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Indobanalia thyrsiflora is an endemic species occurring in peninsular India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu States) and Sri Lanka. A nomenclatural study of the basionym Banalia thyrsiflora, published by Moquin-Tandon in Candolle’s Prodromus (year 1849), is carried out and the name is lectotypified on a specimen deposited at P (barcode P00609924); isolectotypes are traced at K and CAL. A preliminary morphological characterization of the species is also given, based on field surveys and examination of herbarium specimens. We noted that I. thyrsiflora is highly variable. However, we prefer to avoid, for the moment, taxonomic conclusions about the various morphotypes found, waiting the complete results of this ongoing morphological and molecular investigations.

As part of ongoing studies on Fabaceae Lindl. (see e.g., Bernardo et al. 2019, Iberite et al. 2017, Iamonico et al. 2021), we here present a note about the names Onobrychis tenoreana Lacaita (1911: 276), O. laconica Orph. ex Boissier (1872–1873: 530) [= O. alba (Waldstein & Kitaibel 1803–1805: 111) Desvaux (1814: 83) subsp. pentelica (Haussknecht 1887: 71) Nyman (1889: 99)], and O. pentelica. The research is based on both analysis of the relevant literature and examination of specimens at BM, FI, JE, MPU, and P (Thiers 2021 onwards).

Several names belonging to the Sesleria sect. Argenteae (Poaceae) were discussed in this paper and, where necessary, typified. Lectotypes were designated for the names Sesleria nitida var. brevidentata, S. nitida var. intermedia, S. nitida var. tenoreana f. macrostachya, and S. nitida var. tenoreana f. visianii. Neotypes were designated for the names Sesleria nitida var. tenoreana s.s. and S. nitida var. de-gasperiana. Synonyms were proposed for the following names (accepted names in brackets): S. feretrana (= S. italica), S. italica subsp. mariculensis (= S. italica), S. nitida var. brevidentata (= S. vaginalis), S. nitida var. candae (= S. italica), S. nitida var. intermedia (= S. robusta), S. nitida var. tenoreana f. visianii (= S. italica), and S. nitida var. tenoreana f. macrostachya (= S. italica). As regards Sesleria nitida var. de-gasperiana and S. nitida var. sancti-marinii, they were confirmed as synonyms of S. pichiana. Due to the extremely limited number of herbarium specimens available, we could not confirm the taxonomic autonomy of S. nitida var. pulchella (basionym of the taxon currently accepted as S. pulchella) and consider it as a preliminary synonym of Sesleria italica.

A note about some taxa in Anthyllis and Trifolium (Fabaceae) described from Sicily is presented. Concerning Trifolium, we provide the lectotypification of the name T. pratense var. semipurpureum (≡ T. pratense subsp. semipurpureum), using a specimen preserved at PAL (Todaro’s collection). Concerning the Lojacono-Pojero’s name Vulneraria heterophylla var. parvula, it is lectotypified by a specimen at G. A neotype at NAP is proposed for the Gussone’s name Vulneraria heterophylla var. albiflora. As this latter name is applied to a taxon accepted here at specific rank, a new combination is validated. On the contrary, A. heterophylla var. parvula is considered as a new heterotypic synonym of Anthyllis vulneraria var. rubriflora. Finally, this latter is typified by a specimen deposited at TO.

A new species of Alternanthera from Kerala (SW-India), named Alternanthera indica, is described and illustrated. A detailed description, photographs, and drawings are provided. The new species resembles A. carcasana, A. paronychioides var. robusta, A. pungens, A. sessilis, and A. tenella for sharing habit and sessile synflorescences, but it differs from these species in several characters (i.e. shape and size of leaves, sepal length and hairiness, and appendages on the androecial tube margin and length).

The names Epilobium lanceolatum, Lotus requienii (currently accepted as Lotus conjugatus subsp. requienii), Orchis romana (currently accepted as Dactylorhiza romana subsp. romana), and Romulea columnae are lectotypified on specimens kept at RO and BOLO, and on a Sebastiani’s illustration published in his Romanarum plantarum fasciculus primus. An epitype (at RO) for the name Epilobium lanceolatum is also designated.

Edraianthus (Candolle 1830: 130) Candolle (1839: 149) (Campanulaceae Juss.) is a genus of 10–14 species with a centre of distribution in the Balkans, while disjunctions occur in the central and southern Apennines (peninsular Italy), Sicily, and the southern Carpathians (Stefanović et al. 2008).

The typification of the names Cerastium biebersteinii, Dianthus glumaceus, D. plumarius, Gypsophila collina, and G. elegans is discussed. Specimens from the herbaria G, LE, LINN, and P are designated as lectotypes, or neotype (G. elegans) of the concerned names.

