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Tanzania is endowed with vast quantities and types of resources whose extraction has been central to the country¡¯s economic growth. However, the challenge has been translating growth in extraction activities into inclusive and sustainable socio-economic development and transformation. Instead of being of benefit to all, mineral resource extraction has only served to put Tanzania into the map of foreign capital flows but with limited benefits to the local citizens. Drawing on academic literature, government policy and legal documents as well as other secondary materials, this paper examines challenges of translating resource extraction into inclusive and sustainable socio-economic development in Tanzania. It focuses on large scale gold mining and local content provisions. The paper argues that having in place a good policy and legal framework is nothing if it is not implemented to the benefit of local communities and the entire nation. There is, therefore, a need to move from papers to implementation if mineral resource extraction is to be of any significance to socio-economic transformation. This is very significant especially now that Tanzania has a new mining sector legal and policy framework in place and is looking forward to making the most out of its recently discovered natural gas.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enzyme hydrolysis of jackfruit pulp using two commercial pectinase enzyme solutions with different polygalacturonase activities. A 2³ factorial design, with three repetitions at the central point, was used to establish the optimal conditions of jackfruit pulp hydrolysis, evaluating the effect of time (20 - 100 min), temperature (30 - 60ºC) and enzyme concentration (0.01 - 0.09%). The dependent variables viscosity, yield, soluble solids content, color intensity, shade, and turbidity were the responses evaluated. Viscosity, color intensity, shade, and turbidity of the pulps were significantly influenced by all studied variables with the determination coefficients (R2) between 0.74 and 0.99. The lack of adjustment was not significant in the models that describe the previous properties. The highest enzyme concentration (0.09%) was the factor with the greatest influence on the studied responses, regardless of the pectinase type.

Eucalyptus globulus is the most profitable specie in Europe for pulping. However, in recent years some diseases and pests have caused its defoliation, affecting the available quantity of wood. In this sense, the mills are studying how to avoid the loss of pulp yield as well as the optimization of byproducts in order to take advantage of every component present in the wood using biorefinery processes. One of the possible options is to complete the consumption of E. globulus with other species such as Eucalyptus nitens. The objective of this paper is to study the behavior of both species related to the dissolving pulp manufacturing process as well as the characteristics of the resulting products. Parameters that can be very useful for the evaluation of the raw material, such as the growing data or density of both species, have been compared. Major attention has been focused on the composition of both species and how it affects the characteristics of the possible final products. E. nitens presents good results of forestry characteristics, being better than E. globulus in terms of growing and resistance to frosts. The cellulose content of both species is similar, however the digestion process in the case of E. nitens needs to be improved in order to optimize the involved energy and the obtained products. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this research by the KBBE-2012-6-311935 research project under the European Union Seventh Framework Programme. www.brigit-project.eu.

Fish is a vital source of nutrients to humans due to its proteinaceous nature, high content of unsaturated fatty acids and low contents of carbohydrates. Fish consumption therefore is recommended to circumvent lifestyle diseases associated with the consumption of red meat. In their natural environments fish are exposed to a myriad of microorganisms some of which compromise the shelf life of the product and/or safety in humans. Most fish factories are located along coasts hence find it economical to make use of processed sea water in processing. Processed sea water however can be a source of microbial contamination to fish. Prudent quality assurance regimes are therefore required to minimise low fish quality products and promote consumer safety. Fish factories are also vulnerable to biofilm formation on surfaces and within water distribution pipes. Biofilms result from bacterial attachment and growth in aqueous environments within which pathogenic and spoilage bacteria become resistant to cleaning and sanitising agents. Biofilms defy efforts directed at maximising the safety and quality of fish. This article reviews the conditions permissible to bacterial contamination in marine fish factories. The role of water in bacterial contamination and survival has been highlighted. Bacterial pathogens commonly associated with fish factories and their survival strategies have also been discussed. The use of a number of selected oxidising agents and UV irradiation as sanitizers in marine fish processing have been explored. The fundamental antimicrobial mechanisms of chlorine, ozone and H2O2 is the generation of toxic metabolic intermediates that damage microbial structural components, enzymes and cell membranes causing metabolic paralysis and leakage of cytoplasmic contents and cell death. UV radiation damages DNA and hinders gene expression processes. Controlling bacteria biofilm by means of sanitising agents has been well experimented in fresh water systems, but knowledge about disinfection of marine waters is still lacking. The review concludes that in order to optimise the microbiological quality of marine fish, suitable disinfectants effective in sea water need to be explored and authenticated. It is therefore necessary to conduct cost/benefit studies of sanitising agent agents that are effective in sea water and their impact on the quality and safety of marine fish. Key words: Biofilms Factories Sanitation Seafood.

This paper intended to examine the effects of the language of instruction on Learning in secondary education in Dodoma region, and its implications in the preparation of the country's workforce. A total of 288 form one students at Ipala and Hombolo secondary schools were purposely and conveniently selected into the study. Standard seven past papers including geography, history, and civics were used as model papers to test the effects of the Language of instruction in students' learning. The same examination was conducted to the same group in each school administered in English and later in the Kiswahili language. A Paired sample t-test (dependent t-test) for paired samples was used to compare means of correlated samples and to test the null hypothesis that "there is no significant difference between the sample means". Each sample from the population was measured twice. It was revealed that the students' scores in the examination differed due to the difference in the language of instructions. The scores in grade-wise revealed the poor performance of the examination in English when compared with the same examination in the Kiswahili language. We found that the use of the English language inhibits the understanding of the subject and limits the rooms for active involvement in training and learning, which is a prerequisite for understanding. Thus, it affects the efforts to prepare the future workforce to propel the realization of education policy and its contribution to the Tanzania National Development Vision 2025. We recommend designing operational strategies for implementation of the National Education and Training Policy, 2014 that directs the use of Kiswahili as the instructional language in all levels of education in the country.

