34 results on '"Kyröläinen, Heikki"'
Search Results
2. Individualized Endurance Training Based on Recovery and Training Status in Recreational Runners
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Nuuttila, Olli-Pekka, Nummela, Ari, Korhonen, Elisa, Häkkinen, Keijo, and Kyröläinen, Heikki
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suorituskyky ,syke ,jaksotus ,kestävyysharjoittelu ,kuntoliikunta ,palautuminen ,heart rate variability ,perceived recovery ,endurance performance ,juoksu ,periodization ,running performance ,harjoittelu ,yksilöllistäminen - Abstract
Purpose Long-term development of endurance performance requires a proper balance between strain and recovery. While responses and adaptations to training are highly individual, this study examined whether individually-adjusted endurance training based on recovery and training status would lead to greater adaptations compared to a predefined program. Methods Recreational runners were divided into predefined (PD, n = 14) or individualized (IND, n = 16) training groups. In IND, the training load was decreased, maintained or increased twice a week based on nocturnal heart rate variability, perceived recovery, and heart rate-running speed index. Both groups performed three-week preparatory, six-week volume and six-week interval periods. Incremental treadmill tests and 10 km running tests were performed before the preparatory period (T0) and after the preparatory (T1), volume (T2), and interval (T3) periods. The magnitude of training adaptations was defined based on the coefficient of variation between T0 and T1 tests (high >2 x, low
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- 2022
3. Power Loading-Induced Fatigue is Influenced by Menstrual Cycle Phase
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Peltonen, Heikki, Mikkonen-Taipale, Ritva, Uimonen, Teemu, Walker, Simon, Hackney, Anthony C., Valtonen, Maarit, Kyröläinen, Heikki, and Ihalainen, Johanna K.
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ovulaatio ,suorituskyky ,eumenorrheic ,naiset ,väsymys ,peripheral fatigue ,hormonit ,central fatigue ,resistance exercise ,kuukautiskierto ,hermo-lihastoiminta ,neuromuscular ,voimaharjoittelu ,aineenvaihdunta ,lihasvoima - Abstract
Purpose To examine the effects of fatiguing power-loading on neuromuscular properties, force production, and metabolic capacities during four phases of the menstrual cycle (MC); menstruation (M), mid-follicular (mid FOL), ovulation (OV), and mid-luteal (mid LUT). Methods Sixteen eumenorrheic women performed sessions of maximal explosive leg press (2x10 at 60%1RM load with 2 min recovery between sets). Serum hormones and neuromuscular responses were measured. Results The loading protocol significantly decreased power (between -14.2% and -12.5%; p < 0.001) and maximal force production (between MVC; -15.0% and -7.8%; p < 0.001–0.05), while decreasing activation level (between AL; -6.9% and -2.2%; p < 0.001–0.05) in all MC-phases. The decreases in AL were greater during mid LUT (p < 0.01) compared to OV. Changes in MVC and AL associated (r2 = 0.53; p < 0.01) at all MC-phases. The decrease in EMG during MVC did not differ between the MC-phases, however, mean power frequency was higher during M (+7.7%; p < 0.05) and mid LUT (+3.1%; p < 0.05) compared to OV (-7.5%). Resting twitch force decreased during mid FOL (-6.9%; p < 0.05) and mid LUT (-16.2%; p < 0.001), and these values were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared to OV. In addition, resting twitch force at mid LUT was lower (p < 0.01) compared to M. Blood lactate levels increased more (p < 0.05) during M compared to mid LUT. Some serum hormone concentrations associated with fatigue-induced changes in neuromuscular properties and force production, but these correlations behaved differently between the MC-phases. Conclusions OV may offer a more favorable hormonal milieu for acute neural responses, while mid FOL and mid LUT appear to be superior for acute muscular responses. peerReviewed
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- 2022
4. Physiological, Perceptual, and Performance Responses to the 2-Week Block of High- versus Low-Intensity Endurance Training
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Nuuttila, Olli-Pekka, Nummela, Ari, Kyröläinen, Heikki, Laukkanen, Jari, and Häkkinen, Keijo
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sykeharjoittelu ,kestävyysharjoittelu ,running ,heart rate variability ,block periodization ,intervalliharjoittelu ,endurance performance ,muscle soreness ,noradrenaliini ,norepinephrine ,juoksu ,harjoitusvaste - Abstract
