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Nomenclatural issues pertaining to selected non-marine gastropods of Cretaceous and Tertiary age are discussed and resolved as follows. [1] Viviparus hammeri (Defrance, 1825) is reinstated; Helicites viviparoides Schlotheim, 1820 is a nomen nudum, made available as Paludina viviparoides Bronn, 1848, a new objective synonym. [2] Viviparus frauenfeldi Le Renard, 1994 is a new objective synonym of Viviparus oulchyensis Wenz, 1919. [3] Lorus is proposed as a nomen novum for Liris Conrad, 1871 [nec Fabricius, 1804]. [3] Wesselinghia is proposed as a nomen novum for Longosoma Wesselingh & Kadolsky, 2006 [nec Hartman, 1944]. [4] Hydrobia incerta (Deshayes, 1862) is reinstated; Hydrobia antoni Le Renard, 1994 is a new objective synonym of this nomen. [5] The species Paludina frauenfeldi Hoernes, 1856 is designated as type species of Sarmata B. Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1920. [6] The misidentified type species of Annulifer Cossmann, 1921, so far known as ‘Paludina protracta sensu Cossmann 1921, non Eichwald, 1850’, is fixed under Article 70.3 of the Code as understood by Cossmann (1921), and renamed Annulifer annulifer new species. [7] Pomatias turgidulus (Sandberger, 1872) is reinstated; P. turonicus Wenz, 1923 and Cyclostoma squamosum Peyrot, 1932 are its new objective synonyms. [8] Valvata inflata Sandberger, 1875 is reinstated; V. gaudryana Wenz, 1928 [nec Mortillet, 1863] is its new objective synonym. [8] Catinella? montana Pierce, new species, originally published as “[Succineidae] montana Pierce, 1992”, is made available by associating the species epithet with a generic nomen. [9] Proalbinaria subantiqua (d’Orbigny, 1850) is reinstated; its senior synonym Pupa antiqua Matheron, 1832 is a primary junior homonym of Pupa muscorum antiqua Eichwald, 1830. [10] The type species of Palaeostoa Andreae, 1884 is Pupa fontenayi Sandberger, 1871 by subsequent designation by Cossmann (1905), which has precedence over the designation of Clausilia crenata Sandberger, 1871 by Wenz (1923). [11] Palaeostoa elongata (Melleville, 1843), whose original combination was Pupa elongata, is a primary junior homonym of Pupa elongata Bouillet, 1836, an unused name for an unidentified nominal species; pending more information on the taxon at stake, maintenance of the existing usage is recommended. [12] Scalaxis columnella (Deshayes, 1863) is reinstated, with Scalaxis sinister Wenz, 1923 as its new synonym. [13] Eurystrophe olla (Serres, 1844) is reinstated, with Helix janthinoides Noulet, 1868 [nec Helix janthinoides Serres, 1829, a nomen nudum] as its new synonym.

The taxonomic status of Seseli peucedanifolium Besser, a little-known and neglected species in the Bulgarian flora, has been revisited. The study of its morphology, fruit anatomy and sequence data (ITS and ETS) revealed that it should not be treated at infraspecific rank under S. rigidum or synonymized with S. tortuosum or S. arenarium. Seseli besserianum nom. nov. is herein proposed as a replacement name for S. peucedanifolium Besser, a later homonym of S. peucedanifolium Mérat.

In the present communication, after checking fossil plant names in the International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI 2014–onwards), the homonymy of two fossil and extant species names of Ocotea Aublet (1775: 780) has been detected and resolved. Ocotea alata van der Werff (1991: 416) (extant) is replaced by a new name O. loretensis nom. nov., because of the earlier homonym O. alata Givulescu (1975: 173) (fossil leaves), according to Article 53.1 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018). Similarly, O. morona-santiagoensis nom. nov. is proposed to replace the later illegitimate homonym O. pilosa van der Werff (2020: 220) (extant) non O. pilosa Givulescu (1975: 172) (fossil leaves). An additional homonym was found in extant Litsea Lamarck (1792: 574) that is preoccupied by a fossil. However, since it is currently recognized as a taxonomic synonym of Litsea tomentosa Blume (1826: 566), there is no need to create a nomen novum for it.

Two new species―Silene orientoalborzensis and S. circumcarmanica―are here described from Northeast and South Iran, respectively. They belong to Silene subg. Silene sect. Auriculatae which is the largest section of the genus in W-Asia. A specimen from center of Iran, which was identified erroneously as S. atocioides, is revised and identified as S. pendula which represents a new record for the Iranian flora. S. simsii is proposed as a nomen novum for Cucubalus multifidus.

In the scientific literature, the availability, authorship, date and onomatophore of the four generic nomina of lizards "Platydactyles", "Hemidactyles", "Thecadactyles" and "Ptyodactyles" published by Cuvier (1816) and of the genus nomen of toads "Otilophes" published by Cuvier (1829) as French scientific nomina in the plural, and of their latinised forms, are credited to various authors. After a careful analysis, these nomina are here attributed respectively to Goldfuss (1820) for Platydactylus, Hemidactylus, Thecadactylus and Ptyodactylus, to Wagler (1830) for Otilophus and to Tschudi (1838) for Osilophus. Solutions are proposed to various other nomenclatural problems related to these and related nomina. Attention is drawn again to the fact that the Code’s Rules concerning specific epithets and generic substantives being ‘unmodified vernacular words’, as well as those distinguishing ‘unjustified emendations’ from ‘incorrect subsequent spellings’ are deficient. In order to solve all these nomenclatural cases, we had to resort to 20 Articles of the Code (3.2, 11.2, 11.3, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 21.2, 21.3, 23.9, 24.2, 30.2, 32.5, 33.2, 33.3, 35.4, 40.2, 50.1, 57.3, 67.8 and 68.3) and to 59 technical nomenclatural terms. This highlights the fact that nomenclatural problems concerning old nomina cannot be properly dealt with in a hurry and without a good, but also critical, knowledge of the Code, and that the use of a more detailed terminology than that of the Code facilitates such a work.

Idrees, Muhammad, Zhang, Zhiyong (2021): Astragalus wui, a new replacement name for A. sylvaticus Y.H. Wu (Galegeae, Papilionoideae, Fabaceae). Phytotaxa 524 (3): 210-211, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.524.3.6

Chimarra oliveri sp. nov. is added as a new species from Arunachal Pradesh (India). Additionally, a new name Chimarra subpositio nomen novum is proposed for junior secondary homonym Chimarra bicolor Navás 1932 and the following synonyms are proposed: Chimarra larmol Malicky 2017 is considered a synonym of C. bidenta Pandher et al. 2014 and C. saddiel Malicky 2014 is considered a synonym of C. lakhwinderae Pandher & Saini 2012b, based on the similarity of the male genitalic appendages. With these changes, the genus is represented by 55 species from India.

Dyticopycna nom. nov. pro Pycnoides Sanborn, 2020 nec Handianus (Pycnoides) Emelijanov, 1964 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Athysanini) is proposed. The species of Pycnoides Sanborn are transferred to Dyticopycna nom. nov. to become Dyticopycna antinorii (Lethierry, 1881) n. comb., Dyticopycna baxteri (Distant, 1914) n. comb., Dyticopycna becarrii (Lethierry, 1881) n. comb., Dyticopycna dolosa (Boulard, 1975a) n. comb., Dyticopycna hecuba (Distant, 1904) n. comb., Dyticopycna moniquae (Boulard, 2012) n. comb., Dyticopycna natalensis (Distant, 1905) n. comb., Dyticopycna neavei (Distant, 1912) n. comb., Dyticopycna passosdecarvalhoi (Boulard, 1975b) n. comb., Dyticopycna quanza (Distant, 1899a) n. comb., Dyticopycna semiclara (Germar, 1834) n. comb., Dyticopycna sylvia (Distant, 1899b) n. comb., Dyticopycna umbelinae (Boulard, 1975b) n. comb., Dyticopycna vitrea (Schumacher, 1913) n. comb., Dyticopycna vitticollis (Jacobi, 1904) n. comb., and Dyticopycna zambiaensis (Sanborn, 2020) n. comb.

Liang (1990) erected the monospecific genus Caninella for a Middle Permian fossil brachiopod species, Caninella zhinanensis, from the Lengwu Formation, Tonglu, Zhejiang, in China. This genus was included within the family Richthofenidae Waagen, 1885. Thus, Caninella zhinanensis, Liang, 1990, collected in strata of Middle Permian (Capitanian) age, was the type species by monotypy. Subsequently, Williams, Harper & Grant (2000) placed Caninella Liang, 1990 in the superfamily Permianelloidea, family Uncertain, subfamily Loczyellinae, but expressed doubt about the validity of Caninella since it was based on three poorly preserved specimens. Nevertheless, Shen et al. (2017) retain the placement in Richthofenidae on the basis of its somewhat bilobate outline and deep incisive sulcus in anterior or posterior views, but suggest that the genus is “highly likely a subjective synonym of either Richthofenia Kayser, 1881 or Permianella He & Zhu, 1979”.

A recent study included the genus Nemum into Bulbostylis. The combinations made for Nemum spadiceum and Nemum megastachyum resulted in illegitimate names. Here, the epithet of the homotypic name Scirpus briziformis is used to make nomenclaturally correct combinations for both subspecies of Nemum spadiceum in Bulbostylis. Furthermore, Bulbostylis brunneoacuminata, nomen novum, is proposed to include Nemum megastachyum in Bulbostylis.