Practical theology, according to Stone (2002) posits that churches should care and sacrifice for the community. Consequently, Christianity has been handling epidemics for more than 2000 years. This paper seeks to assess the role that is being played by the leadership in Apostolic Faith Mission in Zimbabwe (AFMZ) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The term leadership in this paper refers to those in charge of the congregants and this includes church pastors, reverends, bishops and elders. Church leaders are people who play influential roles within their faith communities and the broader local community. They benefit from trust and exercise moral authority over members of their local faith community, and shape public opinion in the broader community and even at the national or international level. The paper argues that the church and its leadership play an important role in providing moral guidance to tackle COVID-19 and also to dispel fear that stalks communities alongside the disease. In order to evaluate the role that AFMZ leadership is playing in the fight against COVID-19, the paper employs a qualitative research approach in its exploration and analysis of data gathered through an online survey method. The paper found out that the church is playing a vital role in communities by communicating messages of hope in the midst of severe fears of COVID-19. It also found out that the church leadership is playing a vital role in changing people’s attitudes toward COVID-19 by providing in depth discussions of safety measures in times of the pandemic. Lastly, the paper found out that the church leadership is not doing enough on the practical matters like providing food to the most vulnerable groups in their respective communities and for quarantined patients, maintaining clear communication with families and ensuring that basic primary care is not undermined due to limited finances. The paper therefore recommends that more finance should be availed to church leadership especially from the main church coffers to enable them to meet the above-mentioned demands.

Public procurement policy is vital for effective, efficient, economic, and transparent functioning of the public procurement system. Policy development is a political decision making platform. This paper tries to do an institutional analysis dwelling on the identification of the relevant systemic challenges and the related issues facing public procurement policy development in Tanzania. The paper utilises institutional and Delphi policy analyses to analyse systemic challenges facing public procurement policy development. Data for this paper were collected through Delphi in-depth interviews and documentary reviews and analysis. Data analysis were done by thematic and Delphi policy analyses. Analyses of data and evidences show that, Tanzania has been evidenced to have no public procurement policy. The public procurement policy development process has been halted for at least four years since 2012 due systemic challenges. The identified and analysed relevant systemic challenges facing public procurement policy development, inter alia, were: neglected politics and lack of political willingness; unrealistic policy process model; failure to achieve the desired qualities of policy development and difficult in achieving the policy qualities and therefore failure to make progress; and incoherent and incomplete institutional and structural changes that led to the emergence of new institutional and structural challenges.

Sweat orange, grape fruit, lime, lemon and mandarin are the major citrus fruit cultivated in most of the countries. Less land and traditional citrus cultivation practice result low production as well as productivity especially in developing countries. This paper is reviewed with the aim of calling attentions of the concerned sectors by explaining benefits of high density planting technology over traditional system of planting in citrus fruit. More than forty research technical papers were critically reviewed focus on pruning practices, planting distance, dwarf rootstocks of citrus spp. and possible uses of plant growth regulators (retardants) used in citrus fruit. Annual pruning in recommend technique, use of dwarf rootstocks viz. trifoliate, troyer citrange, assam lemon etc, appropriate planting distance, use of plant growth regulators (Paclobutrazol and GA3) and nutrient management are the basic components for successful high density planting(HDP). HDP technology is gaining popularity in citrus because of earlier production and net returns, increasing land values and higher taxes of land, efficient use of nutrient and water due to greater root densities, efficient pesticidal application and easier weed control.

Tanzania is implementing the decentralization by devolution policy (D by D) as a mechanism of facilitating quick development process through the involvement of people from grass root levels. One of the areas for decentralization is administrative decentralization whereby local government authorities are regarded as autonomous organs when it comes to management of human resources from hiring to firing. However, recently from 2009, the government decided to establish a new centralized recruitment system, which recruits and allocates human resources on behalf of local government authorities and other government institutions. Several reasons have been advocated in favour of these changes like to facilitate uniformity and lack of meritocracy by the local government authorities. Using secondary data, this paper attempts to show how the establishment of centralized recruitment in Tanzania has acted as a thorn towards the full attainment of administrative decentralization. The paper ends by concluding that centralized recruitment has not only weakened local authorities in implementing D by D policy but it has left a lacuna in the real meaning of D by D policy.

Procurement function is a facilitator and enabler of every value chain. This paper is a result of a study on the contribution of procurement function on the public services delivery systems and on the national socio-economic development. Specific foci were on: assessing the contribution of procurement function on the public services delivery systems; and assessing the contribution of procurement function on the attainment of the objectives of the national socio-economic development. The study used a survey of value-laden opinions. Localities surveyed were deliberately selected and sampled. The study covered one metropolis and business city (Dar es Salaam), three regional administrative cities (Arusha, Mbeya and Mwanza), one central government municipal (Dodoma), and one local municipal council (Morogoro). A deliberate sample of 150 case respondents was envisaged. However, the study covered 129 case respondents. Data management and analysis were qualitative in which thematic analysis, documentary reviews and content analysis were applied upon the specific study objectives. This paper provides value-laden opinions generated out of the case respondents’ perceptions on the specific themes and issues related thereto. The results of assessment show a significant contribution of the procurement function on the Tanzania public services delivery systems and on the national socio-economic development agenda. The assessments show a positive marginal contribution of the procurement functional performance on the national economic development agenda by more than 70%.

This paper has examined applicable theories on the records and archives management (RAM) in an attempt to use empirical results and findings to explain the RAM practices. The paper had used ten deliberately selected empirical studies on the RAM practices conducted in Tanzania. Results and findings from the examined empirical studies reveals that records life-cycle theory has been dominantly used to study RAM practices in Tanzania; whilst case study methodology being the dominant research design used by most of the examined studies. Empirically, it has been found that RAM practices in Tanzania have been constrained by a number of constraining factors. The identified factors were, inter alia: inadequacy of RAM practices; inexistence of RAM guidelines; inadequate funding over RAM activities; untrained personnel; lack of comprehensive RAM policy; inadequate records storage space, equipment and facilities; and unreformed records and archives management systems. Based on these results and findings it is concluded that theories propounded for the records and archives management could be supplemented by other management theories and philosophies in studying specific issues on the subject matter. It is recommended that RAM needs specialised studies to determine the influence of the constraining factors on the extent of proper management of records and archives in the specialised administration and management fields that need efficient management and care of records.

This paper investigates the socio-economic determinants of Employment in Tanzanian regions. It used the cross-sectional data of 2014 on several variables as this was found to be the most recent dataset in the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics. Despite the impressive growth rates of 7 percent observed in Tanzania poverty hasn’t been reduced as expected, and employment has been static. The paper applies spatial techniques including spatial lag (SAR), spatial error (SEM) and spatial Durbin models to discover the spatial patterns of employment. SAR model was selected as all the variables, GDP per capita, the number of schools, and health services measured by a number of dispensaries were significant. Also, the direct and indirect effects were conducted and GDP per capita were significant and conforms to the theory. The study concludes that there was some regional dependency on some variables hence spatial approach is appropriate as it avoids biased, inefficient and inconsistent results.