Purpose This study examined the physiological, perceptual, and performance responses to a 2-week block of increased training load and compared whether responses differ between high-intensity interval (HIIT) and low-intensity (LIT) endurance training. Methods Thirty recreationally trained males and females performed a two-week block of 10 HIIT-sessions (INT, n = 15) or 70 % increased volume of LIT (VOL, n = 15). Running time in the 3000 m and basal serum and urine hormone concentrations were measured before (T1) and after the block (T2), and after a recovery week (T3). In addition, weekly averages of nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV) and perceived recovery were compared to the baseline. Results Both groups improved their running time in the 3000 m from T1 to T2 (INT -1.8 ± 1.6 %, p = 0.003; VOL -1.4 ± 1.7 %, p = 0.017) and T1 to T3 (INT -2.5 ± 1.6 %, p < 0.001; VOL -2.2 ± 1.9 %, p = 0.001). Resting norepinephrine concentration increased in INT from T1 to T2 (p = 0.01) and remained elevated at T3 (p = 0.018). The change in HRV from the baseline was different between the groups during the first week (INT -1.0 ± 2.0 % vs. VOL 1.8 ± 3.2 %, p = 0.008). Muscle soreness increased only in INT (p < 0.001) and the change was different compared to VOL across the block and recovery weeks (p < 0.05). Conclusions HIIT and LIT blocks increased endurance performance in a short period of time. Although both protocols seemed to be tolerable for recreational athletes, a HIIT-block may induce some negative responses such as increased muscle soreness and decreased parasympathetic activity. peerReviewed
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- 2022
5. Effects of Combined Strength and Endurance Training on Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Serum Hormones During a 6-Month Crisis Management Operation.
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Pihlainen, Kai, Kyröläinen, Heikki, Santtila, Matti, Ojanen, Tommi, Raitanen, Jani, and Häkkinen, Keijo
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RESISTANCE training , *BODY composition , *ENDURANCE sports training , *HORMONES , *MUSCLE contraction , *TESTOSTERONE , *PHYSICAL fitness , *EXERCISE physiology , *REGRESSION analysis , *DEPLOYMENT (Military strategy) , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *BODY movement , *STATISTICAL sampling , *MILITARY personnel , *HYDROCORTISONE - Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Pihlainen, K, Kyröläinen, H, Santtila, M, Ojanen, T, Raitanen, J, and Häkkinen, K. Effects of combined strength and endurance training on body composition, physical fitness, and serum hormones during a 6-month crisis management operation. J Strength Cond Res 36(9): 2361–2370, 2022—Very few studies have examined the impact of training interventions on soldier readiness during an international military operation. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of combined strength and endurance training on body composition, physical performance, and hormonal status during a 6-month international military deployment consisting of typical peacekeeping tasks, e.g., patrolling, observation, and on-base duties. Soldiers (n = 78) were randomly allocated to a control group (C) or one of 3 combined whole-body strength and endurance training groups with varying strength-to-endurance training emphasis (Es = 25/75%, SE = 50/50% or Se = 75/25% of strength/endurance training). Body composition, physical performance (3000-m run, standing long jump [SLJ], isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the lower [MVC lower] and upper extremities [MVC upper ], muscle endurance tests), and selected serum hormone concentrations were determined prior to training (PRE), and after 9 (MID) and 19 (POST) weeks of training. Within- and between-group changes were analyzed using linear regression models. The average combined strength and endurance training frequency of the total subject group was 3 ± 2 training sessions per week. No changes were observed in physical performance variables in the intervention groups, whereas SLJ decreased by 1.9% in C (p < 0.05). Maximal voluntary contraction lower increased by 12.8% in the combined intervention group (p < 0.05), and this was significantly different to C (p < 0.05). Testosterone-to-cortisol ratio increased in SE and Se (p < 0.05), whereas no change was observed in C. The intervention groups maintained or improved their physical performance during deployment, which is beneficial for operational readiness. However, the high interindividual variation observed in training adaptations highlights the importance of training individualization during prolonged military operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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6. Effects of Water Immersion Methods on Postexercise Recovery of Physical and Mental Performance
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Ahokas, Essi, Ihalainen, Johanna, Kyröläinen, Heikki, and Mero, Antti