Dozens of publications, mostly in the last 45 years, have been devoted to nomenclatural problems concerning the status of the zoological nomina Hysaplesia, Hylaplesia, Dendrobates and related nomina. The Commission finally voted on this case in 2009, but this vote shows a misunderstanding of several of the problems at stake, as it contains a double and contradictory decision: the change in the type species of Hysaplesia and its suppression, although one only of these two acts would have been necessary and sufficient to solve this case, whereas taking them both together has other unforeseen and negative nomenclatural consequences. A final comprehensive solution to these nomenclatural problems is presented here, which does not require any more action from the Commission. However, the fact that the Commission, as well as the whole international community, have proved to be unable to understand fully the nomenclatural problems at stake and to solve them truthfully, while ignoring deliberately some contributions to the discussion, calls attention. This case suggests that there is a strong risk that nomenclature might become a domain where intellectual fairness and competence are secondary and where problems are ‘solved’ through the medieval ‘Principle of Authority’, through relying on the ‘opinions’ of a few persons, committees or websites rather than on rational discussions based on a knowledge of taxonomic publications and an understanding of the Code. This course would result in dragging zoological nomenclature so to say outside the field of science and contribute to weakening still more a domain, taxonomy, which is already facing major problems, at the time of the crisis of biodiversity. Additional problems concerning taxonomic databases and websites are pointed out, and suggestions are offered in this respect, including the distinction between the concepts of ‘nomenclatural status’ and ‘taxonomic status’ of nomina.

Reyre (1973) erected the monospecific genus Cupressacites Reyre (1973: 156) for a Middle Jurassic fossil gymnosperm pollen, Cupressacites oxycedroides Reyre (1973: 157), from the southern Tunisia. This genus was included within the informal pollen group Inaperturatae. Thus, Cupressacites oxycedroides Reyre (1973: 157) collected in the strata of Callovian-Kimmeridgian age was the type species by monotypy.

A new Chinese Trichoptera checklist includes 1267 described species in 116 genera and 30 families, each with a revised provincial distribution. Over the past 8 years, we have added 267 newly described species (or newly recorded species) to the trichopteran fauna of China from the old checklist of 1000 species in 110 genera and 28 families (Yang et al . 2005), among which nearly 80 new species to the Chinese fauna were contributed by various foreign taxonomists. This checklist also reports six newly recorded species from China: Diplectrona obscura Ulmer, Diplectrona aurovittata (Ulmer), Hydropsyche boreas Malicky & Chantaramongkol, and Macrostemum hestia Malicky & Chantaramongkol of family Hydropsychidae; Adicella paludicola Ito & Kuhara of family Leptoceridae and Lannapsyche chantaramongkolae Malicky of family Odontoceridae. Psychomyia dactylina Sun 1997 is a synonym of Psychomyia martynovi Hwang 1957 and Chimarra bicuspidalis Sun 1998 is a synonym of Chimarra sadayu Malicky 1993. The species name of Cheumatopsyche pallida (Navas 1932) is a secondary junior homonym in the genus Cheumatopsyche , preoccupied by Cheumatopsyche pallida (Banks 1920). The new name for Ch. pallida will be published by Chang-hai Sun in a separate paper. Ecnomus orientalis Li & Morse 1997 is a junior primary homonym of E . danielae orientalis Gibon 1992 and is renamed E . anhuiensis , nomen novum . Apatania mirabilis Martynov 1909 is transferred to Apatidelia as Apatidelia mirabilis (Martynov 1909), new combination.

The fossil mecopteran genus Choristites was established by Hong in 2005, making Choristites martinsoni Hong, 2005 its type and only species. Hong placed this genus in family Permochoristidae Tillyard, 1917. The species was discovered from the Mid—Triassic Tongchuan Formation of Tongchuan region, Shaanxi Province and, until now, there have been no further records of Choristites martinsoni.

Santos-Silva et al. (2012) described Thomasella as a new genus of Rhinotragini to include a single species from Panama: Ommata (Eclipta) igniventris Giesbert, 1991. However, Thomasella is a junior homonym of Thomasella Fredericks, 1928 (Brachiopoda). To resolve this homonym, in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, we are proposing Neothomasella as a new replacement name (nomen novum) for Thomasella Santos-Silva et al. (2012). The new name is a compound of the prefix “neo-” (from Greek νεο-, meaning “new”) + Thomasella; feminine gender.

Phylogenetic hypotheses and morphological characterizations of genera in the Abildgaardieae have suggested that current generic circumscriptions are not monophyletic. We here provide an updated phylogenetic hypothesis of the Abildgaardieae using nrDNA ITS sequences that continues to support the derivation of Nemum from within the Bulbostylis lineage. We make the nomenclatural combinations necessary to include Nemum in an expanded Bulbostylis, including seven new combinations and one new name. Further, we lectotypify two names and neotypify one.

The species herein, Viola pachysoma, has a long history of confused identity. When recognised as a distinct taxonomic entity it was published as Viola copahuensis. It also acquired a later replacement name, Viola caviahuensis. Each of these in turn has been formally declared nom. illeg. et nom superfl. Consequently, a third epithet for the taxon, V. pachysoma, is coined and presented here. The original protologue lacked a formal diagnosis, so we have added a supplementary version. We also chronicle the species since known to science, including its status as one of the parents of the first recorded hybrid in its section. A discussion and two multi-character tables serve to compare and separate species comprising the poorly understood geographical alliance which incorporates V. pachysoma.

We have compiled available records in the literature for medusozoan cnidarians and ctenophores of South America. New records of species are also included. Each entry (i.e., identified species or still as yet not determined species referred to as "sp." in the literature) includes a synonymy list for South America, taxonomical remarks, notes on habit, and information on geographical occurrence. We have listed 800 unique determined species, in 958 morphotype entries: 5 cubozoans, 905 hydrozoans, 25 scyphozoans, 3 staurozoans, and 20 ctenophores. Concerning nomenclatural and taxonomical decisions, two authors of this census (Miranda, T.P. & Marques, A.C.) propose Podocoryna quitus as a nomen novum for the junior homonym Hydractinia reticulata (Fraser, 1938a); Euphysa monotentaculata Zamponi, 1983b as a new junior synonym of Euphysa aurata Forbes, 1848; and Plumularia spiralis Milstein, 1976 as a new junior synonym of Plumularia setacea(Linnaeus, 1758). Finally, we also reassign Plumularia oligopyxis Kirchenpauer, 1876 as Kirchenpaueria oligopyxis(Kirchenpauer, 1876) and Sertularella margaritacea Allman, 1885 as Symplectoscyphus margaritaceus (Allman, 1885). Fil: Oliveira, Otto M. P.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Miranda, Thaís P.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Araujo, Enilma M.. Faculdade Pitágoras de Feira de Santana; Brasil Fil: Ayón, Patricia. Instituto Mar del Peru; Perú Fil: Cedeño Posso, Cristina M.. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Colombia Fil: Cepeda Mercado, Amancay A.. ProCAT Colombia/Internacional; Colombia Fil: Córdova, Pablo. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Cunha, Amanda F.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Genzano, Gabriel Nestor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina Fil: Haddad, Maria Angélica. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Mianzan, Hermes Walter. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Subsede Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina Fil: Migotto, Alvaro E.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Miranda, Lucília S.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Morandini, André C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Nagata, Renato M.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Nascimento, Karine B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Nogueira, Miodeli. Universidade Federal da Paraíba; Brasil Fil: Palma, Sergio. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Quiñones, Javier. Instituto Mar del Perú; Perú Fil: Rodriguez, Carolina Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina Fil: Scarabino, Fabrizio. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina Fil: Schiariti, Agustin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Subsede Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina Fil: Stampar, Sergio. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Tronolone, Valquíria B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Marques, Antonio C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

A new orchid species in Stelis is described and illustrated. It was discovered in semi-deciduous montane forest in Southwestern Ecuador. The new species is named Stelis rostriformis . Information about its distribution, habitat, phenology, and conservation status is provided. The new taxon is a member of Crocodeilanthe , a group that has previously been considered as a different genus or as a subgenus of Pleurothallis , but the available evidence indicates that it turns out to be non-monophyletic. The new species is compared with other morphologically similar , such as S. batillacea, S. cyathiflora, S. galeata and S. gargantua . Additionally, Stelis sagittata is proposed as a new name for Pleurothallis jamesonii since the combination of it in Stelis proved be illegitimate because the earlier existence of Stelis jamesonii .

With a brief review on taxonomic studies of Chinese water mites since the early 20th century, this paper gives a checklist of the 193 species in 34 subgenera, 36 genera, 19 subfamilies, 19 families, 7 superfamilies, recorded from China. Forty-five of these species (23.38%) are Palaearctic-Oriental or polyregional, 19 (9.9%) Palaearctic, 129 (66.8%) Oriental, and 118 (61.1%) known at present only from China. The information on distribution within China is given for each species. Hygrobates (Rivobates) octoporus Jin, 1996 is replaced with Hygrobates (Rivobates) hexoporus Jin & Yi nomen novum.