Social workers are potential change agents who can be used to transform the lives of the vulnerable populations in the world and Tanzania, in particular. This is achieved through actively and creatively participating in policy formulation and change (policy advocacy and change, analysis, launching campaigns and building coalitions). The powers social workers have are derived from the professional legality vested in them in making practice decisions. By utilizing their powers, skills and knowledge as change agents, they can considerably imbue social policies with pro-poor approach that puts social justice at the centre of development. Drawing from the findings of a study conducted in Dar es Salaam, this paper shows that social workers’ engagement in policy practice was low. The reasons ascribed to low policy practice engagement are lack of policy practice competencies/specialized training in policy practice, institutional/organizational interest/influence, lack of resources and fear. The paper shows that low engagement of policy practice has partly contributed to the low visibility, recognition of social work profession, practice and inefficient provision of welfare services in Tanzania. This article argues that it is very important for social workers to use their social policy skills and knowledge so as to bring positive social and economic outcomes to the lives of the vulnerable populations in Tanzania. This can be successfully done by using professional associations such as TASWO, establishing Social Work Council and forging cooperation with NGOs in advocating not only for policy implementation but also policy research and change.

Lionfish (Pterois miles and Pterois volitans) are known for their invasive success in the western Atlantic and Caribbean. With few marine fish invasions of similar magnitude being documented, the introduction of lionfish in this area has been deemed one of the fastest and most ecologically harmful introductions to date. Furthermore, this invasion is thought to be caused by negligent aquarists who released ornamental lionfish off the coast of Florida in 1985. Interestingly, lionfish are rare in abundance throughout their native waters of the Indo-Pacific and factors controlling lionfish’s native populations are little studied and not clearly defined. Through the analysis of the Marine Aquarium Biodiversity and Trade Flow database for the years 2008, 2009, and 2011, it was determined that approximately 137,723 lionfish were exported to the United States with Los Angeles, CA being the most popular point of entry. Of this total, 45.5% originated from the Philippines, 27.7% from Indonesia, and 14.5% from Kenya. Pterois volitans was exported from 15 different countries and on average 19 times more than Pterois miles which was exported only from three countries. This paper questions: 1) if the ornamental aquarium trade is affecting lionfish’s native populations and 2) if the lionfish imports could be leading to more introductions in non-native waters. Ultimately, this paper acts as a short communication identifying a need for further research and attention towards this

This paper examines the effect of corruption on quality of public health services. Corruption, in Tanzania, is a national concern that upsets public health services. There is a public outcry that corruption is increasing in the public health sector while the government’s effort to combat the phenomenon is unimpressive. This poses worries on the quality of public health services. The current study adopted cross-sectional research design, and a total of 180 respondents were involved in the survey. The Mann Whitney U Test was used to compare differences between perceived quality of health services and respondents’ characteristics. Overall, 87.2% of the respondents perceived low quality of health services, and corruption affected quality of health services to a greater extent. Based on age, employment and wealth status, there was significant difference on reporting perceived quality of health services at 5% and 1% level of significance. In addition, respondents’ sex and employment status showed significant difference in reporting the extent to which corruption affected quality of health services at 5% level of significance. The paper draws out two conclusions: first, the quality of health services was low. Second, corruption exacerbated poor quality of health services. To that effect, interventions to combat corruption in the public health sector are needed so as to improve quality of health services.

Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a high priority species for federal and state land management agencies in the Western United States. Sage-grouse are sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) obligates requiring sagebrush for their survival throughout the year. Sagebrush has been removed and replaced with crested wheatgrass (Agropyroncristatum & A.desertorum) throughout the West. The objectives of this paper were to review the literature (100 papers), as well as consult experts, to determine which methods are most likely to eliminate crested wheatgrass and establish sagebrush. No technique eliminates crested wheatgrass in a single application but research suggests it should not comprise more than 14% cover for successful reseeding of other species. Grazing and fire have no long-term impacts on crested wheatgrass. Mechanical treatments, such as plowing, disking, and cultivating reduce and eradicate crested wheatgrass, but a flush of invasive annual grasses following mechanical disturbance can make establishment of seeded species difficult. If invasive plant establishment is a problem with mechanical treatments, crested wheatgrass stands should be treated with glyphosate in early spring for two consecutive years at a rate of 1.1 kg/ha of active ingredient. Then, sagebrush should be seeded in the late fall using a compact row seeder or Brillion cultipacker at a rate of 0.22 kg/ha pure live seed.

The strength of the book is that it is comprehensive, well written and accessible to students who don’t have an in depth- understanding of formal economics.”(Matthew Cole, Birmingham University)The main objectives of this Review paper is to answer three questions in easy and soft language for an in depth understanding. which country is more advanced in East African community (EAC) using comparison of GDP Official exchange rate (GDP OER) and GDP Purchasing power party (GDP PPP), Is Rwanda contributing more to global Economy than other countries member of EAC, and the last one is the average person income or wealthier in Rwanda compared to other countries member of East African community, all these issues are being addressed in this review paper. The methodology used in this paper was a Descriptive study, where EAC members where described based on historical data published from world bank, IMF, NISR, and then compared where comparison was based on GDP official exchange rate, PPP, expenditures partners, Trade per capita, exports, imports and worldwide governance indicators. The result showed that Kenya is the most advanced country in EAC members, with highest Nominal GDP in US dollar, times more than one point five of Tanzania, two point five times of Uganda, seven times of Rwanda and twenty times of Burundi. Even though country like Kenya is one step ahead of Tanzania in terms of GDP per capita, Tanzania had spent much in gross fixed capital formation compared to Kenya and all other EAC members. And in terms of governance Rwanda is a head of its counterparts EAC members. Kenyans are wealthier in EAC and Kenya contributes more in global economy in terms of exports and imports. Key words: GDP OER, GDP PPP, EAC, Global economy, Governance and Advanced.

There has been widespread concern about the provision of quality education (QE) for all learners in all contexts, but research evidence to inform this debate is quite divergent and in most of cases the question about achieving this desire seems to be full of myths. This paper examines a selection of embedded myths about QE in Tanzanian education sector. The paper specifically aims at identifying the myths, their effects in education practice, and the appropriate ways to address them. The researcher’s own experiences and voices from secondary school teachers, parents, and students were merged to inform the study. Merging of these voices helped this paper to have a major contribution towards a better understanding of myths and their adverse influence in education practice, and spotting some alternative modes of practice towards addressing them.