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feelings of relaxation ,recovery methods ,palautuminen ,kylpyhoito ,kylmähoito ,rentoutus ,hormonit ,urheilijat - Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 3 water immersion interventions performed after active recovery compared with active recovery only on physical and mental performance measures and physiological responses. The subjects were physically active men (age 20–35 years, mean ± SD 26 ± 3.7 years). All subjects performed a short-term exercise protocol, including maximal jumps and sprinting. Four different recovery methods (10 minutes) were used in random order: cold water immersion (CWI, 10° C), thermoneutral water immersion (TWI, 24° C), and contrast water therapy (CWT, alternately 10° C and 38° C). All these methods were performed after an active recovery (10-minute bicycle ergometer; heart rate [HR] 120–140 b·min−1, 60–73% from age-calculated maximum HR), and the fourth method was active recovery (ACT) only. Within 96 hours after exercise bouts, recovery was assessed through a 30-m maximal sprint test, maximal countermovement jump (CMJ), self-perceived muscle soreness and relaxation questionnaires, and blood lactate, creatine kinase, testosterone, cortisol, and catecholamine levels. The self-perceived feeling of relaxation after 60-minute recovery was better (p < 0.05) after CWI and CWT than ACT and TWI. Statistically significant differences were not observed between the recovery methods in any other marker. In the 30-m sprint test, however, slower running time was found in ACT (p < 0.001) and CWT (p = 0.005), and reduced CMJ results (p < 0.05) were found in ACT when the results were compared with baseline values. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that CWI and CWT improve the acute feeling of relaxation that can play a positive role in athletes' performance and well-being. peerReviewed
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- 2019
7. Hormonal Contraceptive Use Does Not Affect Strength, Endurance, or Body Composition Adaptations to Combined Strength and Endurance Training in Women.
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Myllyaho, Moona M., Ihalainen, Johanna K., Hackney, Anthony C., Valtonen, Maarit, Nummela, Ari, Vaara, Elina, Häkkinen, Keijo, Kyröläinen, Heikki, and Taipale, Ritva S.
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BODY composition ,ISOMETRIC exercise ,ENDURANCE sports training ,HORMONES ,MENSTRUAL cycle ,PHYSICAL fitness ,CONTRACEPTIVES ,MUSCLE strength ,LUTEINIZING hormone ,BODY movement ,HIGH-intensity interval training ,JUMPING - Abstract
Myllyaho, MM, Ihalainen, JK, Hackney, AC, Valtonen, M, Nummela, A, Vaara, E, Häkkinen, K, Kyröläinen, H, and Taipale, RS. Hormonal contraceptive use does not affect strength, endurance, or body composition adaptations to combined strength and endurance training in women. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 449-457, 2021-This study examined the effects of a 10-week period of high-intensity combined strength and endurance training on strength, endurance, body composition, and serum hormone concentrations in physically active women using hormonal contraceptives (HCs, n = 9) compared with those who had never used hormonal contraceptives (NHCs, n = 9). Training consisted of 2 strength training sessions and 2 high-intensity running interval sessions per week. Maximal bilateral isometric leg press (Isom), maximal bilateral dynamic leg press (one repetition maximum [1RM]), countermovement jump (CMJ), a 3,000-m running test (3,000 m), body composition, and serum hormone levels were measured before and after training between days 1-5 of each subject's menstrual cycle. Both groups increased 1RM and CMJ: HC = 13.2% (p < 0.001) and 9.6% (p < 0.05), and NHC = 8.3% (p < 0.01) and 8.5% (p < 0.001). Hormonal contraceptive improved 3,000 m by 3.5% (p < 0.05) and NHC by 1% (n.s.). Never used hormonal contraceptive increased lean mass by 2.1% (p < 0.001), whereas body fat percentage decreased from 23.9 ± 6.7 to 22.4 ± 6.0 (-6.0%, p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in body composition in HC. No significant between-group differences were observed in any of the performance variables. Luteinizing hormone concentrations decreased significantly (p < 0.05) over 10 weeks in NHC, whereas other hormone levels remained statistically unaltered in both groups. It seems that the present training is equally appropriate for improving strength, endurance, and body composition in women using HC as those not using HC without disrupting hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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8. On-Ice and Off-Ice Fitness Profiles of Elite and U20 Male Ice Hockey Players of Two Different National Standards.
