the species of Craniolaria is also provided.