Acantholimon Boissier (1846: 69) nom. cons., was first described to include perennial, densely or laxly pulvinate subshrubs, mostly thorny and cushion-forming. The genus currently contains about 200 taxa, mainly distributed from SE-Europe to C-Asia (see e.g., Kubitzki 1993). The main distribution centres of the genus are in the eastern Mediterranean and the Irano-Turanian regions (Bokhari 1970, Yıldırım & Crespo 2014), where many endemics occur. Taxa in Acantholimon have considerable ecological and economic importance, mostly as ornamental plants because their long-lasting and nicely coloured flowers (Doǧan & Akaydın 2004).

A taxonomic revision of the cosmopolitan genus Cardamine is presented for New Zealand. Previous systematic research and the taxonomic history of Cardamine in New Zealand is reviewed, and a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences shows most of the species of Cardamine in New Zealand and Australia are closely related. Forty one taxa indigenous to New Zealand are recognised, with thirty-one species newly named and described, ten previously named taxa are accepted, including C. depressa with two subspecies and a new name is provided for one species. An additional four species are accepted as naturalised in New Zealand. Descriptions are presented for all taxa, along with information on distribution, habitats and conservation status. All taxa are illustrated, distribution maps provided, and a dichotomous key presented to assist with identification.

The Tachinidae of mainland China and Taiwan (generally referred to as China herein for brevity) are catalogued. A total of 1109 valid species are recorded of which 403 species (36%) are recorded as endemic. Distributions within China are given according to the 33 administrative divisions of the country, and distributions outside China are given according to a scheme of geographical divisions developed for this catalogue and most finely divided for the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions. The catalogue is based on examination of the primary literature comprising about 670 references and also includes a small number of records based on unpublished data from specimens examined in collections. Taxa are arranged hierarchically under the categories of subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus (where recognized), and species. Nomenclatural details are provided for nominal genera and species. This includes synonyms at both levels for taxa described or recorded from China. For valid species, distributions are provided along with complete name-bearing type data for associated names. Additional information is given in the form of notes, numbering more than 300 in the catalogue section and about 50 in the references section. Six genera are newly recorded from China: Calliethilla Shima (Ethillini), Chetoptilia Rondani (Dufouriini), Demoticoides Mesnil (Leskiini), Pseudalsomyia Mesnil (Goniini), Redtenbacheria Schiner (Eutherini), and Rutilia Robineau-Desvoidy (Rutiliini). Fourteen species are newly recorded from China: Actia solida Tachi & Shima, Atylostoma towadensis (Matsumura), Chetoptilia burmanica (Baranov), Demoticoides pallidus Mesnil, Dexiosoma lineatum Mesnil, Feriola longicornis Mesnil, Frontina femorata Shima, Phebellia laxifrons Shima, Prodegeeria gracilis Shima, Prooppia stulta (Zetterstedt), Redtenbacheria insignis Egger, Sumpigaster subcompressa (Walker), Takanomyia frontalis Shima, and Takanomyia rava Shima. Two genera and 23 species are recorded as misidentified from China. New names are proposed for three preoccupied names: Pseudodexilla O’Hara, Shima & Zhang, nomen novum for Pseudodexia Chao, 2002; Admontia longicornalis O’Hara, Shima & Zhang, nomen novum for Admontia longicornis Yang & Chao, 1990; and Erythrocera neolongicornis O’Hara, Shima & Zhang, nomen novum for Pexopsis longicornis Sun & Chao, 1993. New type species fixations are made under the provisions of Article 70.3.2 of ICZN (1999) for 13 generic names: Chetoliga Rondani, Discochaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm, Erycina Mesnil, Eurigaster Macquart, Microvibrissina Villeneuve, Oodigaster Macquart, Plagiopsis Brauer & Bergenstamm, Prooppia Townsend, Ptilopsina Villeneuve, Ptilotachina Brauer & Bergenstamm, Rhinotachina Brauer & Bergenstamm, Schaumia Robineau-Desvoidy, and Setigena Brauer & Bergenstamm. Subgenus Tachina (Servillia Robineau-Desvoidy) is reduced to a synonym of subgenus Tachina (Tachina Meigen). The valid names of two species are reduced to nomina nuda and replaced by other available names with new status as valid names: Siphona (Aphantorhaphopsis) perispoliata (Mesnil) replaces S. (A.) mallochiana (Gardner), and Zenillia terrosa Mesnil replaces Z. grisellina (Gardner). The following 12 new combinations are proposed: Carcelina shangfangshanica (Chao & Liang), Drino (Drino) interfrons (Sun & Chao), Drino (Zygobothria) hirtmacula (Liang & Chao), Erythrocera longicornis (Sun & Chao) (a preoccupied name and replaced with Erythrocera neolongicornis O’Hara, Shima & Zhang, nomen novum), Isosturmia aureipollinosa (Chao & Zhou), Isosturmia setamacula (Chao & Liang), Isosturmia setula (Liang & Chao), Paratrixa flava (Shi), Phryno jilinensis (Sun), Phryno tibialis (Sun), Prosopodopsis ruficornis (Chao), and Takanomyia parafacialis (Sun & Chao). The following 19 new synonymies are proposed: Atylomyia chinensis Zhang & Ge with Tachina parallela Meigen (current name Bessa parallela), Atylomyia minutiungula Zhang & Wang with Ptychomyia remota Aldrich (current name Bessa remota), Carcelia (Carcelia) hainanensis Chao & Liang with Carcelia rasoides Baranov, Carcelia frontalis Baranov with Carcelia caudata Baranov, Carcelia hirtspila Chao & Shi with Carcelia (Parexorista) delicatula Mesnil (current name Carcelia (Euryclea) delicatula), Carcelia septima Baranov with Carcelia octava Baranov, Carcelia (Senometopia) dominantalis Chao & Liang with Carcelia quarta Baranov (current name Senometopia quarta), Carcelia (Senometopia) maculata Chao & Liang with Carcelia octava Baranov, Drino hersei Liang & Chao with Sturmia atropivora RobineauDesvoidy (current name Drino (Zygobothria) atropivora), Eucarcelia nudicauda Mesnil with Carcelia octava Baranov, Isopexopsis Sun & Chao with Takanomyia Mesnil, Mikia nigribasicosta Chao & Zhou with Bombyliomyia apicalis Matsumura (current name Mikia apicalis), Parasetigena jilinensis Chao & Mao with Phorocera (Parasetigena) agilis takaoi Mesnil (current name Parasetigena takaoi), Phebellia latisurstyla Chao & Chen with Phebellia latipalpis Shima (current name Prooppia latipalpis), Servillia linabdomenalis Chao with Servillia cheni Chao (current name Tachina (Tachina) cheni), Servillia planiforceps Chao with Tachina sobria Walker, Spiniabdomina Shi with Paratrixa Brauer & Bergenstamm, Tachina kunmingensis Chao & Arnaud with Tachina sobria Walker, and Thecocarcelia tianpingensis Sun & Chao with Drino (Isosturmia) chatterjeeana japonica Mesnil (current name Isosturmia japonica). Musca libatrix Panzer is a nomen protectum and Musca libatrix Scopoli and Musca libatrix Geoffroy are nomina oblita. Similarly, Redtenbacheria insignis Egger is a nomen protectum and Redtenbacheria spectabilis Schiner is a nomen oblitum. Lectotypes are designated for the following 12 nominal species based on name-bearing type material in CNC: Akosempomyia caudata Villeneuve, Blepharipoda schineri Mesnil, Carcelia puberula Mesnil, Compsoptesis phoenix Villeneuve, Ectophasia antennata Villeneuve, Gymnosoma brevicorne Villeneuve, Kosempomyia tibialis Villeneuve, Phasia pusilla Meigen, Tachina fallax pseudofallax Villeneuve, Tachina chaoi Mesnil, Wagneria umbrinervis Villeneuve, and Zambesa claripalpis Villeneuve.China is an expansive country of 9.6 million square kilometers in eastern Asia. It is a land of physical and ecological extremes: southern subtropical and tropical forests, richly diverse southwestern mountains, towering Himalayas, harsh and inhospitable Tibetan Plateau, western Tien Shan range, dry Taklimakan and Goli Deserts, northeastern temperate broadleaf and coniferous forests, and eastern fertile plains and lesser mountains. Along its southern and western borders are portions of four of the world’s 34 “biodiversity hotspots”, places recognized by Conservation International for their high endemicity and threatened habitat. These are the Indo-Burma hotspot, Mountains of Southwest China hotspot (particularly Hengduan Shan), Himalaya hotspot, and Mountains of Central Asia hotspot (represented in China by Tien Shan) (http:// www.biodiversityhotspots.org). These biodiversity hotspots, and other biodiverse places in China, have given rise to an endemic fauna and flora of significant size. In the plant world, for example, the Hengduan Shan is known as the hotbed of Rhododendron evolution with about 230 species. Among the vertebrates are such Chinese endemics as the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus spp.), baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), and brown eared pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum). Less conspicuous, but many times more numerous in species, are the endemic invertebrates that have evolved within present-day China. Biogeographically, China is unique among the countries of the world in lying at the crossroads of the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions. Hence, for most groups of organisms, the species of China consist of a combination of Palaearctic, Oriental, and endemic elements. This is true also of the Tachinidae of China. The Tachinidae are one of the largest families of Diptera with almost 10,000 described species and many thousands of undescribed species (Stireman et al. 2006). The family is correspondingly diverse in China, but because the Chinese tachinid fauna is still in a period of discovery and study, it must be significantly larger than the numbers given here might suggest. We record 1109 species and 257 genera of Tachinidae from mainland China and Taiwan, the former number representing about 11% of the world’s described tachinid species. From mainland China we record 1040 species, which compares to 754 and 832 species recorded from the same area by Chao et al. (1998) and Hua (2006), respectively. Our higher number is partly a reflection of species described from China since those works, or described from elsewhere and recently recognized from China, but a significant number of species were presumably overlooked by Chao et al. (1998) and Hua (2006) in the voluminous literature that exists on Chinese insects. The Chinese tachinid fauna has very few endemic genera and none of significant size, but has 403 species recorded as endemic to China plus Taiwan. This represents 36% of the total tachinid fauna. We record 343 species as endemic to mainland China and 32 species as endemic to Taiwan. The total number of species recorded from Taiwan is 231; some of these species are shared with the Oriental Region but not with mainland China.

