Search

A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the Washington Consensus in Latin America from the point of view of the effects of external conditions. It is concluded that replacing the Consensus will require not only a reform of the international financial architecture, but also a return to the integrated policy framework.

A citizen's right to a properly designed guaranteed income is an economic policy instrument that may aid developing countries build civilized and just societies. This paper describes the experiences of Brazil's Bolsa Escola, a minimum income program connected to education, and looks at evolving debate of equitable income distribution.

The autonomy, marketing activities, and market structures of organizations in Shanghai and surrounding areas were studied. Sixty-six organizations in Shanghai and 10 enterprises in Shazhou were surveyed. The results indicated that demand was the primary influence of autonomy and market structure, and that the market structures of urban enterprises were more complex than the structures of township collectives. Major state enterprises were expected to continue operating in a directly planned market rather than in an indirectly planned market, an enterprise direct sales market, or a free market.