The growing interest to the ancient South American pseudocereal crop quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willdenow (1798: 1301), not only stimulated research on this species and its wild relatives (see Jellen et al. 2011, FAO & CIRAD 2015, Maughan et al. 2019, and references therein), but also spurred taxonomic and nomenclatural studies of these taxa, including issues of typification and/or conservation of their names (e.g., Lack & Fuentes 2013, Mosyakin & Walter 2018). The closest relatives of Chenopodium quinoa are grouped together with that species in a tetraploid (2n = 36) species complex containing such taxa as C. berlandieri Moquin-Tandon (1840: 23) sensu lato, and C. hircinum Schrader (1833: 2). Despite the growing attention to the crop and its relatives, the infraspecific taxonomy of C. quinoa remains problematic. A critical revision and proper typification of all available valid names published in that economically important group should be made to ensure the correct application of these names. The name C. hircinum was recently lectotypified by Mosyakin & Sokolova (2020), based on the specimen from LE (barcode LE00011694). However, some other names linked with C. quinoa and C. hircinum, in particular C. bonariense Tenore (1833: 13) and two varieties validated under C. hircinum by Aellen (1929), have not been typified yet and are investigated here as part of ongoing studies on the genus.

A new species of Amaranthus from Kerala (SW-India)—Amaranthus rajasekharii—is described and illustrated. Macro- and micro-morphological descriptions (with SEM analysis of pollen and seed), as well as original photos and drawings were provided. The new species is similar to A. dubius, from which it differs by stem color, inflorescence structure, gynoecium colour, number of stamens, and shape and lenght of tepals and bracts in pistillate flowers, seed ornamentation, and pollen architecture.

Plantago Linnaeus (1753: 112) (Plantaginaceae) is a genus including 200–250 species distributed throughout the temperate zone and the high-elevation tropical regions (Rahn 1996, Rønsted et al. 2002).

As part of ongoing studies on the taxonomy of Cirsium Miller (1754: no pagination) sect. Eriolepis (Cassini in Cuvier 1826: 331) Dumortier (1827: 74) (Asteraceae) (Del Guacchio & Iamonico 2015), and in the context of the “Italian loci classici census” project (see e.g., Domina et al. 2012, Peruzzi et al. 2019), aimed at typifying all the names of taxa described from Italy and at improving their systematic knowledge (Vallariello et al. 2016, Del Guacchio et al. 2017, Iamonico et al. 2017, Santangelo et al. 2017), we here present a note concerning the name C. lacaitae Petrak (1914: 456), which appears still not typified.

In our recent paper, we noticed a mistake concerning figure 2 (Di Pietro et al. 2021: 93). According to the caption, figure 2 should represent the sheet FI051890 (a lectotype of Sesleria nitida var. tenoreana f. visianii). In fact, in the place of the sheet FI051890, a figure containing two herbarium specimens deposited in PAD (PAD-HD00955 and PAD-HD00956) was erroneously published. These two PAD specimens were discussed in the paper (Di Pietro et al. 2021: 94) where it was highlighted that these could not be considered with certainty as original material for Sesleria nitida var. tenoreana f. visianii Pampanini (1917: 4).We here, correct the mistake and publish the image of lectotype of Sesleria nitida var. tenoreana f. visianii (FI051890, Fig. 1).

The census of the loci classici of 1,227 native, non-endemic vascular plants described from Italy is here presented and described. The effective place of publication of accepted names, basionyms and homotypic synonyms were identified and critically verified. The geographic information on the loci classici was excerpted from the protologues, as well as information on typification for the taxa described before 1 January 1958. The names without a holotype are 1,165. For 591 names a lecto- or neo-typification is available in literature, while 572 currently accepted taxa still need a type designation. For ten of these names showing previous ineffective typification, nomenclatural types are designated here ( Allium savii , A. tenuiflorum , Anemone millefoliata , Catapodium tuberculosum , Cynosurus siculus , Filago congesta , Saponaria bellidifolia , Sclerochloa patens , S. zwierleinii , and Vicia leucantha ). A new combination ( Trisetaria aurea comb. nov. ) is proposed. The general picture of the currently accepted taxa of vascular plants described from Italy, including endemics, amounts to 2,631, i.e. about 32% of the native flora currently recorded for the country.

A nomenclatural study on the names of the narrow-leaved plantains linked to Plantago holosteum is presented. The names P. carinata, P. gerardii, P. holosteum, P. maritima var. apennina, P. subulata sensu Wulfen, and P. wulfenii have been studied. The name P. holosteum is lectotypified on illustration by Bauhin & Cherler, P. wulfenii by Willdenow on a specimen preserved at B while P. maritima var. apennina was neotypified using a specimen deposited at RO. For P. holosteum, an accepted and widely used name both in the floristic and the vegetation literature of SE-Europe, an epitype is designated here. The name P. carinata was proposed by Mertens & Koch to replace P. subulata sensu Wulfen non L., but is illegitimate (ICN, Arts. 52.2, 53.1). Plantago gerardii Schult. is a later homonym of P. gerardii Pourr. (= P. argentea), and therefore also illegitimate (Art. 53.2). All the names investigated in this paper are placed in the synonymy of P. holosteum here (some of them only provisionally), except for Willdenow’s P. wulfenii which is considered a heterotypic synonym of P. maritima., ES-TAF-6610

The Linnaean names Plantago afra, P. altissima, and P. lagopus are discussed and typified with specimens preserved at LINN.