Ensuring that Tanzanian secondary school students receive quality science education (SE) experiences is a desire that Tanzania has looked forward to achieving.Despite clear and well-focused intent to provide quality SE experiences in schools, the progress towards achieving a target has not been so clear over decades. This review paper analyses the SE debates and the efforts made towards achieving such a goal. The analysis in this paper is built on an attempt to trace the progress and the success of the aspiration to providequality SE in Tanzanian secondary schools. The paper also articulates how such an expectation has been achieved so far. Eventually the paper identifies some new emphases in an effort to provide quality SE and providesa relevant approach towards achieving the goal to provide excellent SE experiences in schools.

This study was aimed at isolation and screening of fungal species associated with Artemisia annua Plantation soils from one of the under studied areas in Plateau state, Nigeria for cellulase activity. A total of thirteen fungal species were isolated from various locations within the A. annua Plantation and were screened for cellulase production. Agar plate assay was carried out using basal medium supplemented with 1% Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) powder and staining with 0.1% Congo red solution after the incubation period. Among these species, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger and A. terreus were more predominant and were recorded as cellulase producing species. They have shown to possess cellulose degrading ability and exhibited maximum zones of hydrolysis on Carboxymethylcellulose medium and were selected for enzyme assay using submerged fermentation (SmF). Enzyme production was analyzed by Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) methods and the enzymes assayed for were CMCase (β-1,4-endoglucanase), β-glucosidase and FPase (total cellulose) using Carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose acetate and Filter paper as substrates respectively. The highest cellulase activity was observed on the 3 rd day in A. niger with enzyme production of 0.045IU/ml and 0.040IU/ml on CMC and filter paper media respectively. A . fumigatus had high enzyme activity of 0.037IU/ml and 0.025IU/ml on filter paper and cellulose acetate media respectively. Highest enzyme production of 0.034IU/ml was recorded for A. terreus on the 3 rd day on cellulose acetate medium. These fungal species could be employed specially to perform in situ environmental applications involving cellulose biodegradation of wastes.

Over the past 2 decades, wine sales of the leading traditional wine producing countries (France, Italy and Spain) have faced increasing international competition. Sales have been eroded by encroachment from other beverages, changing lifestyles, demography, increased production of other European producers and the economic crisis. Conversely, French wine export has begun to increase with estimates for 2013 at 7,835 million Euros (OIV, 2014; XERFI 700, 2014). This is due to wine consumption increasing in the USA and China, two of the main export markets for France (De La Chesnais, 2013; Julien, 2013). Business strategies appropriate of large scale wine producers from France, Italy and Spain, have been much studied and written about. In sharp contrast, little has been said about the strategies appropriate to smaller producers facing similar issues (Remaud et al., 2004; Coelho & Rastoin, 2006). This paper intends to contribute to the paucity of literature about small wine producers’ export strategies. It therefore analyses the current situation in the South West of France, taking as example small independent wineries in Jurancon, a little known wine region nestled at the base of the Pyrenees Mountains. This paper therefore examines small wineries’ strategies for exporting to China and details an empirical study of independent wine producers in Jurancon and suggests areas for further research. The main findings point to the lack of a clear export strategy for small wine producers such as the Jurancon wine producers. Due to a lack of experience and knowledge of the Chinese market, most small wine producers did not see much potential and until recently were able to sell all of their production to the French market and did not need to investigate export possibilities. However, more recently, through an increasing demand for French AOC wine from the Chinese market, and other foreign markets, they have started to look at ways to produce more to be able to satisfy some of the demand. As their export intentions are still in their initial stages, there are many complexities that still need to be researched before a clear strategy can be defined. However, some small Jurancon wineries are actively involved and are far ahead in the process of developing a strategy for export.

The low volume of information related to the interaction of Trichoderma fungi with seeds and seedlings represents a limitation to forest production, and it is important to carry out studies focusing on its effect on plant germinability and formation. The aim was to evaluate commercial products based on Trichoderma spp. in promoting growth of Jacaranda mimosifolia . For initial seedling growth assay, seeds were treated with Trichoderma spp. suspension and placed on germinating paper sheets. At 28 days after sowing (DAS) the following evaluations were: percentage germination (PG), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), total length (TL), fresh root mass (FRM), fresh shoot mass (FSM), fresh total mass (FTM), root dry mass (RDM), shoot dry mass (SDM) and total dry mass (BIO). To evaluate the development of Jacaranda mimosifolia plants, the experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, wherein the soil of each pot (10 L) was treated with five strains of the Trichoderma spp. ( Trichoderma asperellum URM 5911; T. harzianum ESALQ 1306; T. harzianum IBLF 006 WP; T. harzianum SIMBI T5 and T. harzianum T-22 WG. Then, Jacaranda mimosifolia seeds were sown and the evaluations performed at 120 DAS. The variables were: PG at 120 DAS, shoot height (SH), stem diameter (SD), and Dickson quality index (DQI). The strains SIMBI T5, ESALQ 1306 and T-22 WG stood out in relation to RL; while ESALQ 1306 and SIMBI T5 stood out performed the RL and TL. In greenhouse, SIMBI T5 and ESALQ1306 presented higher values of ALT, CR, DC, MFT. Meanwhile, only the SIMBI T5 strain stood out for MSPA, MSR, BIO and DQI.

Studies over the last years revealed significant insights into the β-Catenin & TGF β signal transduction pathways and that such pathways are abnormal activated in abundant cancer types. According to the straight forward effect of these pathways in various tumor types, both pathways are currently considered targets for innovative cancer therapies. This view study emphasizes 13 proteins that are implicated in these two pathways. As there has been widespread research into the proteins that involved in these pathways, we have utilized data existing in the Human Protein Atlas database in this paper to examine the expression of 53 crucial proteins that are recognized to be involved in the activation of these pathways in a distinct group of 45 cancer types. Our findings revealed notably that the proteins (SKIL, SHC, ERK1/2, RAS, PI3K (PIK3CA), SMAD8, ACVR2A/1B SNON, AKT, and SMAD3, from TGF β and (RNF43, SNAIL1 and DVl) for β catenin show high expression in most caner tissues. Our results strongly suggest that these proteins might have the ability to act as potential objects for remedies and provide perception into the molecular basis of cancer.

