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Abstract: Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance., (Copyright © 2023 by the American College of Sports Medicine.)

Objectives: This study aimed to understand and compare caregivers' perceptions of and attitudes toward care received in a primary care clinic (PCC) versus that received in the pediatric emergency department (PED) as well as the reasons for selecting either location to receive care for their child., Methods: Surveys were administered to caregivers of children who receive their primary care at the same location who presented for a nonurgent sick visit to either the PCC or PED during regular PCC hours., Results: One hundred fifty-one caregivers in the PCC and 83 in the PED completed the survey. Compared with caregivers who brought their child to the PED, those who presented to the PCC were more likely to report that the child had been sick for more than 2 days (P < 0.001), indicate that the child could wait more than 3 hours to be seen (P < 0.001), have called the PCC for advice (odds ratio [OR], 5.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9-9.2), have spoken with a nurse (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.0-6.7), be satisfied with their phone call to the PCC (OR, 12.2; 95% CI, 6.4-23.1), and report that they could easily get in touch with the PCC (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.8-7.3). Most caregivers who went to the PCC felt that it was more convenient (98.6%) and they would be seen more quickly (95.8%)., Conclusions: Although all children had the same medical home, caregivers who presented to the PCC were more likely to have called the clinic, spoken with a nurse, and reported greater satisfaction with the PCC than those who brought their child to the PED.