Subfam. Betoideae (Amaranthaceae Juss./Chenopodiaceae Vent. sensu APGIV) is a monophyletic group which comprises five genera (Aphanisma, Beta, Hablitzia, Oreoblitum, and Patellifolia) and an undefined number of species (11‒16 according to the available literature). While the taxonomic position of the various groups in Betoideae is quite well studied and clarified, nomenclature is still poorly investigated and several names remain to be untypified. The present research has the aim to present a comprehensive view of all taxa (at all ranks) beloning to Betoideae by a list of their accepted names, main synonyms, and types. Taxonomic considerations were also made. The names Aphanisma blitoides, Beta patula, Beta lomatogona, Beta macrorhiza, Beta nana, Beta macrocarpa, Beta bourgaei (= Beta macrocarpa), Oreobliton thesioides, and Beta procumbens are typified on specimens deposited respectively at K (lecto-), BM (lecto-), LE (lecto-), H (lecto-), K (neo-, isoneotypes a FI, GOET, K, WAG), PAL (neo-), G (lecto-, isolectoypes a G, K), P, and C (neo-). The typification of the name Hablitzia tamnoides by Menitsky was discussed and accepted. A new nomenclature change [Beta sect. Corollinae subsect. Nanae (Ulbr.) Iamonico, comb. et stat. nov.] and two new taxa (Beta sect. Beta subsect. Patulae Iamonico, subsect. nov., and Beta sect. Macrocarpae Iamonico, sect. nov.) were proposed. A new classification of Subfam. Betoideae was proposed, including 2 tribes (Beteae, and Hablitzieae), 5 genera (Aphanisma, Beta, Hablitzia, Oreoblitum, and Patellifolia), and for the genus Beta 3 sections and 4 subsections (sect. Beta subsect. Beta, Beta sect. Beta subsect. Patulae Iamonico subsect. nov., sect. Corollinae subsect. Corollinae, sect. Corollinae subsect. nanae (Ulbr.) Iamonico comb. et stat. nov., Beta sect. Macrocarpae Iamonico sect. nov.).

A new species of Turbinicarpus—Turbinicarpus boedekerianus—from Mexico (Nuevo León, Municipality of Aramberri) is described and compared to the related species Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus. The new species is morphologically characterized by ocher conic-pyramidal tubercles with an ochraceous waxy layer, a single almost straight and grooved spine, and the white to pale pink to magenta tinged flowers. Ecological data and distribution area in Mexico, as well as the conservation status are provided.

Betoideae is a monophyletic group currently comprising five genera ( Aphanisma , Beta , Hablitzia , Oreoblitum , and Patellifolia ) and 11‒16 species. Acroglochin was formerly also included in subfam. Betoideae by various authors, although recently molecular data demonstrated that this genus is probably an ancient lineage basal to the remaining Betoideae. Although Acroglochin is also separated from both chorological and morphological viewpoints and some authors suggested its segregation in a separate subfamily, this proposal is premature, and discussion on that is presented here . A complete nomenclatural treatment of A. persicarioides , the only currently recognized species of Acroglochin , is provided, including all known heterotypic and homotypic synonyms. The names Lecanocarpus , Acroglochia , Blitanthus , Amaranthus acroglochin , Am. cauliflorus , Am. chenopodioides , Am. diandrus , Am. persicarioides , Boehmeria amaranthus , Blitanthus nepalensis , Acroglochia chenopodioides , Acroglochin schraderianum , Chenopodium pakistanicum Aellen were investigated. The name Lecanocarpus is a heterotypic synonym of Acroglochin , Acroglochia is an invalid name, and Blitanthus (initially published as nomen nudum ) is illegitimate. Types for Acroglochin chenopodioides , Ac. obtosufolium , Amaranthus acroglochin , Am. cauliflorus , Am. diandrus , Am. persicarioides , and Boehmeria amaranthus were designated based on specimens deposited at B, E, GB, and LE. Blitanthus nepalensis , Acroglochia chenopodioides , Acroglochin schraderianum were not validly published (Arts. 36.1b, 38.1, 38.2), while the name Chenopodium pakistanicum Aellen occurred only on a specimen label (herbarium W). Finally, notes on the morphology and distribution of Acroglochin are provided.