The paper is aimed to determine whether there is a loss of performance by comparing the competition values of the Super League team before and after the COVID-19 epidemic. In order to reduce the performance losses of the athletes due to lack of training, 60-75 minutes of self-weight training was applied during the quarantine period. Paired t test was used for statistical analysis. A statistically significant difference was found in the Total Distance, High Intensity Distance, Sprint Distance, High Speed Distance, Number of High Intensity Runs, Number of Sprints, Number of High Speed Runs, Average Speed, Total Distance in Possession, Total Distance Out of Possession, Total Distance Ball Out of Play, High Intensity Distance in Possession, High Intensity Distance Out of Possession, High Intensity Distance Ball Out of Play, Sprint in Possession, Sprint Out of Possession, Sprint Ball Out of Play, High Speed Distance in Possession, High Speed Distance Out of Possession, High Speed Distance Ball Out of Play values of the athletes compared to p < 0.05. As a result, it has been observed that the training of super league football players with their own body weight during the quarantine period positively affects their performance during the season.

Starch, protein and lipid are the most important nutrients in rice, and their composition and content in rice grains play a decisive role in the grain quality. Rice quality (including appearance quality, cooking quality, nutrition quality, grinding and processing quality, etc.) is not only affected by the composition of the nutrients in grain of rice, but also by the physical and chemical characteristics and their content in grains, but also vulnerable to external environmental conditions. To clarify the relationship between the main nutrients in rice and their grain quality traits is of great theoretical significance and potential application value for the continuous improvement of rice quality in the future. Therefore, this paper reviewed the effects of starch, protein, lipid and mineral elements in grain of rice and also on quality of trait in rice. It is also discussed the relationship between these nutrients and rice grain quality traits. All of those will provide important information for the quality of grain improvement and breeding of new varieties with high quality in rice.

Community Health Fund (CHF) was established in 1996 as a District Council based pre-payment health insurance scheme in Tanzania with the aim of improving health of communities working in the informal sectors. However, since its formulation, it has been performing unsatisfactorily, and hence majority of Households (HHs) are not members while other members are withdrawing from the scheme. This necessitated the need for assessing the contribution of CHF on social health security among members. Specifically, this paper examined the challenges faced by households regarding CHF membership and analysed the contributions of CHF on its member. The study area was Kalambo District Council. A cross-sectional research design was used, whereas a simple random sampling technique through lottery method was employed to select the sample size of 354 respondents. Qualitative data were collected using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), while quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire. Quantitative data were coded and analysed using IBM-SPSS. Qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. The results show that CHF contributed to social health security among its members in the study area, through provision of health services to its members once they fall sick. On other hand, CHF had few members as only 24.3% of HHs had membership to CHF. One of the barriers for CHF was lack of awareness among communities about the existence of CHF, while other cited lack of money for contributing to CHF. Thus, the study concludes that CHF has not contributed significantly to the health security among targeted members. The study recommends that, CHF officials should widely sensitize communities through seminars and meetings about CHF and its benefits to them. Furthermore, CHF stakeholders should coordinate communities in the area to establish financial institutions such as Village Community Banks (VICOBA) where they can save and borrow money for registration cards.

This paper centres on evaluating the education of linguistically handicapped pupils (deaf) in two specialized institutions in the Southwest region of Cameroon. It is an analysis of the education carried out in specialized institutions for the deaf in providing them with basic education so as to meet the EFA goals and to attain the objectives of development for the millennium. With the conviction that education is crucial for their development, Ephphata Institute for the Deaf (EID) Kumba and Buea School for the Deaf (BSD) institutions are examined to assess teaching programmes offered to these children. Analysis proved that these points are relevant for effective teaching to take place: A curriculum which is relevant and can be adapted to provide quality education in order to increase participation in schooling and improve the quality of the education provided. Training which will improve teachers’ skills so that they can best perform their functions. This descriptive survey made use of a questionnaire, an observation guide, interviews, and checklist. The sample of the study was 12 teachers and 130 pupils purposively selected from the two schools under investigation. The self-delivery method was used to collect data. Data analysis was descriptive with the use of frequency counts and percentages. The findings revealed that the national curriculum was rigid and extensive for teachers (75%). The most important challenge the teachers faced was on how to adapt curriculum contents (83%). Solutions to these problems are proposed.

Platonia insignis Mart., known as “bacurizeiro”, is a medium to large tree species whose fruit (called “bacuri”), wood and energy are used for many purposes. Its origin center is in the Eastern Amazon. This paper carries out an economic analysis of the production systems management performed by small producers that manage bacurizeiro in natural occurrence areas in Brazilian Amazon, highlighting aspects of their importance for the social reproduction strategy of small farmers. The management is understood as an improving process of the simple extractivism of collect, seeking to increase the land and labor productivity, increasing the density or creating more favorable conditions for bacurizeiro. In order to perform the field survey, an intentional sampling was chosen, considering only the small farmers who had bacurizeiro in their establishments and who commercialized their products to limited degree. A total of 77 questionnaires were applied among the 7 assessed municipalities, which 57 were in the Northeastern Para Mesoregion and 20 in Marajó, conducted from November 2016 to March 2017. A typology of production systems was carried out, where four types were found: bacurizeiro and small farming, bacurizeiro and fruit orchard, bacurizeiro and fishing and bacurizeiro and social security. It was found that the production systems with the highest degree of species diversification possess the highest potential of income generation besides the highest agricultural income and the highest small farmers income. Those are the production systems belonging to bacurizeiro and fruit orchard (T2). Bacurizeiro significantly contributes to all types of production systems found, representing a minimum average participation in agricultural income of 19.99% (bacurizeiro and fishing). The sale of fruits and pulp of represents an essential social reproduction strategy to small producers in Northeastern of Pará and in Marajó.

Community Health Fund (CHF) is one among health insurance schemes found in Tanzania. It was established in 1996 with the aim of improving the health of people who work in informal sectors. However, since its formulation, it has not performed well; the majority of HHs are not members, and some members are withdrawing from the scheme. The overall objective was to assess the attitude of community members towards the importance of CHF for health security. Specifically, the paper assesses the attitude towards CHF interventions among members and non-members of CHF and compares the attitude between members and non-members of CHF on health security. Cross sectional research design was used in this study. Simple random sampling technique using the lottery method was employed to select 354 respondents. Data were collected using a household questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussions guide, Key Informant Interviews checklist and documents’ reviews. Descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and content analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings show that CHF has inclusive benefits to its members as it covers costs of health treatment rather than paying money every time they attend medical treatments. Furthermore, the attitude towards CHF among members and non-members was accounted for 9.3% and 51.9 negative, 2.3% and 4.1 neutral and 88.4 and 44.0 positive. This indicates that the majority of people in the study area had a positive attitude towards CHF services. Thus, the study concludes that a great proportion of members of CHF in Kalambo District have positive attitude towards CHF intervention while the majority of non-members have negative attitude towards CHF intervention because they were not aware of it due to lack of knowledge. It is recommended that the government should mainstream CHF intervention to all communities so that non-members can join the scheme and hence get better health services. Also, the study recommends that the CHF service providers should put more emphasis on sensitising communities against negative attitudes from non-members of CHF.