The hydraenid genera Parhydraena Orchymont, 1937, Decarthrocerus Orchymont, 1948, Protozantaena Perkins, 1997, and Parhydraenopsis nomen novum are comprehensively revised, based on the study and databasing of 13,323 specimens. Decarthrocerus Orchymont is considered a valid genus, not a subgenus of Parhydraena. A new generic name, Parhydraenopsis nomen novum, is provided to replace Pseudhydraena Orchymont, 1947 (a junior homonym of Pseudhydraena Acloque, 1896). The genera are redescribed, and new species are described in Parhydraena (14), Protozantaena (4), Parhydraenopsis (2), and Decarthrocerus (3). Redescriptions are provided for Parhydraena brevipalpis (Regimbart), P. lancicula Perkins & Balfour-Browne, P. seriata Balfour-Browne, Protozantaena labrata Perkins, Parhydraenopsis cooperi (Orchymont), and Decarthrocerus jeanneli Orchymont. Selected morphological features of Pneuminion Perkins, and members of the tribe Hydraenidini, Hydraenida Germain and Parhydraenida Balfour-Browne, are illustrated and compared with those of members of Parhydraenini. Keys to the genera of Parhydraenini and keys to the species of the genera revised herein are given. Male genitalia, representative spermathecae, antennae, and elytra are illustrated. Scanning electron micrographs of external morphological characters are presented. High resolution digital images of the primary types of all species (except the holotypes of three species, which could not be found) are presented (online version in color), and geographical distributions are mapped. The tribe Parhydraenini has both fully aquatic and humicolous adapted species, and shows notable diversity in the lengths of the maxillary palpi and legs, reflecting the microhabitat type. Humicolous species have relatively short maxillary palpi and tarsi, and often have a specialized body form, as in the very differently shaped members of Discozantaena and Decarthrocerus. Parhydraena has both aquatic and humicolous species, the latter being broad-shouldered species with very short maxillary palpi and tarsi. Protozantaena has one aquatic species, the four other species in the genus being collected by sifting litter in humicolous microhabitats. Species of Decarthrocerus have only been collected by sifting litter; many of the specimens are from bamboo forests. As far as is known, members of Parhydraenopsis are fully aquatic, or found in wet streamside mosses. The following new species are described (type locality in South Africa unless otherwise given): Parhydraena ancylis (Western Cape Province, Heuningnes River), P. asperita (Western Cape Province, Knysna, Diepwalle), P. brahma (Mpumalanga Province, Uitsoek), P. brunovacca (Eastern Cape Province, Umtata, Nquadu Mt.), P. divisa (Sudan, Gilo), P. sebastiani (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Cathedral Peak), P. maculicollis (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Polela River, Himeville), P. maureenae (Western Cape Province, W. Wiedouw farm), P. mpumalanga (Mpumalanga Province, Fanie Botha Trail, Maritzbos Hut area, SW Sabie), P. namaqua (Western Cape Province, Van Rhyns Pass), P. ora (Western Cape Province, Cape Town), P. parva (Western Cape Province, George, Saasveld, Kaaimans River), P. semicostata (Mpumalanga Province, Soutpansberg, Entabeni), P. toro (Western Cape Province, Kirstenbosch, Table Mountain), Protozantaena ankaratra (Madagascar, Antananarivo, Ankaratra, Reserve Manjakatompo, M. Arirana, SE drainage River Ambodimangavo), P. grebennikovi (Tanzania, W. Usambara Mts., Lushoto district, Grant’s Lodge, Mkuzu river, 3–4 km upstream of Kifungilo), P. malagasica (Madagascar, Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre), P. palpalis (Madagascar, Antananarivo, Anjozorobe, Ravoandrina, left affluent of River Ampanakamonty), Parhydraenopsis alta (Ethiopia, Wolamo Province, Mt. Damota), P. simiensis (Ethiopia, Simien Mountains National Park, Jinbar Wenz), Decarthrocerus bambusicus (Democratic Republic of Congo, P. N. Virunga, Volcan Sabinyo, Chanya W., W. Sabinyo), D. mahalicus (Tanzania, Mahali Peninsula, Kungure), D. mbizi (Tanzania, Mt. Mbizi, 12 mi. NE Sumbawanga).

A thorough examination of the chaetotaxy and morphology of the subantarctic Apetaeninae Apetaenus litoralis Eaton, 1875 and Listriomastax litorea Enderlein, 1909 has corroborated the early generic synonymy proposed by Hennig (1971). Thus, the latter genus is re-considered as a junior synonym of Apetaenus Eaton, 1875. Accordingly, Apetaenus litoreus (Enderlein, 1909), nomen preoccupatum by A. littoreus (Hutton, 1902), changes its specific epithet by designation of the new name Apetaenus enderleini [nomen novum]. New remarks and observations on the range of chaetotactic variation as well as on the female abdomen morphology are given. Further, distributional and ecological records from the literature are summarized. A key to the species of Apetaenus from the Kerguelen Biogeographical Province is also proposed. The presumed validity of Apetaenus watsoni Hardy, 1962 from Macquarie Island is briefly discussed.