As part of the ongoing studies on the genus Polycarpon Linnaeus (1759: 859, 881) (see e.g., Iamonico 2015a, 2015b, 2015c, Iamonico & Domina 2015), and on the Italian loci classici (see e.g., Peruzzi et al. 2015, Brundu et al. 2015, Domina et al. 2016, Di Gristina et al. 2017, Domina et al. 2017, 2018a, 2018b), we present here a note regarding Hagaea alsinifolia Bivona-Bernardi (1815: 7–8) [currently accepted (see Bartolucci et al. 2018) as Polycarpon tetraphyllum Linnaeus (1759: 881) subsp. alsinifolium (Biv.) Ball (1877: 370)].

Centemopsis , Dasysphaera ¸ Neocentema , Nototrichium , Ptilotus , and Sericostachys are the generic names in Amaranthaceae which still appear untypified. Lectotypes of these names (according to the Art. 10.1 Note 1 of ICN) are designated in the present paper. On the basis of the Art. 10.1, I also investigated here the generitypes of the names, which are not typified [ Centema glomerata , Dasysphaera tomentosa , Nototrichium viride , Ptilotus corymbosus , and Sericostachys scandens ]. Specimens preserved at BM, GH, and S, and an image by Lopriore were chosen for the purpose of typification. Isolectotypes for the names Nototrichium viride , and Sericostachys scandens are also indicated from among specimens deposited at BISH, K, L, P, US, and WAG. The indications as holotype/isotype by Townsend and Bean (specimens preserved at BM, K, M, and Z) for the names Centema alternifolia , Dasysphaera tomentosa , and Ptilotus corymbosus were corrected (lectotype/isolectotype) according to the Art. 9.9, ex. 10. “ Ptilotus sandwicensis ”, which is currently considered as the basionym of “ Nototrichium sandwicense ”, is a nomen nudum and therefore not validly published according to the Art. 38.1 of ICN. As a consequence, the proposed combinations “ Nototrichium sandwicense ” by Hillebrand, and “ Psilotrichium sandwicense ” by Seeman were not validly published either.

As part of the ongoing studies of the genus Amaranthus Linnaeus (1753: 990) and in the course of the preparation of a new checklist of the vascular plants alien to the flora of Italy (see e.g., Iamonico 2015, 2016; Galasso et al. 2016, 2018), following the checklist of vascular plants native to Italy (Bartolucci et al. 2018), we present here a note regarding some names applied to hybrids of Amaranthus.

A nomenclatural study of the names linked to the critical Caroxylon imbricatum is presented. The names Chenopodium baryosmon , Salsola foetida var. gaetula , S. foetida var. glabrescens , S. foetida var. hirtipetala , S. foetida var. scopiformis , and S. imbricata were studied. Salsola foetida Delile ex Sprengel is lectotypified on a specimen preserved at MPU, while for Chenopodium baryosmon we clarified the statement by Botschantzev (lectotype at BM). Isolectotypes of C. baryosmon are deposited at BM, BR, E, G, K, M, and LE. Salsola foetida Delile ex Moquin-Tandon is an illegitimate name and a homotypic synonym of C. barysmon (Art. 52.2 of the ICN). A taxonomic treatment of the C. imbricatum group is proposed, with two species recognised: C. imbricatum s.lat. (incl. var. imbricatum and var. hirtipetalum comb. nov. ) and C. gaetulum .

Iamonico (2015a) recently described the new genus Augustea to accomodate three South American species previously included in the genus Polycarpon Linnaeus (1759: 859, 881), i.e. A. suffruticosa (Grisebach 1874: 77‒78) Iamonico (2015a: 72), A. coquimbense (Gereau & Marticorena 1995: 154) Iamonico (2015a: 75), and A. anomala (Hassler 1907: 12‒13) Iamonico (2015a: 76). In fact, these species are clearly separated from the molecular point of view (see Kool et al. 2007) and they display non-involte capsules. On the contrary, the dehiscence of capsule by valves that elastically roll inwards is unique in Polycarpon representing a synapomorphy for this genus.

The genus Linum Linnaeus (1753: 277) consists of about 200 species distributed in temperate and tropical regions of the world. The Mediterranean area can be considered one of the centers of diversity of this genus (Greuter et al. 1989, Yilmaz et al. 2003, Yilmaz & Kaynak 2008, 2010, Tugay et al. 2010, Peruzzi 2011, Ruiz-Martin et al. 2015).