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Vigh-Larsen, Jeppe F., Haverinen, Marko T., Panduro, Jeppe, Ermidis, Georgios, Andersen, Thomas B., Overgaard, Kristian, Krustrup, Peter, Parkkari, Jari, Avela, Janne, Kyröläinen, Heikki, and Mohr, Magni
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ATHLETIC ability ,BODY composition ,COMPARATIVE studies ,HOCKEY ,JUMPING ,SPRINTING ,MOTOR ability ,PHYSICAL fitness ,TEAM sports ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Differences in body composition and performance were investigated between elite and U20 male ice hockey players of 2 different national standards. One hundred seventy-nine players were recruited from the highest Finnish (n = 82) and Danish (n = 61) national level, as well as from 1 U20 team from Finland (n = 19) and Denmark (n = 17). Body composition and countermovement jump performance (CMJ) were measured off-ice in addition to on-ice assessments of agility, 10- and 30-m sprint performance, and endurance capacity (the maximal Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Ice Hockey Test, Yo-Yo IR1-IH
max ). Large differences in on-ice performances were demonstrated between Finnish and Danish elite players for agility, 10- and 30-m sprint performance (2-3%, P ≤ 0.05), and Yo-Yo IR1-IHmax performance (15%, P ≤ 0.05). By contrast, no differences (P > 0.05) were present between elite players for CMJ ability or body composition. However, elite players possessed more body and muscle mass than U20 players. Finally, the Finnish U20 cohort had a similar performance level as the Danish elite players and superior 10-m sprint performance, whereas the Danish U20 level was inferior to the other groups in every performance assessment (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, on-ice speed and endurance differ markedly between elite players of 2 different national standards with no distinction in body composition or CMJ ability. Moreover, the most consistent difference between U20 and senior elite players was related to body and muscle mass. These results highlight the usefulness of on-ice assessments and suggest the importance of on-ice high-intensity training in elite players in addition to training targeted the development of lean body mass in youth prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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9. Training Load and Energy Expenditure during Military Basic Training Period.
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JURVELIN, HEIDI, TANSKANEN-TERVO, MINNA, KINNUNEN, HANNU, SANTTILA, MATTI, and KYRÖLÄINEN, HEIKKI
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- 2020
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10. Effects of Water Immersion Methods on Postexercise Recovery of Physical and Mental Performance.
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Ahokas, Essi K., Ihalainen, Johanna K., Kyröläinen, Heikki, and Mero, Antti A.