The Madagascar fauna of the beetle family Hydraenidae is comprehensively revised, based on the study and databasing of 6,949 specimens. New collection records are provided for 11 previously described species, and 95 new species are described. Three new subgenera of Hydraena , viz . H. ( Micromadraena ) , H. ( Monomadraena ), and H. ( Dnahydnaedna ) are described, and several new species groups of Hydraena are diagnosed. Two new genera in the tribe Madagastrini are described: Menomadraena and Trinomadraena . The Malagasy hydraenid fauna now comprises 106 species arrayed in the following nine genera: Aulacochthebius (2), Hydraena (65), Limnebius (10), Madagaster (8), Menomadraena (6), Ochthebius (1), Protozantaena (5), Sicilicula (8), and Trinomadraena (1). Lectotypes are designated for the following species: Aulacochthebius plicicollis (Fairmaire) , 1898 ( Ochthebius ); Hydraena dilutipes Fairmaire , 1898; Hydraena impressicollis Fairmaire, 1898; Hydraena marginicollis Regimbart, 1903 (= Hydraena regimbarti Zaitzev 1908; nomen novum ); and Ochthebius alluaudi Regimbart, 1903. Hydraena discicollis Fairmaire, 1898, is considered a nomen dubium : no type specimens were found, and the description appears to be that of a species of Aulacochthebius or Ochthebius , not Hydraena . High resolution digital images of lectotypes and holotypes of new species are presented (online versions in color). Male genitalia, representative antennae, maxillary palpi, and female terminal abdominal segments and spermathecae are illustrated. Geographic distributions of all species are mapped. Possible colonization and vicariance events are discussed at the tribal, generic and species group levels. The tribe Madagastrini, found only in Madagascar and southern India, is hygropetric, indicating that this microhabitat type has been continuously present in both Madagascar and India at least since the two separated, currently estimated to be 88 million years ago. Contrastingly, some lowland lentic species of other genera appear to be closely related to species in southern Africa, suggesting rather recent colonization events. New species of Aulacochthebius: A. perlaevis (Mahajanga, Boeny: Mahavavy Kinkony RS). New species of Hydraena ( Micromadraena ): H. breviceps (Fianarantsoa, 29 km SSW Ambositra, Ankazomivady); H. fortipes (Antsiranana, Foret d' Antsahabe); H. genuvela (Antsiranana, Foret de Binara); H. parvipalpis (Antananarivo, Reserve Speciale d'Ambohitantely); H. rubridentata ((Mahajanga, Parc National de Namoroka); H. serripennis (Antsiranana, Foret d' Antsahabe). New species of Hydraena ( Monomadraena ): H. acicula (Antsiranana, Antsaba, Galoko Mountains); H. ambohitantely (Antananarivo, Ambohitantely Spec. Res.); H. amplexa (Fianarantsoa, Andringitra NP); H. amplipunctata (Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana); H. antsahabe (Antsiranana, Foret d' Antsahabe); H. bergsteni (Antsiranana, Diana: Beraty); H. bisinuata (Toamasina, Tamatave 6.3 km S Ambanizona); H. bisinuloba (Toliara, Menabe: Kirindy RS.); H. bispica (Toamasina, Alaotra Mangoro: Analamazoatra SR); H. casacolumna (Fianarantsoa, Andringitra NP); H. compacta (Antananarivo, Ankaratra, Reserve Manjakatompo); H. contracolorata (Antsiranana, Montagne des Francais); H. epipleurata (Antsiranana, Foret de Binara); H. furcula (Toliara, 40km N of Fort Dauphin, Managotry); H. gereckei (Antananarivo, Ankaratra, Reserve Manjakatompo); H. goldschmidti (Antananarivo, Anjozorobe, Ravoandrina); H. inseriata (Antananarivo, Anjozorobe, Ravoandrina); H. jubata (Antsiranana, Sava Marojejy NP); H. levifurcata (Fianarantsoa, Namarona River, 7 km SW Ranomafana); H. lubrica (Antananarivo, Ambohitantely Spec. Res.); H. mahavavona (Fianarantsoa, Ionilahy, Mahavavona); H. manjakatompo (Antananarivo, Ankaratra, Reserve Manjakatompo); H. marojejy (Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy); H. multiarcuata (Fianarantsoa, Ranomafana); H. oscillata (Toamasina, Alaotra Mangoro Andasibe-Mantadia NP); H. parvispinosa (Toamasina, Andasibe NP); H. pentarubra (Antsiranana, Montagne d'Ambre); H. quatriloba (Toliara, Andohahela NP, Tsimelahy); H. ranomafana (Fianarantsoa, Ranomafana); H. ravoandrina (Antananarivo, Anjozorobe, Ravoandrina); H. rubrifurcata (Antsiranana, Sava, Marojejy NP); H. sculponea (Antsiranana, Befingotra (9.2 km WSW), Res. Anjanaharibe-Sud); H. simplicata (Antsiranana, Montagne d'Ambre); H. tibiodentipes (Fianarantsoa, Andringitra NP); H. triaequalis (Fianarantsoa, Ranohira); H. tripartita (Fianarantsoa, Ranomena); H. upsilonica (Toamasina, Zahamena NP); New species of Hydraena ( Hydraenopsis ): H. andranomena (Toliara, Andranomena); H. arta (Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy); H. bucollis (Toamasina, Tamatave, Andranobe Field Station); H. clavulata (Fianarantsoa, Ranomafana); H. contorta (Antananarivo, Anjozorobe forest reserve); H. dilutipoides (Mahajanga, Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha); H. divisa (Antsiranana, Antsaba,Galoko Mountains); H. elementaria (Antananarivo, Tamatave, Coastal lagoon); H. fulgidicollis (Antananarivo, Parc de Tsimbazaza); H. longiloba (Fianarantsoa, Madiorano); H. nanula (Antsiranana, Ankarana, Ampositelo); H. orchisa (Toamasina, Alaotra Mangoro Andasibe-Mantadia NP); H. pilobova (Antsiranana, Sava, Marojejy NP); H. pilotumida (Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana); H. ranarilalatiani (Toamasina, Alaotra Mangoro: Analamazoatra SR); H. randriamihajai (Antsiranana, Diana: Montagne d'Ambre NP); H. renalisa (Antsiranana, Sambava: Marojejy NP); H. sinuatipes (Antsiranana, Ankarana); H. torquata (Fianarantsoa, Andringitra NP). New species of Limnebius: L. angulatus (Fianarantsoa, Namarona River, 7 km W Ranomafana); L. balkei (Antsiranana, Montagne d'Ambre); L. bergsteni (Fianarantsoa, Namarona River, 7 km W Ranomafana); L. clandestinus (Mahajanga, Boeny:Mahavavy Kinkony RSc); L. labratus (Toamasina, Maroantsetra); L. lacrimosus (Toamasina, 18.7911S 48.4259E Alaotra Mangoro Andasibe-Mantadia NP); L. lobatus (Toliara, Manakaravavy); L. maximadus (Toamasina, Alaotra Mangoro: Analamazoatra SR); L. nanostillus (Antsiranana, Ankarana); L. steineri (Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana). New species of Madagaster: M. barbata (Fianarantsoa, Andringitra NP); M. bergsteni (Antananarivo, 18.8704S 47.6708E Analamanga); M. cataracta (Antsiranana, Sava, Marojejy NP); M. procarina (Fianarantsoa, 32 km S Ambositra); M. quadricurvipes (Fianarantsoa, Andringitra NP); M. simplissima (Fianarantsoa, 32 km S Ambositra). New species of Menomadraena: M. andringitra (Fianarantsoa, Res. Andringitra); M. concava (Fianarantsoa, R.S. Ivohibe); M. fisheri (Toliara, Enakara (11 km NW), Res. Andohahela); M. ivohibe (Fianarantsoa, R.S. Ivohibe); M. nitedula (Fianarantsoa, Res. Andringitra); M. sembella (Fianarantsoa, Amparihibe). New species of Protozantaena: P. duplicata (Antananarivo, Vakinankaratra: Manjakatompo Stn. Forestiere) ; P. elongata (Antananarivo, Vakinankaratra: Manjakatompo Stn. Forestiere). New species of Sicilicula: S. ampla (Antananarivo, Onive River near Ilempona); S. bergsteni (Fianarantsoa, 21.2263S 47.3694E, Matsiara Ambony, Ranomafana NP); S. conjugalis (Fianarantsoa, Namarona River, 7 km SW Ranomafana); S. cordicollis (Fianarantsoa, Namarona River, 7 km SW Ranomafana); S. hygropetrica (Fianarantsoa, Matsiara Ambony, Ranomafana NP); S. malagasica (Fianarantsoa, Abohimahasoa); S. sexplanata (Antsiranana, Mt. Tsaratanana). New species of Trinomadraena: T. clusa (Antsiranana, Mt. d’Ambre).

In the World Spider Catalog (WSC 2017) the formerly overlooked species Zelotes turcicus Seyyar, Demir & Aktaş, 2010 was recently added. Thus Zelotes turcicus Wunderlich, 2011 is a primary homonym and requires a new name. The author informed Jörg Wunderlich who approved the present author to carry out this formal renaming (without suggesting a new name): for Zelotes turcicus Wunderlich, 2011 the replacement name Zelotes wunderlichi nomen novum is herewith proposed.

The nomenclature of some fossil homonyms of Rubus is resolved. Fossil Rubus acutiformis M.Chandler, being an illegitimate later homonym of extant R. ×acutiformis Schmidely, is re-named as R. chandlerae nom. nov . R. alnifolius Fotjanova (fossil) is replaced by a new name R. fotjanovae nom. nov ., because of the earlier homonym, R. alnifolius Rydberg (extant). Rubus brevis Nikitin (fossil) is replaced by a new name R. laticarpus nom. nov ., because of the earlier homonym, R. brevis Gremli (extant). Rubus mammuthicus nom. nov . is proposed to replace the later homonym R. decipiens Nikitin (fossil) non R. decipiens Muller nec R. decipiens Foerster nom. illeg . (extant). Rubus nikitinii nom. nov . is proposed instead of the later homonym R. pygmaeus Nikitin (fossil) non R. pygmaeus Weihe & Nees ex Bluff & Fingerhuth (extant). Rubus aralioides Negru (fossil) is replaced by a new name R. novorossicus nom. nov ., because of the earlier homonym, R. aralioides Hance (extant). A new name is proposed for the illegitimate later fossil homonym R. minor Nikitin non Kuntze (extant) ( R. tobolicus nom. nov .).

Tomogonopus nomen novum Sierwald & Mauriès is introduced as a replacement for Tomogonus Demange, 1971 (pre-occupied by Tomogonus D'Orbigny, 1904, Coleoptera) for an African millipede genus from Sierra Leone (Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). A previously introduced generic replacement name, Umbraticus Özdikmen, 2009 (pre-occupied by Umbraticus Voet, 1806, Coleoptera), is invalid. Currently, Tomogonopus n. gen. contains six species, all forming new combinations.

This paper describes a new species of Eugenia and proposes a new name in Psidium, from Southeastern Brazil. Both are necessary for a floristic treatment of Myrtaceae for the flora of São Paulo, Brazil. Eugenia robustior is most similar to Eugenia tetramera from which it differs by its larger leaves and flowers with more stamens and more ovules per locule. The new name in Psidium is a replacement name for the illegitimate P. sellowianum.

The recent paper of Nikulin et al. (2016), states the needs to move the Sedum ser. Rupestria Berger (1930: 456) to the genus Petrosedum Grulich (1984: 39); most of the recombinations are already in hand but some still remain to carried out and some names are illegitimate. In order to achieve this goal, a new name and a new combination under Petrosedum for two French hybrid taxa are proposed here.

Based on an analysis of 58 herbarium collections from South America and Europe, including types, this work proposes a new name for Erythroxylum amplifolium (Mart.) O.E.Schulz and designates lectotypes for the new name and E. cuneifolium (Mart.) O.E.Schulz, E. pachyneurum O.E.Schulz, E. patentissimum O.E.Schulz, and/or their synonyms. The complete synonymy of the accepted names and comments about the distribution and taxonomy of the species are provided.

In this paper, we describe and illustrate a new species of parasitoid wasp as Brachymeria philornisae Delvare, sp. nov. The new species was reared from Philornis trinitensis Dodge & Aitken (Diptera: Muscidae) puparia that were found in the nests of the bird species Mimus gilvus (Vieillot) (Mimidae) and Tiaris bicolor (L.) (Thraupidae) in Tobago. The new species is of particular interest as it may be considered a potential biological control agent in locations where Philornis species are invasive, such as the Galapagos Islands. Closely related Brachymeria species had taxonomically ambiguous relationship in the past and are compared and reviewed. The species have been classified in the subgenus Pseudobrachymeria, but are here treated within the newly defined subconica species-group of Brachymeria as part of a sibling species complex designated as the subrugosa complex. Species assigned to the subconica species-group are listed and five, one unnamed, are assigned to the subrugosa complex and their females keyed. Species are separated by qualitative characters and morphometry using distance measurements. Trigonura annulipes Costa Lima is renamed as Brachymeria costalimai Delvare nom. nov. because of secondary homonymy.