A taxonomic revision of the genus Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) in Italy is here presented. Field surveys were carried out during the period 2006–2014. 58 herbaria (both European and American, including 12 personal herbaria) were consulted (more than 3,000 specimens were examined) as well as extensive literature was analized. Twenty-seven non-hybrid taxa (twenty-four species, and six varieties) are recognized ( A. crassipes and A. graecizans subsp. graecizans are considered doubtful for the flora of Italy). Three taxa ( A. blitum , A. cacciatoi , and A. graecizans subsp. sylvestris ) are native, one ( A. bouchonii ) has doubtful origin, while the others are to be considered aliens, mostly neophytes native to the Americas. Information about nomenclature (accepted names, main synonyms, and types), morphology, chromosome number, chorology (for native taxa) or alien status (for exotic taxa, at national and regional levels), occurrence in Italy (at regional scale), ecology (preferential habitat, phenology, elevation), taxonomic annotations are provided for each taxon, as well as original photos were prepared. Diagnostic keys at species and infraspecific levels (for A. blitum subsp. blitum s.l., A. emarginatus s.l., and A. graecizans s.l.) are given. An isolectotype for the name A. bouchonii was found at Z. A list of the seven hybrids recorded and their main morphological characteristics are also given. Among them, A. × mauritii is recorded in the present study for the first time in Italy. The nomenclatural change Amaranthus × pyxidatus comb. et stat. nov. is proposed. Two specimens preserved at MPU are designated as lectotype and isolectotype of the name A. × mauritii s.s. , while for A. × mauritii f. ramosissima the holotype was found; the two names are to be considered heterotypic synonyms (new synonymy).

As part of ongoing studies on Magnolia sect. Macrophylla in North America (Mexico), unusual populations from the humid forests of Sierra Madre Oriental (central western Tamaulipas State) were found. They are here formalized as a new species, M. alejandrae . Its morphology, ecology, and conservation status are provided. A morphological comparison with similar species and diagnostic key for the species of M. sect. Macrophylla are also included. The names Magnolia ashei , M. macrophylla , and M. dealbata are lectotypified, respectively, on specimens preserved at NCU, and P and on a Zuccarini illustration. An epitype (at M) was chosen for M. dealbata .

In this paper we typify and discuss 14 species and infraspecies names belonging to Sesleria sect. Argenteae (Poaceae). Lectotypes are designated for the names S. alba , S. anatolica , S. anatolica var. rossica , S. anatolica var. voronovii , S. doerfleri , S. gigantea , S. latifolia , S. latifolia var. serpentinica , S. pontica , S. robusta , S. sillingeri , S. vaginalis and S. wettsteinii . A neotype is designated for the name S. nitida . Previous typifications and holotypes for other names in S. sect. Argenteae are summarized.

The name Agrimonia eupatoria subsp. major stat. nov. (Rosaceae) is proposed. A lectoptype and isolectotype are proposed for the Boissier’s basionym on the basis of the examination of type materials and other specimens. For the nomenclatural purposes the names A. graeca ( nom. inval. according to the Art. 36.1c of the ICN), A. eupatoria sensu stricto (lectotype at LINN), A. eupatoria subsp. grandis (neotype at FI, designated in this paper), “ A. eupatoria var. grandis ” by Vollmann (isonym, Art. 6.3 Notes2 of the ICN) and “ A. grandis ” by Dobroczajeva (isonym, Art. 6.3 Notes2 of the ICN) are also discussed. A morphological comparison among the taxa included in the Agrimonia eupatoria aggregate, as well as a diagnostic key, are also given.

As part of the studies on Amaranthaceae Juss. (e.g. Iamonico 2014, 2015, Sánchez Del Pino & Iamonico 2016), and the preparation of the new Checklist of the Italian vascular alien Flora (Galasso et al. 2016), I present here a note on an Amaranthus hybrid which was reported for Italy by Cacciato (1966) as “Amaranthus ×galii Sennen & Gonzalo” (Sennen 1929: 34). This name was proposed by Sennen & Gonzalo (l.c.) without a diagnosis, and it is a nomen nudum and invalid under Art. 38.1 of the ICN (McNeill et al. 2012). Furthermore, Sennen & Gonzalo in Sennen (1929: 34) cited Amaranthus patulus Bertoloni (1837: 19) and A. retroflexus Linnaeus (1753: 991) as parental taxa of the new hybrid. According to the current knowledge (see Iamonico 2016), A. patulus is a heterotypic synonym of A. hybridus Linnaeus (1753: 990). Consequently, the hybrid concept of Sennen & Gonzalo refers to A. ×ozanonii (Thellung 1914: 263) Schuster & Goldschmidt in Ascherson & Graebner 1920: 20) (= A. hybridus × A. retroflexus).

As part of the ongoing researches on Asteraceae for the new edition of the Italian Flora, a revision of Helichrysum panormitanum s.l. is presented here. On the basis of previously published morphological and chemical data, as well as our morphological and chorological observations, we hereby propose to recognize six subspecies under H. panormitanum: subsp. panormitanum, subsp. stramineum, subsp. brulloi subsp. nov., subsp. messeriae, subsp. latifolium, and subsp. melitense comb. nov. All these taxa are endemic to Sicily and Egadi Islands (Italy), except H. panormitanum subsp. melitense which is endemic to Gozo island (Maltese archipelago). A diagnostic key for the six accepted subspecies is provided.

