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The UofL Center for the Deterrence of Biowarfare and Bioterrorism's (CDBB's) training involving standardized patients, who can make convincingly accurate representations of clinical signs and symptoms, and patient simulators has proven to be an effective means of enhancing bioterrorism preparedness. In addition to providing ready access to formative measures of preparedness, both of these teaching and learning tools also offer the option of summative evaluation of skills and knowledge acquired during training sessions. The use of moulage allows for very realistic representations of cutaneous anthrax and smallpox as well as other conditions such as recluse spider bites and chickenpox with which these biothreat infections can be confused. Exercises and drills expose deficiencies and permit essential reinforcement of skills developed in training. Unannounced exercises are especially useful in assessing public health preparedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past analysis of laboratory methods used for mycology specimens revealed significant variation in practices, many of which fell short of recommended procedures. In 2016 these findings led to a set of recommendations for laboratories to consider modification of their methods where appropriate, to analyse current laboratory methods used by participants in the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance Programs (RCPAQAP) Mycology module, and to compare these to the 2016 recommendations. Seven test items, with 105-107 participants each, were analysed. Several laboratories (7-12%) did not handle specimens as recommended in an appropriate biological safety cabinet. Direct microscopy was not performed on tissue specimens 23-25% of the time. The most used staining method was potassium hydroxide with an optical brightener for fluorescent microscopy (49%) followed by Gram stain (33%). While 17-25% of laboratories used three or more media, use of four or more was uncommon (<3%). Between 9-13% of participants used only a single non-inhibitory medium for cultures. Urine specimens were incubated longer than recommended with 57% of laboratories incubating for >7days and 24% >21 days. Duration of incubation was shorter than recommended for several specimen types with 36% of skin specimens and 37-48% of tissue specimens being kept ≤21 days. For cultures kept >7 days, 13% were inspected daily, but for those incubating >14 days only 3%. The methods of several laboratories remain outside recommended practice. An updated set of recommendations are made., (Copyright © 2024 Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To evaluate the consistency, strength, and independence of the relation of carotid atherosclerosis to coronary atherosclerosis, we quantified coronary artery disease risk factors and extent of carotid atherosclerosis (B-mode score) in 343 coronary artery disease patients and 167 disease-free control patients. In univariable analyses, there was a strong association between coronary status and extent of carotid artery disease in men and women older than and younger than 50 years (p less than 0.001 for men and women greater than 50 years, p less than 0.001 for women less than or equal to 50 years, p = 0.045 for men less than or equal to 50). The relation remained strong after control for age in men and women older than 50 years and in women younger than 50 (p less than 0.001 for men and women greater than 50 years, p = 0.003 for women less than or equal to 50) but did not persist after control for age in men younger than 50. Logistic models that included coronary disease risk factors, with or without B-mode score, as independent variables and presence or absence of coronary disease as the outcome variable indicated that the extent of carotid atherosclerosis was a strong, statistically significant independent variable in models for men and women older than 50 years of age. Next, we examined the usefulness of B-mode score as an aid in screening for coronary artery disease in men and women older than 50 years. Classification rules, both including and excluding B-mode score, were developed based on logistic regression and, for comparison, recursive partitioning (decision trees). The performance of these rules and the bias of their performance statistics were estimated. The improved classification of the study sample when B-mode score was incorporated in the rule was statistically significant only for men (p = 0.015). However, the addition of B-mode score was found to 1) increase the median discrimination score for both sex groups based on the logistic model, and 2) yield better sensitivities and specificities for rules based on recursive partitioning. Thus B-mode score is strongly, consistently, and independently associated with coronary artery disease in patients older than 50 and is at least as useful as well-known risk factors for identifying patients with coronary artery disease.

Technological advances, particularly the advent of the gray scale technique, has greatly extended the application and usefulness of this modality to clinical diagnoses and surgery. The ultrasonic beam uniquely provides anatomical profiles in the transverse (cross-sectional) and sagittal (longitudinal) planes of the body. Intra-rectal and intra-vaginal ultrasonic probes have provided unique definition of both the normal and pathologic anatomy of the pelvic organs. The present report is drawn from a continuing experience with ultrasonography of the genitourinary system with an update of current technological advances. Ultrasonography has proven especially valuable in the following clinical applications: 1) Early diagnosis of cancer (especially of the prostate); 2) Accurate staging of cancer of the bladder and prostate; 3) Monitoring of the response of the pathologic process to therapy.