A new name of the lycophyte genus Huperzia (Huperziaceae), H. wusugongii Li Bing Zhang, X.G. Xu & X.M. Zhou, from west China is proposed to replace the later homonym, H. rubricaulis S.K. Wu & X. Cheng [‘rubicaulis’], of H. rubricaulis (Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh) Holub.

A comprehensive nomenclatural study of the 109 names in Acnida , Amaranthus [1] and Euxolus, which were firstly published by Moquin-Tandon, is here presented. 49 names are invalid since 1) were proposed as synonyms under legitimate names (36 names, Art. 36.1c of the ICN), 2) are nomina nuda (11 names, Art. 38.2 Ex. 1 of the ICN), or 3) were uncorrectly named or published (2 names). 10 names are actually new proposed combinations. The remaining 50 names are valid (48 legitimate and 2 illegitimate). Six names ( Ac. tuberculata , Am. hybridus var. erythrostachys , Am. sect. Pyxidium , Am. muricatus , E. caudatus var. gracilis , and E. caudatus var. maximus ) are already lectotypified, while the remaining ones appears to be untypified. Types (lecto-, isolecto- and neo-) are designated on specimens preserved at BR, G, GH, HAL, HOH, K, MO, MPU, P, UPS, and iconographies by Vellozo (for Am. brasiliensis ), Wight ( Am. tristis var. wightii ), Morandi ( Euxolus viridis var. purpurascens ), and Dodoens ( Euxolus viridis var. rubens ). Syntypes are preserved at BR, MO, RO, and TUB. For the nomenclatural purposes the name Am. lanceolatus was also investigated and lectotypified on a specimen preserved at P. No typifications were proposed for 4 names: Am. paniculatus var. monstruosus (which is to be considered a teratogenous form) Am. flavus var. bernhardi , Am. hypochondriacus var. racemosus , and Am. tristis var. flexuosus . Concerning the latter three names, since the difficult in understanding the concepts of these taxa and finding useful specimens and in the interest of nomenclatural stability, a rejection of is hoped for (Art. 56 of the ICN). New synonymies are proposed for Amaranthus blitum var. nanus (= Am. blitoides ), Am. brasiliensis (= Am. cruentus ), Am. tristis var. leptostachys (= Am. cruentus ), Euxolus viridis var. rubens and Euxolus viridis var. purpurascens (= Am. blitum var. blitum ). The name Amaranthus × wallichii was proposed to formalize a putative hybrid between Am. cruentus and Am. hybridus , which still does not appear to be published.

The Adelphocoris-Creontiades-Megacoelum complex of genera is reviewed. Diagnostic characters for each included genus and species are provided. Two new genera, Poppiomegacoelum n. gen. and Pseudomegacoelum n. gen., are proposed to accommodate Poppiomegacoelum gearyi n. sp. from Australia and four species from west Palearctic previously classified under Megacoelum Fieber, 1858 respectively. Three new species from Australia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands are described: Adelphocorisella rubricornis n. sp., Waucoris solomonensis n. sp. and Waucoris tricolor n. sp. The following new combinations are made: Adelphocorisella brunnescens (Poppius, 1915) [for Adelphocoris brunnescens Poppius, 1915], A. relatum (Distant, 1904) [for Megacoelum relatum Distant, 1904], Macrolygus rubrus (Carvalho, 1987) [for Waucoris rubrus Carvalho, 1987], Miyamotoa mussooriensis (Distant, 1909) [for Megacoelum mussooriense Distant, 1909], Orientomiris ater (Poppius, 1915) [for Creontiades ater Poppius, 1915], O. brunneus (Poppius, 1914) [for Creontiades brunneus Poppius, 1914], O. furhstorferi (Poppius, 1915) [for C. furhstorferi Poppius, 1915], O. maculicollis (Poppius, 1915) [for C. maculicollis Poppius, 1915], O. marginatus (Poppius, 1915) [for C. marginatus Poppius, 1915], O. montanus (Poppius, 1915) [for C. montanus Poppius, 1915], O. monticola (Poppius, 1914) [for Megacoelum monticola Poppius, 1914], O. orientalis (Poppius, 1915) [for Creontiades orientalis Poppius, 1915], O. pallidicornis (Poppius, 1915) [for Megacoelum pallidicorne Poppius, 1915], O. ravana (Kirkaldy, 1909) [for Kangra ravana Kirkaldy, 1909], O. sumatranus (Poppius, 1915) [for Adelphocoris sumatranus Poppius, 1915], O. uzeli (Poppius, 1910) [for Creontiades uzeli Poppius, 1910), Poppiocapsidea tagalica (Poppius, 1915) [for Megacoelum tagalicum Poppius, 1915], Pseudomegacoelum angustum (Wagner, 1965) [for Megacoelum angustum Wagner, 1965], P. beckeri (Fieber, 1870) [for M. beckeri (Fieber, 1870)], P. irbilanum (Linnavuori, 1988) [for M. irbilanum Linnavuori, 1988], P. quercicola (Linnavuori, 1965) [for M. quercicola Linnavuori, 1965], Waucoris poppiusi Cherot & Malipatil [new name and new combination for Megacoelum papuanum Poppius, 1915]. The following new synonymies are established: Creontiades vittipennis Reuter, 1905 (valid name) = Creontiades vitticollis Poppius, 1915 (new subjective synonym), Poppiocapsidea biseratensis (Distant, 1903) (valid name) = Megacoelum townsvillensis Distant, 1904 (new subjective synonym). Cheilocapsidea insignis (Distant, 1909) is recorded from Laos and the male genitalic structures are briefly described for the first time. A lectotype is designated for Capsus antennatus Kirby, 1891, Creontiades ater Poppius, 1915, Creontiades brunneus Poppius, 1914, Creontiades fruhstorferi Poppius, 1915, Creontiades marginatus Poppius, 1915, Creontiades uzeli Poppius, 1910, Megacoelum mussooriensis Distant, 1909, Megacoelum relatum Distant, 1904, and Megacoelum townsvillensis Distant, 1904 (original combinations). A key for the genera included in the Adelphocoris-Creontiades-Megacoelum complex is given.

The taxonomy and systematics of the Neotropical genus Dendropaemon Perty is revised. The current study recognize 41 species organized into 12 subgenera. The establishment of the subgenera is reflecting the presented phylogenetic analysis. Six subgenera are established from previously available genus group names: Coprophanaeoides Edmonds, 1972; Dendropaemon Perty, 1830; Enicotarsus Laporte, 1831; Eurypodea Klages, 1906; Onthoecus Lacordaire, 1856; Paradendropaemon Edmonds, 1972 and Tetramereia Klages, 1907. Six additional subgenera are described as new: Glaphyropaemon n. subg.; Nigropaemon n. subg.; Rutilopaemon n. subg.; Streblopaemon n. subg.; Sulcopaemon n. subg. and Titthopaemon n. subg. The following 18 species are described as new: Dendropaemon (Coprophanaeoides) bluti n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Coprophanaeoides) carinifer n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Coprophanaeoides) compressipennis n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Coprophanaeoides) cribrosus n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Coprophanaeoides) furtadoi n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Coprophanaeoides) inflatus n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Coprophanaeoides) pilosissimus n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Dendropaemon) aenigmaticus n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Dendropaemon) amazonicus n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Dendropaemon) angustulus n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Dendropaemon) flechtmanni n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Dendropaemon) larseni n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Glaphyropaemon) inemarginatus n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Nigropaemon) nigritulus n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Onthoecus) lydiae n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Onthoecus) morettoi n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Paradendropaemon) vazdemelloi n. sp.; Dendropaemon (Sulcopaemon) latistriatus n. sp.. The following nomen novum: Dendropaemon (Onthoecus) attalus nom. nov. is created to replace the primary junior homonym Dendropaemon amyntas Harold, 1868. Except for Dendropaemon montei Pessoa & Lane, 1936, type material of all the species have been examined and lectotypes designated for the following two species: Dendropaemon fasces Blut, 1939 and Dendropaemon lobatus Waterhouse, 1891. In order to stabilize nomenclature, neotypes were also designated for the following species: Dendropaemon convexus Harold, 1869; Enicotarsus ater Laporte, 1832; Enicotarsus quadratus Laporte, 1932 and; Enicotarsus viridipennis Laporte, 1831. Color habitus are presented for each of the valid species.

The species of the genus Arthrobrachus Solier, 1849 distributed in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay have been revised. The morphological study of specimens and the review of the type material have resulted in a new combination: Arthrobrachus flavomarginatus (Blanchard, 1843) n. comb. (from Astylus Laporte, 1836), and four new synonymies: Arthrobrachus rufitarsis Philippi & Philippi, 1864 = A. obscuripes Pic, 1927 n. syn.; Arthrobrachus flavomarginatus (Blanchard, 1843) = A. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1843) n. syn. = A. boucardi Pic, 1919 n. syn. = A. lajoyei Pic, 1919 n. syn. Three species described by Steinheil (1874), Arthrobrachus depressus , Arthrobrachus testaceolimbatus and Arthrobrachus testaceus are considered as incertae sedis and Arthrobrachus quadrilineatus Steinheil, 1874 is transferred to Astylus Laporte, 1836 as A. steinheili nomen novum. Four new species of Arthrobrachus have been described: A. antonioi n. sp., A. eloisae n. sp., A. solervicensi n. sp. and A. armandoi n. sp. Distributional data and a key to the species are provided.