As part of the ongoing studies on the taxonomy and nomenclature of genera belonging to Caryophyllaceae Juss., contributing to the new edition of the Flora of Italy (see e.g., Iamonico 2013, 2014, 2016, Iamonico & Domina 2014, Iamonico & Sánchez Del Pino 2016, Vallariello et al. 2016), I here present a short note concerning a European species of Sagina Linnaeus (1753: 128) which is currently known as Sagina subulata (Swartz 1789: 45‒46) Presl (1826: 158).

Nomenclatural notes and morphological observations on Malva subovata sensu lato (Malvaceae) are discussed. The names Axolpha wigandii , L. africana by Cavanilles, L. africana by Miller, L. maritima , L. maritima var. purpurea , L. maritima var. trilobata , L. rupestris , and Lavatera subovata are lectotypified upon specimens preserved in the Herbaria BM, COI, G-DC, LY, MPU, and upon illustrations by Cavanilles and Gouan, while L. gallica , L. rotundifolia , and Olbia canescens are illegitimate names. Cavanilles’ L. africana , L. maritima , and A. wigandii are confirmed to be synonyms of L. subovata . Miller’s L. africana , a prevoiusly published homonym of Cavanilles’ L. africana , refers to another species. L. gallica , L. maritima var. purpurea , L. maritima var. trilobata , L. rotundifolia , and Olbia canescens are to be considered synonyms of L. subovata s.s. On the basis of morphological features and distribution areas, the current infraspecific classification of M. subovata s.l. (three subspecies) cannot be retained, and the better choice is the recognition of only two infraspecific taxa (subsp. subovata and subsp. bicolor ), while the subsp. rupestris is to be treated as a synonym of the autonymic subspecies.

A comprehensive nomenclatural study of the 109 names in Acnida , Amaranthus [1] and Euxolus, which were firstly published by Moquin-Tandon, is here presented. 49 names are invalid since 1) were proposed as synonyms under legitimate names (36 names, Art. 36.1c of the ICN), 2) are nomina nuda (11 names, Art. 38.2 Ex. 1 of the ICN), or 3) were uncorrectly named or published (2 names). 10 names are actually new proposed combinations. The remaining 50 names are valid (48 legitimate and 2 illegitimate). Six names ( Ac. tuberculata , Am. hybridus var. erythrostachys , Am. sect. Pyxidium , Am. muricatus , E. caudatus var. gracilis , and E. caudatus var. maximus ) are already lectotypified, while the remaining ones appears to be untypified. Types (lecto-, isolecto- and neo-) are designated on specimens preserved at BR, G, GH, HAL, HOH, K, MO, MPU, P, UPS, and iconographies by Vellozo (for Am. brasiliensis ), Wight ( Am. tristis var. wightii ), Morandi ( Euxolus viridis var. purpurascens ), and Dodoens ( Euxolus viridis var. rubens ). Syntypes are preserved at BR, MO, RO, and TUB. For the nomenclatural purposes the name Am. lanceolatus was also investigated and lectotypified on a specimen preserved at P. No typifications were proposed for 4 names: Am. paniculatus var. monstruosus (which is to be considered a teratogenous form) Am. flavus var. bernhardi , Am. hypochondriacus var. racemosus , and Am. tristis var. flexuosus . Concerning the latter three names, since the difficult in understanding the concepts of these taxa and finding useful specimens and in the interest of nomenclatural stability, a rejection of is hoped for (Art. 56 of the ICN). New synonymies are proposed for Amaranthus blitum var. nanus (= Am. blitoides ), Am. brasiliensis (= Am. cruentus ), Am. tristis var. leptostachys (= Am. cruentus ), Euxolus viridis var. rubens and Euxolus viridis var. purpurascens (= Am. blitum var. blitum ). The name Amaranthus × wallichii was proposed to formalize a putative hybrid between Am. cruentus and Am. hybridus , which still does not appear to be published.

The names Statice cumana (currently Limonium cumanum ), S. inarimensis (≡ L. inarimensis ), and S. remotispicula (≡ L. remotispiculum ) are lectotypified on specimens preserved at NAP and FI. These species are endemic to the south Tyrrhenian coasts (SW Italy), two of them ( L. cumanum , and L. inarimensis ) being narrow endemic to Campania region. A nomenclatural change ( Limonium cumanum var. glabrescens , comb. nov. ) is also proposed.

As part of the nomenclatural revision of the genus Sesleria (Poaceae), we have found that some names are still untypified. Thus, we have carried out a nomenclatural investigation which led to the designation of five lectotypes (for the names Festuca argentea , Cynosurus cylindricus , Sesleria argentea var. hispanica , S. elongata , and S. sphaerocephala ), three epitypes ( F. argentea , S. elongata , and S. sphaerocephala ) and one neotype ( S. autumnalis ). Concerning S. insularis a depth discussion was provided and this name was accepted to be lectotypified by Ujhelyi in a double-step typification . All the proposed types are in agreement with the current use of the names, and contribute to stabilize the nomenclatural framework of the genus.