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PSYCHOLOGY of athletes ,ATHLETIC ability ,CATECHOLAMINES ,COLD therapy ,CREATININE ,EXERCISE physiology ,EXERCISE tests ,HEART beat ,HYDROCORTISONE ,JUMPING ,LACTATES ,SPRINTING ,MYALGIA ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RELAXATION for health ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SELF-evaluation ,TESTOSTERONE ,TIME ,WATER ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,WELL-being ,IMMERSION in liquids ,COOLDOWN ,BODY movement ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,ERGOMETRY ,EXERCISE intensity - Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 3 water immersion interventions performed after active recovery compared with active recovery only on physical and mental performance measures and physiological responses. The subjects were physically active men (age 20-35 years, mean ± SD 26 ± 3.7 years). All subjects performed a short-term exercise protocol, including maximal jumps and sprinting. Four different recovery methods (10 minutes) were used in random order: cold water immersion (CWI, 10° C), thermoneutral water immersion (TWI, 24° C), and contrast water therapy (CWT, alternately 10° C and 38° C). All these methods were performed after an active recovery (10-minute bicycle ergometer; heart rate [HR] 120-140 b⋅min
-1 , 60-73% from age-calculated maximum HR), and the fourth method was active recovery (ACT) only. Within 96 hours after exercise bouts, recovery was assessed through a 30-m maximal sprint test, maximal countermovement jump (CMJ), self-perceived muscle soreness and relaxation questionnaires, and blood lactate, creatine kinase, testosterone, cortisol, and catecholamine levels. The self-perceived feeling of relaxation after 60-minute recovery was better (p < 0.05) after CWI and CWT than ACT and TWI. Statistically significant differences were not observed between the recovery methods in any other marker. In the 30-m sprint test, however, slower running time was found in ACT (p < 0.001) and CWT (p = 0.005), and reduced CMJ results (p < 0.05) were found in ACT when the results were compared with baseline values. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that CWI and CWT improve the acute feeling of relaxation that can play a positive role in athletes' performance and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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11. Effects of Joint Kinetics on Energy Cost during Repeated Vertical Jumping.
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SEKI, KEITARO, NUMAZU, NAOKI, KYRÖLÄINEN, HEIKKI, OHYAMA-BYUN, KEIGO, and ENOMOTO, YASUSHI
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- 2019
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12. Validity Of The Polar Running Performance Test To Estimate Maximum Aerobic Running Speed: 2503.
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Nuuttila, Olli-Pekka, Peltonen, Jussi, and Kyröläinen, Heikki
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- 2022
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13. ASSOCIATIONS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND BODY COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS WITH SIMULATED MILITARY TASK PERFORMANCE.
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PIHLAINEN, KAI, SANTTILA, MATTI, KYRÖLÄINEN, HEIKKI, and HÄKKINEN, KEIJO
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BODY composition ,EXERCISE physiology ,MUSCLE strength ,PHYSICAL fitness ,PROBABILITY theory ,MILITARY personnel ,STATISTICS ,DATA analysis ,BODY mass index - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations of physical fitness and body composition characteristics with anaerobic endurance performance, tested in the combat load using the occupationally relevant military simulation test (MST). Eighty-one male soldiers, deployed to a crisis management operation in the Middle East, volunteered for the study and participated in a test battery consisting measurements of muscle strength, body composition characteristics, endurance capacity, and MST. A Spearman correlational analysis revealed that the strongest variable, correlated with MST time, was the countermovement jump performed with the combat load (CMJ2) (r
s = -0.66, p < 0.001). Among the individual body composition variables, the MST time had the strongest relationship with fat percentage (rs = 0.53, p < 0.001) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (rs = -0.47, p < 0.001). The use of the dead mass ratio, which was calculated dividing body mass by fat mass accompanied with the weight of the combat load, increased body composition-based associations significantly, and this variable turned out to be the best single predictor for the MST performance (rs = -0.67, p < 0.001). Significant predictors of the MST time in the stepwise multivariate regression analysis included CMJ2, 3000 m, SMM, and push-ups. Together, these variables explained 66% (Radj ² = 0.658 model p<0.001) of the variance in the MST time. In conclusion, the novel MST is a promising military specific assessment method of muscle power of the lower extremities and endurance capacity, which are crucial performance components in anaerobic combat situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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14. Physical Fitness in Young Men between 1975 and 2015 with a Focus on the Years 2005-2015.
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SANTTILA, MATTI, PIHLAINEN, KAI, KOSKI, HARRI, VASANKARI, TOMMI, and KYRÖLÄINEN, HEIKKI
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- 2018
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15. BODY COMPOSITION AND POWER PERFORMANCE IMPROVED AFTER WEIGHT REDUCTION IN MALE ATHLETES WITHOUT HAMPERING HORMONAL BALANCE.