In a recent paper, we described five new species of rails from the Macaronesian islands (Alcover et al., 2015). We proposed the name of Rallus minutus to designate the Sao Jorge rail. One day after its publication, Fred Ruhe (via e-mail) pointed out to us that the name was preoccupied, making Rallus minutus Alcover, Pieper, Pereira & Rando 2015 a primary homonym, which in turn makes it permanently invalid.

The fossil species Oreodaphne obtusifolia Berry (1916: 301) was described, based on the fossil leaf remains of the most abundant laurel from the Early Eocene Wilcox Group sediments of Holly Springs: Marshall Co, Grenada Co., Miss.: Mississippi embayment (Southeastern North America). Nowadays, most systematists consider the extant Oreodaphne to be a member of Ocotea (Mez, 1889: 219; Rohwer, 1986; van der Werff, 2002; Chanderbali et al ., 2001). LaMotte (1952) transferred Berry’s (1916: 301) combination to Ocotea , and this transfer was followed by Dilcher (1963), who reinforced attribution of Wilcox leaf megafossils to Ocotea by cuticular analysis of epidermis and stomata (Dilcher & Lott, 2005). However, according to Art. 53.1 of the ICN (McNeill et al. 2012) the name Ocotea obtusifolia (Berry) LaMotte (1952) is illegitimate because of the existence of the earlier overlooked homonym, Ocotea obtusifolia Kunth (1817: 165–166), an extant lauraceous species from Colombia (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, holotype: http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.P00128771). The homonymy between these fossil and extant American species of Ocotea was revealed during the description of the new fossil Early Oligocene species Ocotea rossica Vikulin from the south of the Middle-Russian upland (Vikulin, 2015: 326). Since Ocotea obtusifolia (Berry) LaMotte has been systematically recognized as a valid species in current use and it does not have any synonym, a nomen novum , O. dilcherii , is formally proposed here as a replaced name. Because a type specimen was not indicated among the validating illustrations of Berry (1916: pl. 80, fig. 1; pl. 83, fig. 2–5, and pl. 84, fig. 1 and 2), a lectotype must be designated here, from the specimens illustrated in the protologue (Berry, 1916: 301–302) amongst those perfect specimens with blunt leaf apex, which are very abundant in the clays at Puryear, Tenn. (Proposed lectotype: paleobotany collection # USNM 35867, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USA), illustrated in Berry, 1916: 301, pl. 83, fig. 5.

This paper presents new data on Sarcophaga (Heteronychia). Six species are described as new: Sarcophaga (Heterony- chia) anatolica sp. nov. from Asiatic Turkey, S. (H.) lejlekensis sp. nov. from Kyrgyzstan, S. (H.) mediterranea sp. nov. from mainland Italy, Sicily and Croatia, S. (H.) rosellensis sp. nov. from central Italy, S. (H.) tetrix sp. nov. from Sicily, and S. (H.) tunisiae sp. nov. from Tunisia. Two new replacement names are proposed: Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) hellenica, nom. nov. for S. (H.) vervesi (Povolný, 1996) (junior secondary homonym of Kozlovea vervesi Nandi, 1993), and S. (H.) tangerensis, nom. nov. for S. (H.) amica (Peris et al., 1998) (junior secondary homonym of Phallosphaera amica Ma, 1964). Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) belanovskyi (Verves, 1973), S. (H.) helenae (Trofimov, 1948) and S. (H.) nanula (Povolný, 1999) are resurrected as valid, and the last (originally proposed as a subspecies) is given species rank. Sarcophaga amita Rondani, 1860 and S. bezziana Bottcher, 1913 are transferred from subgenus Discachaeta Enderlein to subgenus Heteronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, subg. comb. nov. Thirty-nine new synonymies are established: Shoachaeta Lehrer, 1997 with Heteronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, syn. nov.; Ashlaiana Lehrer, 1998 with Heteronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, syn. nov.; Heteronychia iubita Lehrer, 1999 with Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) ancilla Rondani, 1865, syn. nov.; Spatulapica lucentina Lehrer & Martinez-Sanchez, 2001 with S. (H.) ancilla Rondani, 1865, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Heteronychia) povolnyi Mihalyi, 1975 with S. (H.) belanovskyi (Verves, 1973), syn. nov.; Sarcophaga benaci var. tenuiforceps Bottcher, 1913 with S. (H.) benaci Bottcher, 1913, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Heteronychia) vachai Povolný, 1987 with S. (H.) benaci Bottcher, 1913, syn. nov.; Shoachaeta cornogranda Lehrer, 2009 with S. (H.) bezziana Bottcher, 1913, syn. nov.; Pierretia (Pandelleola) taurica Rohdendorf, 1937 with S. (H.) boettcheri Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Pandelleola) gaspari Lehrer, 1977 with S. (H.) boettcheri Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia bodediana Lehrer, 1998 with S. (H.) boettcheri Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Ashlaiana shakrana Lehrer, 1998 with S. (H.) boettcheri Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Pandelleola caraormana Lehrer, 2008 with S. (H.) boettcheri Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Heteronychia) morenita Peris, Gonzalez-Mora & Mingo, 1998 with S. (H.) chiquita (Peris, Gonzalez-Mora & Mingo, 1998), syn. nov.; Heteronychia cullottorum Povolný, 2005 with S. (H.) consanguinea Rondani, 1860, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Eupierretia) spatulifera Chen & Lu, 1981 with S. (H.) curvifemoralis (Li, 1980), syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Spatulapica) kovalae Verves, 1979 with S. (H.) depressifrons Zetterstedt, 1845, syn. nov.; Heteronychia dimioniphalla Lehrer, 1996 with S. (H.) dissimilis Meigen, 1826, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Eupierretia) macedonica Povolný, 1996 with S. (H.) enderleini Jacentkovský, 1937, syn. nov.; Devriesia weberi Lehrer, 1995 with S. (H.) ferox Villeneuve, 1908, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (As- celoctis) perplexa Peris, Gonzalez-Mora & Mingo, 1996 with S. (H.) ferox Villeneuve, 1908, syn. nov.; Pandelleola resnikae Lehrer, 1996 with S. (H.) filia Rondani, 1860, syn. nov.; Heteronychia fugitiva Povolný, 2001 with S. (H.) haemorrhoa Meigen, 1826, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Spatulapica) fraterna Lehrer, 1977 with S. (H.) helenae (Trofimov, 1948), syn. nov.; Spatulapica delicata Lehrer, 2000 with S. (H.) helenae (Trofimov, 1948), syn. nov.; Heteronychia dayani Lehrer, 1996 with S. (H.) kerteszi Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Salemea sororia Povolný, 2004 with S. (H.) kerteszi Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Eupierretia) helanshanensis Han, Chao & Ye, 1985 with S. (H.) kozlovi (Rohdendorf, 1937), syn. nov.; Sarcophaga thalhammeri Bottcher, 1913 with S. (H.) lacrymans Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Sarcophaga zhelochovtzevi Rohdendorf, 1925 with S. (H.) lacrymans Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Heter- onychia) cepelaki Povolný & Slameckova, 1970 with S. (H.) lacrymans Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia histriops Lehrer, 2008 with S. (H.) lacrymans Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Eupierretia) brachystylata Chao & Zhang, 1988 with S. (H.) plotnikovi Rohdendorf, 1925, syn. nov.; Heteronychia lednicensis Povolný in Povolný & Verves, 1986 with S. (H.) proxima Rondani, 1860, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Heteronychia) drenskiana Lehrer, 1977 with S. (H.) pseudobenaci (Baranov, 1942), syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Eupierretia) peckae Verves, 1977 with S. (H.) shnitnikovi (Roh-dendorf, 1937), syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Eupierretia) tenupenialis Chao & Zhang, 1988 with S. (H.) shnitnikovi (Rohdendorf, 1937), syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Pandelleola) volcanoaetnica Povolný, 2002 with S. (H.) sicilia Pape, 1996, syn. nov.; Hartigia anastrenua Baranov, 1942 with S. (H.) vagans Meigen, 1826, syn. nov. Lectotypes are designated for the following nominal taxa: Mehria pseudobenaci Baranov, 1942, Pierretia (Pierretia) boettcheriana Rohdendorf, 1937, Pierretia (Pierretia) obscurata Rohdendorf, 1937, Sarcophaga benaci Bottcher, 1913, Sarcophaga benaci var. tenuiforceps Bottcher, 1913, Sarcophaga boettcheri Villeneuve, 1912, Sarcophaga ferox Villeneuve, 1908, Sarcophaga fertoni Villeneuve, 1911, Sarcophaga kerteszi Villeneuve, 1912, Sarcophaga lacrymans Villeneuve, 1912, Sarcophaga metopina Villeneuve, 1908, Sarcophaga monspellensia Bottcher, 1913, Sarcophaga porrecta Bottcher, 1913, Sarcophaga setinervis var. mutila Villeneuve, 1912, Sarcophaga thalhammeri Bottcher, 1913 and Sarcophaga tricolor Villeneuve, 1908. Sarcophaga smithiana Pape, 1996 is removed from subgenus Heteronychia and considered as incertae sedis within Sarcophaga. New country or regional records are provided for Sarcophaga (H.) benaci (Spain), S. (H.) boettcheri (Serbia), S. (H.) croca (Croatia), S. (H.) depressifrons (Greece, Spain), S. (H.) ferox (Algeria), S. (H.) filia (Crete, Macedonia, Morocco, Tunisia), S. (H.) kataphygionis (Poland), S. (H.) kerteszi (Crete), S. (H.) minima (Crete), S. (H.) monspellensia (Sicily, Tunisia), S. (H.) mutila (Italy), S. (H.) nanula (France, Macedonia) and S. (H.) proxima (Sicily).