Two specimens from the Linnaeus Herbarium (at LINN) and an illustration by Bauhin & Cherler are designated as the lectotypes of, respectively, Carduus eriophorus (≡ Cirsium eriophorum ), Carduus eriophorus var. spurius [= Cirsium × gerhardtii , syn. nov. ( Cirsium vulgare × Cirsium eriophorum )], and Cnicus ferox (≡ Cirsium ferox ). All the taxa involved in this study belong to Cirsium sect. Eriolepis .

Recent published molecular analyses have shown that the genus Polycarpon is polyphyletic and includes only the members belonging to the Polycarpon tetraphyllum aggregate. Morphologically, dehiscence of the capsule by valves that elastically roll inwards and eject the seeds provides a clear synapomorphy for Polycarpon in this restricted sense. Among the excluded taxa, the South American P. anomalum , P. suffruticosum and P. coquimbense are not described taxonomically, although molecular and morphological evidence exists. We here propose to recognise these species as a new South American endemic genus ( Augustea gen. nov. ) with three recognized species. The names Polycarpon suffruticosum (var. suffruticosum , and var. virens ), P. australe , and P. anomalum are lectotypified. A diagnostic key is provided, as well as descriptions, ecological information and distribution for each species.

Molecular phylogenetic analyses, morphological observations, and nomenclatural studies were carried out to investigate the taxonomic status of Portulaca boninensis, endemic species from the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands (Japan). The results addressed controversy between the widely naturalized P. boninensis and P. pilosa, indicating that they are phylogenetically and morphologically distinct. Furthermore, P. boninensis was showed to be conspecific to P. psammotropha which is until now recorded in southern China, Taiwan, and the northern Philippines, but not in the Ryukyus. The name of P. psammotropha was lectotypified on a specimen preserved at K. Based on phylogeography, P. psammotropha likely migrated to the Oceanic Bonin Islands oversea by sea-current dispersal or by exo- and/or end ozoochory through migratory birds without passing through Ryukyus.

As part of a revision of the genus Polycnemum Linnaeus (1753: 35) in Europe we here present a nomenclatural study of the untypified name Polycnemum majus A. Braun ex Bogenhard (1841: 151–152). This study is also related to a joint nomenclatural investigation of the Linnaean names of Camphorosma Linnaeus (1753: 122), where we detected that most original material of C. acuta Linnaeus (1753: 122) agrees with P. majus. That matter and a corresponding formal proposal to conserve P. majus so as to maintain that name will be published elsewhere.

The recent molecular investigations by Kool et al. (2007) clearly showed the polyphyly of the genus Polycarpon Linnaeus (1759: 859, 881) which includes, in the new restricted sense, only the taxa belonging to the Polycarpon tetraphyllum clade, while the South American P. suffruticosum Grisebach (1874: 77−78), and P. coquimbense Gereau & Marticonema (1995: 154), and the widespread tropical P. prostratum (Forsskål 1775: 207) Ascherson & Schweinfurth (1889: 128) are to be excluded. Kool et al. (2007) also suggested treating all the members of the P. tetraphyllum group as a single species with the recognition of several subspecies. Accordingly, Iamonico (2013), and Iamonico & Domina (2015) proposed four new nomenclatural combinations [a further proposal about the northwestern American P. depressum Nuttal ex Torrey & Gray (1838: 174) is in preparation].

As part of the treatment of Polycnemum by D. Iamonico for a new edition of the Flora of Italy (e.g., Iamonico 2011, 2012, 2013), and the ongoing taxonomic revision of the genus in Europe (Iamonico et al., in prep.), we hereby typify the names in Polycnemum Linnaeus (1753: 35) introduced by the Hungarian pharmacist and botanist, A.F. Láng (1795–1863). Láng’s contribution to European Polycnemum taxonomy was substantial, because of the currently accepted four species (Ball 1993), two [P. heuffelii Láng (1828: 219), P. verrucosum Láng (1824: 179)] were described by him. The greatest part of his huge herbarium (ca 60.000 specimens) was moved to Austria (Gombocz 1936), but many of his specimens are scattered in different herbaria worldwide.

To accommodate the morphological diversity of Satureja s.l. (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae, Menthae, Menthinae), many taxonomists (Bentham 1848, Boissier 1879, Ball & Getliffe 1972, Davis 1982) assign the species of this genus to different genera, mainly Satureja Linnaeus (1753: 587), Clinopodium Linnaeus (1753: 587), Acinos Miller (1754: without pagination), Calamintha Miller (1754: without pagination), and Micromeria Bentham (1829: ad tab 1282, no. 17), while others recognize only Satureja (e.g., Greuter et al. 1984) or Clinopodium (e.g., Kuntze 1891). Recent molecular studies (Wagstaff & al. 1995, Prether & al. 2002, Harley & al. 2004, Trusty & al. 2004, Bräuchler & al. 2005) have contributed to a better understanding of the group and they favoured abandonment of the concept of Satureja sensu lato. As consequence, the genera Acinos, Calamintha and Micromeria p.p. were transferred to the genus Clinopodium and several new combinations were validated both for the Americas (Cantino & Wagstaff 1998, Govaerts 1999, Harley & Paucar 2000, Pool 2008) and for Europe (Rosselló 2006, Bräuchler & al. 2008a, 2008b, Peruzzi & Conti 2008, Brullo & Brullo 2009, Bartolucci & Conti, 2011, 2012).