This paper explores another way of presenting the non-cooperative principle in communication in pragmatics with practical illustrations from Chinese language and English, although this principle could be observed in almost all languages and dialects of this world. This study is based on the Cooperative Principle elaborated by Herbert Paul Grice which obeys to the four maxims of conversation: the maxim of quantity, quality, relation, and manner. The study hypothesizes that there are several ways in communication where the principle of non-cooperative could be found, not just in the way that other scholars have been presenting it, and this non-cooperative principle is called the Non-Cooperative Sadian Pragmatics Principle in Communication. This study is based on introspection rather than data with theoretical research work based on Grice’s Cooperative Principle, then forwarding illustrations from daily conversation.

Sunflower is a crop of great economic interest both nationally and internationally, due to its use especially in oil production. However, factors such as water restriction are commonly found in growing areas and exert a negative influence on the productive performance of the crop, especially in critical periods, such as the germination and initial development of the seedlings. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the germinate behavior of seeds of sunflower cultivars as a function of lower osmotic potentials. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design, in a 3x5 factorial scheme, three sunflower cultivars (Charrua, Nussol and Olisiun 4) and five osmotic potentials (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2 MPa) with 3 replicates. For the study, solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) were repaired. Rolls of paper towels were moistened with the concentrations and later kept in a germination chamber at 25 °C, where they remained for ten days. First counts (4th day) and total counts (10th day) were performed, and the germination rate (%) was verified. In addition, in the last evaluation, aerial and root length, green mass and dry mass of seedlings were determined. Based on the results obtained it can be verified that in osmotic potential higher than -0.8 MPa, no germination occurred. Nussol germinated more in more negative concentrations, with a germination rate of 90%, differing from the cultivars Charrua and Olisiun 4, which, in larger potentials, reached only 30% of germination.

Although left-handers are approximately 10% of any indiscriminate general population, they are remarkably over-represented globally in positions of leadership, administration and governance. This has been explained as being due to their right-brain dominance which appears to have made it easier for left-handers to be more elastic in cognitive activities, allowing them to easily cope with challenges, perceive the bigger idea and be self-sustaining. Cross-sectional studies also show meaningfully enhanced left-hander incidences among top athletes exclusively in interactive sports and boxing occasioned by the surprise effect. Despite this, left-handers experience difficulties using everyday tools. Pre-school left-handers experience hitches primarily in writing left-to-right, expressing and responding to spatial discernments, which has contributed to them being the majority in remedial classes. Mismatches in the teaching/learning environment causes older children to fail to complete timed tasks which negatively affects their academic achievements. In sports, left-handers benefit more from long and intense training because of using training manuals meant for right-handers. The adjustments left-handers have to make in school and at the workplace in order to function comfortably usually causes hand, back, neck and shoulder pains which not only decreases their effectiveness but also compromises their physical and emotional wellbeing. An amalgamation of all these has made left-handedness appear as an obstruction to daily life generally and specifically in school. This review paper that sought to establish that the society’s failure to accommodate left-handedness needs addressing, recommended creating societal left-handedness awareness programs, paradigm shifting in initial and continuing teacher training programs and classroom pedagogical approaches, establishment of inclusive teaching/learning resources, and the provision of evenhanded daily use tools by manufacturers at no extra cost.

There have been several initiatives by the government of Tanzania to facilitating local development since the attainment of independence in 1961. To quicken the process, the idea of enabling local people to be the agents of their own development was advocated through decentralization by devolution, which aimed at empowering grass root communities through their local democratically elected leaders to plan and implement their own development activities. Village leaders who have a mandate of engineering the process of development have been identified as a key catalyst towards development success. With regard to their importance as far as community development is concerned, this paper wanted to find out as to what extent village leaders were prepared in terms of their education level and training programmes to be the source of local development. Using the two cases of Kigonigoini and Kwakoa in Mwanga district, it was found that village leaders were not well prepared and were of low capacity because of their low level of education and the absence of training programmes made them more blunt in engineering local development.

In this study, we obtained a Paichongding (RR/SS-IPP) degrading Sphingobacterium sp. G1-14 by UV irradiation of the original strain G1-13. This new mutant strain showed excellent RR/SS-IPP degradation performance, and the degradation of ratio was up to 30 per cent after 7 days. Subsequently, we determined the mutant strain G 1-14 as Sphingobacterium based on the phylogenomic analyses. The circular chromosome of Sphingobacterium sp. G1-14 was presented in this paper by Illumina Hiseq platform combined with a third-generation sequencing platform. 5583 protein-coding sequences of the complete genome sequence were obtained, which is beneficial to deduced genes related to RR/SS-IPP degradation.

The era of rapid growth of the internet has witnessed the exponential growth of electronic payment systems (EPS); consequently, business transactions are constantly shifting from cash-based to electronic-based system. This paper is a product of a research conducted to explore factors that could influence effective adoption and implementation of the EPS among hospitals in Tanzania and the challenges associated with its adoption. The study used the KCMC as a case in point. The case study design was used. In this study we sampled 152 respondents randomly who included clients at the outpatient clinics of the hospital. The data were gathered using a structured questionnaire consistent with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The findings suggest that the majority of the clients preferred to use EPS whereas, intention to use EPS, previous experience in the use of EPS, and being banked were significant factors influencing both preference of EPS and intention to use EPS. It is recommended that in order to hasten adoption of EPS in Tanzania it is important to address the identified barriers and also to encourage clients to keep their money in and use the services of banks.

One of the basic questions on the educational system performance is how to improve school outcomes using a minimum of resources. Education production function theory highlights a relationship between education system performance and its main determinants. The purpose of this paper is to assess the influence of teacher characteristics on the technical efficiency of primary schools in Tanzania. To achieve this, micro data from the Service Delivery Indicator survey, collected in primary education system, are analyzed using two complementary methodological approaches: a non-parametric technique called Data Envelopment Analysis to estimate efficiency scores of primary school in a first-stage; then Tobit regression to identify the determinants of technical efficiency in a second-stage. The study findings show that there is a significant relationship between teachers’ characteristics and efficiency of primary school. These results permitted to formulate some recommendations to policy makers in terms of education planning in Tanzania.

