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Altitude exposure impairs exercise performance, while altitude acclimatization partially mitigates performance decrements. Non-acclimatization means to improve performance are presented. Acute exposure to terrestrial altitude (hypobaric hypoxia) causes decrements in endurance performance relative to sea level. Altitude acclimatization consistently results in partial attenuation of these decrements, but due to logistical challenges, it is not readily implemented. We discuss mechanisms and impact (or lack thereof) of other non-acclimatization interventions to improve endurance performance and provide suggestions for future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Isoflavones, a chemical class of phytoestrogens found in soybeans and soy products, may have biological functions similar to estradiol. After binding with ERβ or perhaps independently of estrogen receptors, isoflavones may augment vascular endothelial relaxation, contributing to improved limb blood flow. Purpose: To determine if acute fermented soy extract supplementation influences 20-km time trial cycling performance and cardiac hemodynamics compared with a placebo. Methods: Subjects included 25 cyclists and triathletes (31 ± 8 yr, V˙O2peak: 55.1 ± 8.4 mL·kg−1·min−1). Each subject completed a V˙O2peak assessment, familiarization, and two 20-km time trials in randomized order after ingestion of a fermented soy extract supplement or placebo. The fermented soy extract consisted of 30 g powdered supplement in 16 fl. ounces of water. The placebo contained the same quantities of organic cocoa powder and water. Each trial consisted of 60 min of rest, 30 min at 55% W peak, and a self-paced 20-km time trial. Results: Soy supplementation elicited a faster time to 20-km completion (−0.22 ± 0.51 min; −13 s), lower average HR (−5 ± 7 bpm), and significantly greater power (7 ± 3 W) and speed (0.42 ± 0.16 km·h−1) during the last 5 km of the time trial compared with placebo. Analysis of the results by relative fitness level (<57 vs ≥ 57 mL⋅kg−1⋅min−1) indicated that those with a higher level of fitness reaped the largest performance improvement alongside a reduced HR (−5 ± 7 bpm). Conclusions: Ingestion of a fermented soy extract supplement improved sprint-distance performance through improvements in both power and speed. For those with great aerobic fitness, soy supplementation may help to decrease cardiac demand alongside performance improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]