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Stark racial/ethnic disparities in health outcomes exist among those living with HIV in the United States. One of 3 primary goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy is to reduce HIV-related disparities and health inequities.Using data from HIV-infected women participating in the Women's Interagency HIV Study from April 2006 to March 2011, we measured virologic failure (HIV RNA >200 copies/mL) after suppression (HIV RNA < 80 copies/mL) on highly active antiretroviral therapy. We identified predictors of virologic failure using discrete time survival analysis and calculated racial/ethnic-specific population-attributable fractions (PAFs).Of 887 eligible women, 408 (46%) experienced virologic failure during the study period. Hispanic and white women had significantly lower hazards of virologic failure than African American women [Hispanic hazard ratio, (HR) = 0.8, 95% confidence interval: (0.6 to 0.9); white HR = 0.7 (0.5 to 0.9)]. The PAF of virologic failure associated with low income was higher in Hispanic [adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) = 2.2 (0.7 to 6.5), PAF = 49%] and African American women [aHR = 1.8 (1.1 to 3.2), PAF = 38%] than among white women [aHR = 1.4 (0.6 to 3.4), PAF = 16%]. Lack of health insurance compared with public health insurance was associated with virologic failure only among Hispanic [aHR = 2.0 (0.9 to 4.6), PAF = 22%] and white women [aHR = 1.9 (0.7 to 5.1), PAF = 13%]. By contrast, depressive symptoms were associated with virologic failure only among African-American women [aHR = 1.6 (1.2 to 2.2), PAF = 17%].In this population of treated HIV-infected women, virologic failure was common, and correlates of virologic failure varied by race/ethnicity. Strategies to reduce disparities in HIV treatment outcomes by race/ethnicity should address racial/ethnic-specific barriers including depression and low income to sustain virologic suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize prevalence, incidence, and associated correlates of HIV infection among MSM in 12 cities across India., Design: Cross-sectional sample using respondent-driven sampling from September 2012 to June 2013., Methods: A total 12022 MSM (~1000/city) were recruited. Participants had to be at least 18 years, self-identify as male, and report oral/anal intercourse with a man in the prior year. HIV infection was diagnosed using three rapid tests. Cross-sectional HIV incidence was estimated using a multiassay algorithm. All estimates incorporate respondent-driven sampling-II weights., Results: Median age was 25 years, 45% self-identified as 'panthi' (predominantly penetrative anal intercourse) and 30.6% reported being married to a woman. Weighted HIV prevalence was 7.0% (range: 1.7-13.1%). In multivariate analysis, significantly higher odds of HIV infection was observed among those who were older, had lower educational attainment, were practicing purely receptive anal sex or both receptive and penetrative sex, and those who were herpes simplex virus-2 positive. Of 1147 MSM who tested HIV positive, 53 were identified as recent HIV infections (annualized incidence = 0.87%; range = 0-2.2%). In multivariate analysis, injecting drugs in the prior 6 months, syphilis, and higher number of male partners and fewer female partners were significantly associated with recent HIV infection., Conclusion: We observed a high burden of HIV among MSM in India with tremendous diversity in prevalence, incidence, and risk behaviors. In particular, we observed high incidence in areas with relatively low prevalence suggesting emerging epidemics in areas not previously recognized to have high HIV burden.