This paper examined strategic issues affecting training and development in Tanzania’s public sector with evidence from selected local government authorities. The specific objectives were to examine whether organisation resources, modern technology, organisation structure, and organisation culture affects training and development in organisations. Tools for data collection were questionnaires, interviews and documentary review, which were used to collect data Dodoma and Chamwino local authorities, then data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and excel spreadsheet. The findings revealed individually and collectively independent variables (organisation resources, modern technology, organization structure and organisation culture) affects training and development, where coefficient of determination ( 0.762) implied 76.2% of the variations in training and development was influenced by organisation resources, modern technology, organisation structure and organisation culture in two local authorities. This means that other factors not studied in this research contributes about 23.8% only, with higher influence being from organisation resource at b = 0.448; modern technology with b = 0.253; organisation structure with b = 0.200; and organisation culture with b = 0.124 respectively. Therefore, management in local authorities should consider these strategic issues for effective execution of training and development of employees towards improving council’s service delivery.

Performance management is one of the important key activities performed by organizations to monitor the performance of their employees. Organizations must regularly evaluate the performance of their employees in order to understand their current and future abilities. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of performance management on employee and organizational performance. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design and involved a sample size of 120 human resource officers and managers from selected private organizations in Tanzania. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and the results presented using tables. The findings of the study reveal that private organizations practice performance management and have effective performance management system to evaluate/appraise the performance of their employees. Moreover, the findings reveal that there is a significant relationship between performance management and employee performance as well as between performance management and organizational performance. The study recommends the need of the private organizations to maintain and continue practising and implementing effective performance management systems, also to continue evaluating the performance of their employees frequently because it helps to determine training needs and at the same time acts as a motivational strategy hence leads to a better performance of employees and organization.

Political-administrative relations are attracting the attention of researchers in the current public administration domain in developing countries. Local governments in Tanzania operate based on two types of officials namely; politicians and administrators and whose performance is largely dependent on the relationship of the two. The purpose of the paper was to provide a clear picture of the political-administrative relation in local governments. The study adopted a case study design by purposefully selecting Tanga City Council. A total of fifty (50) respondents were selected purposefully based on their knowledge and experience in working with the elected officials. The methods of data collection used include, survey method, interview, observation, Focus Group Discussion and Key Focus Interview (KFIs). Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis and quantitative data were analysed using SPSS whereby descriptive statistics were computed. The study revealed that the relationship between the elected and the appointed officials is characterized by conflict, distrust and interference that negatively affect employee’s performance in local government. Further, the study revealed that poor relations is highly associated with conflict of interests, distrust, task interdependence, political interference, lack of education on the side of politicians, poor communication and partisan politics. The study recommends that the government should have a regular monitoring of the relations between the two and encourage cooperation. Also the elected officials need to be trained on how to perform their roles in their areas of jurisdiction. The study recommend further that the elected and the appointed officials should perform their duties for public interests, increase the level of trust and do away with partisan politics in performing local government functions.

Due to its corrosive and highly toxic character, the generation of hydrogen sulfide is a serious problem for the environment, human health, and the industry. This paper reported a new and simple methodology for aqueous hydrogen sulfide determination through the development of an optical microbial biosensor. The principle of detection was based on the aerobic and chemolithotrophic metabolism of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans bacterial cells. Under low oxygen concentration and acidic conditions A. thiooxidans can rapidly oxidize H2S to elemental sulfur. The biochemical formation of elemental sulfur can be spectrophotometrically detected and the increase in absorbance at 620 nm exhibited a linear relationship to an H2S concentration up to 100 mg.L-1. The parameters concerning the analytical performance of the biosensor such as cell harvesting time and pH influence were measured and optimized through the optical absorption value. The biosensor was selective to H2S with no important disturbance by tested species except thiosulfate ion (11.5% error). Biosensor response expressed good repeatability (RSD = 4.46 %) and reproducibility (RSD = 4.66 %). The low cost of cell cultivation and the absence of the immobilization step make feasible the optic biosensor application.

This study investigated the effects of the aqueous extracts of Aframomum danielli, Turmeric and Clove in sprouting of yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). The sliced tubers were dipped into the aqueous extracts of A. danielli, turmeric and Clove, each at concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15%. The tubers were allowed to stand in the solution for 5 and 10 minutes. Distilled water was used in the control samples. The yam slices were air dried after removal from the liquids, placed in paper boxes and incubated at room temperature (28.9 ± 4.0°C) and Relative Humidity of 44.6 ± 18.4 % for a period of six weeks (Bibah, 2014). Weight loss was determined by finding the difference between the initial and final weights and expressed as percentage weight loss. The results indicated that Turmeric treatments at different concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15% were more effective in reducing sprouting index at 5 minutes treatment time with values of 1.79%; 3.00% and 3.02% respectively. Clove treatment at 15%, 10% and 15% A. danielli treatment were more effective in controlling sprouting at 10 minutes treatment time for the yam tubers. There was no clear distinction in the effectiveness of each of aqueous extract of A. danielli, Turmeric and Clove in controlling sprouting at 5 and 10 minutes treatment time for sweet potato tubers.

Human resources apart from other resources in an organization are the most valuable resource for effective organizational performance. Organization either public or private is highly depends on employee’s performance and commitment towards achieving organizational goals. Employee’s commitment is associated with employee’s motivation at workplace and depends highly on how management treats employees. The purpose of this paper was to analyze employee’s motivation in rural Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania. The case study design was employed in which Morogoro District Council (MDC) was randomly selected as a study case. The sample size of the study was 55 employees from management, middle and lower levels. The methods of data collection used includes, Interview and self-administered questionnaires and observations. Data collected was analyzed through Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS). The study revealed that employees in local governments are not motivated in both financial and non financial aspects. Employees are dissatisfied with low salaries, lack of promotion and career development, poor training program, working environment, poor communication, unfair treatments and political interferences. The study recommends for the central government to improve salaries to employees, ensure fair promotion based on merits, invest in employee training and development, secure low rates loans, improve communication and relations between management and employees as well as to minimize political interference to local government employees by elected officials.

This paper presents results of a database compilation for indicator species from fresh and brackish aquatic habitats. Information about aquatic species ecology was collected from international guides, our own research during the last 40 years, as well as from monographs and electronic resources describing the ecology of diverse taxonomic groups of organisms. Most of the species represented in the database belong to algae and cyanobacteria taxa, but the ecology of some other aquatic organisms, such as higher plants, moss, and bacteria is also documented. Altogether, 8475 algal, cyanobacteria, plants, and other aquatic inhabitants from 36 taxonomical divisions are represented in the database. Ecological information is given according to 12 indication methods for the following parameters: confinement to the substrate, temperature, oxygen, and the mobility of the water mass, preferences to water pH, water salinity, saprobity according to Watanabe, saprobity according to Sládeček, saprobity index (SI) according to Sládeček, trophic states, nutrition types and several others. This comprehensive database is scheduled for publication in a book and can be used by a wide spectrum of ecologists for the purpose of aquatic ecosystem assessment and monitoring of water quality based on bioindication methods.

