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A check-list of endemic vascular plants of the Tian-Shan Mountains, including plant distribution along mountain ranges and in Central Asian countries, has been compiled for the first time in this study. The list of Tian-Shan flora consists of 871 endemic species and subspecies. One subspecies belongs to Pinaceae (Pinopsida) and 870 taxa belong to Magnoliidae (dicots, 732 taxa, and monocots, 138 taxa). The endemic flora belongs to 39 families and 187 genera. The largest number of endemics is concentrated in the mountain ranges of Kyrgyzstan (225 national endemics, 507 taxa in total) and Kazakhstan (205 national endemics, 485 taxa in total). Uzbekistan occupies the third position (69 national endemics, 320 taxa in total). Tajikistan has fewer endemics: 82 taxa, of which only 16 taxa are national endemics. The most represented families and genera are: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, and Amaryllidaceae; and Astragalus, Allium, Cousinia, Oxytropis, and Gagea, respectively.

A new species, Asarum koreanum (Aristolochiaceae), is described from Mount Gaseopsan, in Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. It is differentiated from the morphologically similar A. sieboldii, by the purple or light green leaves without white variegation, large flowers, and deep purple calyx lobes with dense multicellular glandular trichomes. In addition, this species only occurs in the Baekdudaegan mountain range of the central part of Korea (Chungcheongbuk-do), whereas A. sieboldii is extensively distributed throughout Korea, Japan, and China.