The creation of the International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI, 2014 onwards) with the aim of listing of all fossil plant species reveals a few new cases of homonymy between fossil and extant species. The name Cissus spectabilis (Kurz) Planchon (1887: 1092), originally published as Vitis spectabilis Kurz (1874: 196), is an illegitimate later homonym of Cissus spectabilis Heer (1878: 45) (Art. 53.1 of the ICN, McNeill et al., 2012). C. spectabilis Heer is a fossil-species currently accepted (Kirchheimer 1939, Sosnowsky 1949, 1974, Kryshtofovich & Baikovskaja 1960), described from the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian) deposits of Sakhalin island (Far East, Russian Federation). Since the preoccupied extant species C. spectabilis (Kurz) Planch., a narrow Indian endemic restricted to Sikkim, Siliguri and neighboring localities of West Bengal, is also currently recognized as a valid species (The Plant List 2013 onwards; eFlora of India 2014 onwards) and it does not have any synonym, a nomen novum, C. notabilis, is here formally proposed as a replacement name.

Prunus dulcis (common almond) is an important horticultural nut crop with an annual production value in the billions of U.S. dollars. The genus Prunus is taxonomically complex, and over the centuries treatments have ranged from splitting the genus into multiple genera, with P . dulcis and relatives being placed in the genus Amgydalus , to having a single, widely circumscribed Prunus s. l. Recent phylogenetic studies based on molecular data support the adoption of a broadly circumscribed Prunus , and the widespread acceptance and usage of Prunus s.l. warrants nomenclatural adjustments for Amygdalus species. Twenty-two new combinations, one nomen novum, and one new nothospecies are proposed. In addition, two lectotypes and three neotypes are here designated.

Six new species and one new genus are described: Criodion spinosum sp. nov. (Cerambycini), from Bolivia; Eburodacrys wappesi sp. nov. and Eburodacrys skillmani sp. nov. (Eburiini), from Bolivia; Eupempelus rileyorum sp. nov. (Heteropsini) from Panama; Sphalloeme mexicana sp. nov. (Oemini), from Mexico; Wappesoeme camiri sp. nov., new genus (Oemini), from Bolivia. Wappesoeme, Eburodacrys wappesi, E. skillmani, Eupempelus rileyorum, and Criodion spinosum are included in previously published keys. Anelaphus erakyra nomen novum for A. maculatus Galileo et al., 2014 is established.

Plagiochilaceae is here circumscribed to include 10 genera, Acrochila, Chiastocaulon, Dinckleria, Pedinophyllopsis, Pedinophyllum, Plagiochila, Plagiochilidium, Plagiochilion, Pseudolophocolea and Xenochila. For the forthcoming world checklist of hornworts and liverworts we here summarize the current knowledge and identify the sections of Plagiochila that are currently recognized by morphological and molecular studies. Plagiochila is provisionally divided into 28 sections based on recent morphological and molecular studies. Plagiochila ecuadorica and Plagiochila sciophila subsp. ciliigera are new combinations, Plagiochila umbrosioides is a nomen novum.

This paper deals with 21 species of Hishimonus Ishihara and two species of Litura Knight from the Indian subcontinent. The following new species are described: Hishimonus acuminatus sp. nov. (India: Mizoram), H. distinctus sp. nov. (India: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. Sri Lanka), H. dwipae sp. nov. (Sri Lanka), H. longisetosus sp. nov. (India: Karnataka), H. spicans sp. nov. (India: Karnataka), H. thapai sp. nov. (Nepal), H. zeylanicus sp. nov. (Sri Lanka), and Litura triangula sp. nov. (India: Karnataka). Hishimonus versicolor Subba Rao & Ramakrishnan is removed from the genus Hishimonus and two new combinations namely, Hishimonus apricus (Melichar) comb. nov. (formerly in the genus Eutettix) and Litura tripunctatus (Li) comb. nov. (formerly in the genus Hishimonus) and a new name Hishimonus knightiella nom. nov. for Hishimonus apricus Knight 1970a, not Distant 1908 is proposed. H. gillespiei Dai, Fletcher & Zhang, H. pallidus Dai, Fletcher & Zhang, H. dividens Knight, H. aberrans Knight, H. concavus Knight, H. arcuatus Knight and Litura unda Knight are new records for India. All the taxa are described and new taxa are illustrated. Keys to identification of the species of Hishimonus and Litura found in the Indian subcontinent are also provided along with list of known host plants.

The typification of the name Atriplex tornabenei (a nomen novum pro A. arenaria) is discussed. An illustration by Cupani is designated as the lectotype, while a specimen from FI is designated as the epitype. Chorological and morphological notes in comparison with the related species A. rosea and A. tatarica are also provided. A nomenclatural change (Atriplex tornabenei subsp. pedunculata stat. nov.) is proposed.

Since Cockerell (1905) erected the family-group name Pseudococcini, the name has become widely used for all mealybugs. Lobdell (1930) raised the status of the group to family level as the Pseudococcidae, but it was not until Borchsenius (1949) and Ferris (1950) accepted the family level that the rank of Pseudococcidae became more widely accepted within the superfamily Coccoidea. Various tribes and subtribes have been introduced without any reliable classification of the family.

A brief history of the genus Parorchis Nicoll, 1907 (Philophthalmidae: Parorchiinae) is provided along with the description of 3 new species: Parorchis catoptrophori n. sp., distinguished by a bipartite pharynx with a larger, anterior, muscular primary pharynx, followed by a smaller posterior nonmuscular secondary part composed of 2 smaller posterior extensions; Parorchis longivesiculus n. sp., distinguished by an external seminal vesicle that overreaches the acetabulum posteriorly, extending into the hindbody to about midway between the testes and the acetabulum; and Parorchis ralli n. sp., distinguished by an external seminal vesicle, the posterior third of which is tubular and coiled. The preoccupied junior homonym Paratrema Dronen & Badley, 1979 (Parorchiinae) is replaced by Stenomesotrema nomen novum, and a rediagnosis of the genus is given wherein Stenomesotrema numenii n. comb. is assigned as the type species in the genus, and Stenomesotrema asiaticus n. comb. is proposed as a second species in the genus. Species of Parorchis are divided into 2 basic body types. The first type contains those species with a barbell-like or hourglass body shape, a rudimentary head collar, symmetrical to tandem testes, 2 rows of corner spines on the head collar, a preequatorial acetabulum, and a forebody that is wider than the hindbody. The second body type, called the “Parorchis body type”, contains those species with a pyriform body shape, a well-developed head collar, symmetrical testes, a single continuous row of circumoral spines on the head collar, and an equatorial acetabulum. There appears to be 2 subtypes of the Parorchis body type: subtype 1 containing those species possessing smooth to slightly irregular testes (not deeply lobed) and an esophagus lacking diverticuli; and subtype 2 containing those species having irregular and deeply lobed testes and an esophagus possessing lateral diverticuli. A comparative analysis of museum-deposited specimens of P. acanthus revealed as many as 9 possible additional species of Parorchis. This suggests potential problems in using measurements of structures alone without differences in additional corroborating specific features to separate species of Parorchis. Along with measurements, the number and size of spines on the circumoral collar, the presence or absence of a prepharynx, an intertesticular space, and esophageal diverticula as well as the extent of the posttesticular space, the length of the metraterm, egg size and the ratios of the width of the oral sucker to the width of the acetabulum and the width of the pharynx to the width of the oral sucker appear useful in distinguishing species of Parorchis.

Synallaxis whitneyi Pacheco and Gonzaga, 1995, was described from specimens collected in Bahia, Brazil. Some years later, following analysis of the specimens used by Wied (1831) to describe Synallaxis cinereus, Whitney and Pacheco (2001) considered S. whitneyi a junior synonym of S. cinereus because three of the specimens in Wied’s series were identical to those collected in Bahia by Pacheco and Gonzaga (1995). They also designated a lectotype for Synallaxis cinereus. Our analysis of the description of Synallaxis cinereus reveals that Wied was merely providing a new name for Parulus ruficeps Spix, 1824, to avoid problems of homonymy (Wied 1831). The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is explicit in such cases, stating that if an author proposes a new species-group name as a replacement (nomen novum) for an earlier available one, then the two names are objective synonyms and have the same name-bearing type. Thus, the syntypes of S. cinereus are the specimens previously used by Spix in describing Parulus ruficeps and not those used by Wied (1831) in his description (and subsequently referred to as syntypes in the literature). The lectotype of Synallaxis cinereus proposed by Whitney and Pacheco (2001) is invalid, as it is not a former syntype. Therefore, the correct name for the Bahia Spinetail is Synallaxis whitneyi Pacheco and Gonzaga, 1995.