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HUOVINEN, HEIKKI T., HULMI, JUHA J., ISOLEHTO, JUHA, KYRÖLÄINEN, HEIKKI, PUURTINEN, RISTO, KARILA, TUOMO, MACKALA, KRZYSZTOF, and MERO, ANTTI A.
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ANALYSIS of variance ,ATHLETES ,ATHLETIC ability ,BODY composition ,BODY weight ,STATISTICAL correlation ,FISHER exact test ,HIGH-protein diet ,HORMONES ,JUMPING ,LOW-carbohydrate diet ,REGRESSION analysis ,STATISTICS ,T-test (Statistics) ,WEIGHT loss ,DATA analysis ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
The article discusses research investigating the effects of a 4-week weight reduction period in male track and field jumpers and sprinters in either a high weight reduction group (HWR) or a low weight reduction (LWR) group on body composition, explosive power, and speed. Changes in fat-free mass (FFM), serum testosterone, and acid-base balance were also measured. The effect of a gradual weight reduction (GWR) diet with high protein and low carbohydrate on performance is discussed.
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- 2015
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16. ASSOCIATIONS OF MAXIMAL STRENGTH AND MUSCULAR ENDURANCE TEST SCORES WITH CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS AND BODY COMPOSITION.
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VAARA, JANI P., KYRÖLÄINEN, HEIKKI, NIEMI, JAAKKO, OHRANKÄMMEN, OLLI, HÄKKINEN, ARJA, KOCAY, SHEILA, and HÄKKINEN, KEIJO
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LEG physiology , *ISOMETRIC exercise , *ANTHROPOMETRY , *BODY composition , *CARDIOPULMONARY system , *COMPARATIVE studies , *STATISTICAL correlation , *EXERCISE physiology , *EXERCISE tests , *BIOELECTRIC impedance , *RANGE of motion of joints , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *MUSCLE strength , *MUSCLE strength testing , *PHYSICAL fitness , *REGRESSION analysis , *MILITARY personnel , *BODY movement , *BODY mass index , *OXYGEN consumption , *ERGOMETRY , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
The article reports on research conducted to investigate the relationships between maximal strength and muscular endurance test scores additionally to previously widely studied measures of body composition and maximal aerobic capacity. Researchers evaluated 846 young men. They found that push-up tests were indicative of body fat content, maximal aerobic capacity and upper body maximal strength and that repeated squat tests were indicative of body fat content and maximal aerobic capacity.
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- 2012
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17. FROM THE SUBARCTIC TO THE TROPICS: EFFECTS OF 4-MONTH DEPLOYMENT ON SOLDIERS' HEAT STRESS, HEAT STRAIN, AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE.
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Rintamäki, Hannu, Kyröläinen, Heikki, Santtila, Matti, Mäntysaari, Matti, Simonen, Riitta, Torpo, Henna, Mäkinen, Tero, Rissanen, Sirkka, and Lindholm, Harri
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GRIP strength , *ANALYSIS of variance , *ANTHROPOMETRY , *BODY composition , *BODY temperature , *BODY temperature regulation , *CARDIOPULMONARY system , *STATISTICAL correlation , *ECOLOGY , *EXERCISE physiology , *EXERCISE tests , *HEAT , *PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of heat , *MAGNETIC resonance imaging , *MATHEMATICS , *MILITARY research , *MUSCLE contraction , *MUSCLE strength testing , *RESEARCH funding , *RUNNING , *MILITARY personnel , *PHYSIOLOGICAL stress , *T-test (Statistics) , *TEMPERATURE , *SKIN temperature , *BODY movement , *BODY mass index , *REPEATED measures design , *OXYGEN consumption , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
The article reports on research which was conducted to investigate the impact that heat stress had on the physical performance and body composition of Finnish male soldiers during a four month deployment to a hot environment in Chad. Researchers evaluated 20 soldiers. They found that heat stress led to a decrease in body mass but found that the soldiers were able to maintain or improve their physical performance during the deployment despite the heat stress.
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- 2012
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18. Good Aerobic or Muscular Fitness Protects Overweight Men from Elevated Oxidized LDL.