The aim of this paper is to estimate which of disinfection method is more effective in case of higher yield and fewer cost in cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus in rural areas. For this purpose, four different treatments; scalping in hot water (60, 80 and 100°C), and chemical disinfection (1% formaldehyde) were compared with sterilization by autoclave. It has been noticed that method of disinfection affects mycelium growing duration(day), yield(g/kg), biological efficiency (BE%), avarage weight of fruitbody(g), diameter of pileus(cm), stipe lenght(cm) and width(cm). P. ostreatus took significantly much time to colonise the substrate (19.9 days) disinfected by chemical disinfection compared with others. Chemical disinfection (271.28 g/kg and 91.96%) and scalding hot water at 80 o C (263.42 g/kg and 90.83%) had highest productivity in terms of yield and BE, respectively, while scalding hot water at 60 o C (136.08 g/kg and 46.92%) had least productivity. The largest diameter of fruitbody was obtained by scalding in hot water at 80 o C, while the longest stipes were harvested in disinfected substrate by chemicals. In conclusion, cheaper and more easily applecable scalping in hot water 80°C and chemical disinfection may be use for the disinfection of growing substrates instead of sterilization with autoclave in rural areas. Keywords: mushroom growing substrate, disinfection methods, autoclaved, scalding, chemical disinfection, Pleurotus ostreatus

Outsourcing revenue collection in Local Government Authorities has been adopted as a mechanism to solve the previous problems of revenue collection which resulted into loss and missmanagement of the whole process. One of the expectations was to increase revenue collection which will provide a room for fiscal autonomy. However, experience from few local government authorities which have outsourced their revenue collection shows that, the whole process of outsourcing has not yielded the expected outcome especially on enabling local authorities to have fiscal autonomy instead it has turned to benefit the private agent who collect Tax. By using secondary data this paper attempts to show how the process of outsourcing is benefiting the private agent and therefore it is like giving everything out. It concludes that, though outsourcing seems to benefit local authorities by reducing some tasks especially on tax collection, outsorcing benefits much a private agent and therefore quick meausures should be adopted including building the capacity of Local Authorities in identifying the sources of revenue and in estimating the actual collections so as to have clear picture of how much will be generated by the agent and what should be the appropriate amount to be submitted to the Local authority.

Palm oil from Elaeis guineensis Jacq. of the Arecaceae family is the main traditional cooking oil in most parts of tropical Africa. Oil palm cultivation requires large areas of land and the consumption of crude palm oil from it raises health concerns notably with regards to the incidence of cardiovascular disease and obesity. The industry has therefore been faced with two major controversies. Firstly, palm oil which contains about 50% saturated fatty acids is considered to be unhealthy for human consumption because its saturated fatty acids raise blood LDL cholesterol level and increase the risk of the above mentioned diseases. Secondly, due to its land intensive nature, the oil palm industry is linked to deforestation, climate change and socioeconomic instability. For these reasons, the oil palm industry has been at the forefront of environmental and reputational challenges. This paper briefly presents an overview of these controversies surrounding the oil palm industry, while highlighting the possible outlets for environmentally friendly production processes and improvement strategies for better oil quality.

There are mixed empirical evidences on the effectiveness of Farmer Field School (FFS). The evidences on various studies vary because of the setting, evaluation methods and yardstick used. This paper aims to investigate the impact of District Agricultural Sector Investment Project (DASIP) on knowledge and productivity. The study was conducted in the area where (DASIP) operated. This covered five regions namely Kagera, Mwanza, Mara, Simiyu and Kigoma. Within those regions, the study focused on agro-ecological zone where corn was cultivated. The data was collected from 878 farmers out of 971, who were targeted. Among them, 359 were participant and 519 were non-participant farmers. This study employed a five-stage sampling technique. The findings show that the effects of DASIP on participating farmers are very little as they resemble non-participating farmers in terms of knowledge and farming practices. Despite that, non-participating farmers are 8.724 times the odds of corn yield not to increase compared to participating farmers. Based on findings, it may recommended that, agriculture programmes should run smoothly by providing technical and financial commitment to improve the performance of extension officers.

Ptercarpus santalinus is an important endemic medicinal plant with high medicinal values that interfere with DNA extraction procedures and qualitative, quantitative agaros gel electrophoresis. An effective and low-cost protocol for isolating genomic DNA from the roots of Pterocarpus santilinus and Pimpinella tirupatiensis was described in this paper. It involved a modified CTAB method with distilled water pretreating samples. The A260/A280 absorbance ratio of extracted DNA was found to be free from polysaccharide, poly-phenols and tannins contaminants ranged from 2.2 to 2.8 within the high level of purity.

Nine specimens of the cestode parasites were recovered from the intestine of Clarias batrachus at Amravati, in the month of March, 1984. They were stained in Borax carmine, whole mount and histological slides of the worm were prepared for detail studies. The mature flattened specimens were long, cylindrical and measure 4.805 in length and 0.674-1.484 in breadth. Morphology and anatomy of the worm is fully discussed in this paper.

Since muscle is more dense than fat, athletes tend to have greater mass and BMI than similarly sized non-athletes. Comparing direct adiposity measures and BMI confirms that BMI is a biased proxy for adiposity for elite athletes. A similar bias should exist for non-elite athletes as well as fit individuals.This paper provides a methodology for indirectly estimating the size of the fitness bias in BMI using median physical activity performances. Approximately 30% of females and 33% of males are fit using this definition.Using data from 9 062 students, regressions suggest 3.1, 95% CI [0.9, 5.3], of a female’s BMI percentile of 85, and 3.6% of her weight, CI [1.6%, 5.6%], is due to being fit, but 5.6, CI [3.3, 7.9], of a male’s BMI percentile of 85, and 5.9% of his weight, CI [3.9%, 7.9%], is due to being fit. These increases in weight are smaller than, but consistent with, the bias of more than 20% for elite athletes.Strong performance on individual physical activities decreases BMI percentile and BMI, but doing well on multiple physical activities has the reverse effect. This provides evidence of a fitness bias. BMI report cards should include the caveat that BMI may overstate the adiposity status of fit children.