The Linnaean name Arenaria tenuifolia (Caryophyllaceae) is lectotypified on a specimen preserved at LINN (no. 585.36). To verify its identity, the names A. dichotoma ( nom. illeg. ), A. hybrida (currently Sabulina tenuifolia ), A. tenuifolia var. vaillantiana (currently S. tenuifolia subsp. vaillantiana ), Minuartia hybrida var. palaestina , M. hybrida var. parviflora , and M. hybrida subsp. turcica (currently S. tenuifolia subsp. turcica ) were investigated. Two iconography, one by Villars and a second by Vaillant are designated as lectotypes of A. hybrida , and A. tenuifolia var. vaillantiana respectively. In addition, the holotypes of M. hybrida var. palaestina , M. hybrida var. parviflora , and M. hybrida subsp. turcica (basyonim of S. tenuifolia subsp. turcica ) were examined at WU (var. parviflora ) and E (var. palaestina , and subsp. turcica ). The results show that Linnaeus’s 1753 A. tenuifolia , has priority over Villars’ 1779 A. hybrida . Therefore we here confirm the treatment of these two names by M. Dillenberger and J. Kadereit although neither name was typified by them. All of the above names are included in Sabulina . Since var. palaestina and var. parviflora have not yet transferred to Sabulina two new combinations are proposed herein, namely S. tenuifolia var. palaestina , and S. tenuifolia var. parviflora .

On the basis of DNA sequences of nrITS and plastid matK from 160 ingroup and 105 outgroup samples, Dillenberger & Kadereit (2014) reconstructed the phylogeny and the evolution of the relevant morphological characters of the genus Minuartia Linnaeus (1753: 89), to show that this genus is highly polyphyletic. A revised circumscription of Minuartia was proposed with the recognition of Cherleria Linnaeus (1753: 425), Eremogone Fenzl (1833: 13), Facchinia Reichenbach (1841: 63), Mononeuria Reichenbach (1841: 118), Rhodalsine Gay (1845: 25), Sabulina Reichenbach (1832: 24) and Triplateia Bartling (1830: 305), and recognition of new genera Mcneillia Dillenberger & Kadereit (2014: 83), Minuartiella Dillenberger & Kadereit (2014: 84) and Pseudocherleria Dillenberger & Kadereit (2014: 84).

As part of the revision of the genus Amaranthus Linnaeus (1753: 989) for the treatment of Amaranthaceae Jussieu for the Euro+Med PlantBase project (Iamonico, in prep.), and the typification work on the Linnaean names in this family (e.g., Iamonico 2012, 2013, 2014a, 2014b, Iamonico & Jarvis 2012, Iamonico & Del Pino 2014), it has been necessary to establish the identity of A. gangeticus Linnaeus (1759: 1268), especially in comparison with the related taxa included in the A. tricolor Linnaeus (1753: 989) aggregate (Iamonico 2014a).

The typification of the name Atriplex tornabenei (a nomen novum pro A. arenaria) is discussed. An illustration by Cupani is designated as the lectotype, while a specimen from FI is designated as the epitype. Chorological and morphological notes in comparison with the related species A. rosea and A. tatarica are also provided. A nomenclatural change (Atriplex tornabenei subsp. pedunculata stat. nov.) is proposed.

The genus Acanthus Linnaeus (1753: 639) (Acanthaceae) is composed of 20 species distributed in Africa, southern Europe, southern Asia, and Australasia (McDade et al. 2005). Linnaeus (1753, 1756) published 5 names under Acanthus [ A. dioscoridis Linnaeus (1756: 23), A. ilicifolius Linnaeus (1753: 639), A. maderaspatensis Linnaeus (1753: 639), A. mollis Linnaeus (1753: 639), A. spinosus Linnaeus (1753: 639)] of which two are currently referred to other genera (Jarvis 2007): A. ilicifolius L. is now accepted under Dilivaria Jussieu (1789: 103) as D. ilicifolia (L.) Jussieu (1789: 103), A. maderaspatensis L. under Blepharis Jussieu (1789: 103) as B. maderaspatensis (L.) Roth (1821: 320). One of these names, concerning the European flora, appears to be yet untypified, and it is therefore investigated here. Acanthus spinosus is known in mediterranean and south-eastern Europe (Italy, Croatia, Albania, Bulgaria, Crete, East Aegean islands, Greece), the Asiatic Turkey as well as in Algeria, and is currently accepted at specific rank (e.g., Marhold 2011).