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Kosola, Jussi, Ahotupa, Markku, Kyröläinen, Heikki, Santtila, Matti, and Vasankari, Tommi
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- 2012
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19. CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEUROMUSCULAR PERFORMANCE RESPONSES INDUCED BY 8 WEEKS OF BASIC TRAINING FOLLOWED BY 8 WEEKS OF SPECIALIZED MILITARY TRAINING.
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Santtila, Matti, HÄKkinen, Keijo, Nindl, Bradley C., and KyrÖLÄInen, Heikki
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- 2012
20. Common Genetic Variation in the IGF1 Associates with Maximal Force Output.
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HUUSKONEN, ANTTI, LAPPALAINEN, JANI, OKSALA, NIKU, SANTTILA, MATTI, HÄKKINEN, KEIJO, KYRÖLÄINEN, HEIKKI, and ATALAY, MUSTAFA
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- 2011
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21. Association of Military Training with Oxidative Stress and Overreaching.
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TANSKANEN, MINNA M., UUSITALO, ARJA L., KINNUNEN, HANNU, HÄKKJNEN, KEIJO, KYRÖLÄINEN, HEIKKI, and ATALAY, MUSTAFA
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- 2011
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22. SERUM SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN AND CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH OVERREACHING DURING STRENUOUS MILITARY TRAINING.
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Tanskanen, Minna M., Kyröläinen, Heikki, Uusitalo, Arja L., Huovinen, Jukka, Nissilä, Juuso, Kinnunen, Hannu, Atalay, Mustafa, and Häkkinen, Keijo
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OVERTRAINING , *MILITARY education , *EXERCISE physiology , *SEX hormones , *HYDROCORTISONE , *GLOBULINS , *SERUM - Abstract
The article presents the results of a study which investigated the association of serum sex hormone-binding globulin and cortisol concentrations with overreaching or overtraining during the performance of intense military conditioning exercises. An overview of related previous research is provided, along with details of the experimental protocol.
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- 2011
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23. CHANGES IN MAXIMAL AND EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH, ELECTROMYOGRAPHY, AND MUSCLE THICKNESS OF LOWER AND UPPER EXTREMITIES INDUCED BY COMBINED STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE TRAINING IN SOLDIERS.
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SANTTILA, MATTI, KYRöLÄINEN, HEIKKI, and HÄKKINEN, KEIJO
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PHYSICAL fitness research , *MILITARY personnel , *BASIC training (Military education) , *PHYSICAL fitness testing , *PHYSICAL education , *MUSCLE strength , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
The article reports on research conducted to determine the effect combined strength and endurance training had on changes in maximal and explosive strength, electromyography and muscle thickness in the upper and lower extremities of soldiers. Researchers found that basic training with a large amount of endurance-based military training interfered with strength development, and especially, explosive power development of the lower extremities in the strength training group.
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- 2009
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24. CARDIORESPIRATORY AND NEUROMUSCULAR RESPONSES TO MOTOCROSS RIDING.
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Konttinen, Tomi, Kyröläinen, Heikki, and Häkkinen, Keijo
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MOTOCROSS , *METABOLISM , *PHYSICAL fitness , *MUSCLE strength , *HEART beat - Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine physiological and neuromuscular responses during motocross riding at individual maximal speed together with the riding-induced changes in maximal isometric force production. Seven A-level (group A) and 5 hobby-class (group H) motocross-riders performed 30-minute riding test on a motocross track and maximal muscle strength and oxygen uptake (VO2max) tests in a laboratory. During the riding the mean (±SD) VO2 reduced in group A from 86 ± 10% to 69 ± 6% of the maximum (P < 0.001), whereas in group H the corresponding reduction was from 94 ± 25% to 82 ± 20% (P < 0.05). This relative VO2 during the riding correlated with riding speed (r = 0.70, P < 0.01). Heart rate (HR) was maintained at the level of 97 ± 7% of its maximum in group A and at 98 ± 3% in group H. Mean muscle activation of the lower body during riding varied between 24% and 38% of its maximum in group A and between 40% and 45% in group H. In conclusion, motocross is a sport that causes great physical stress and demands on both skill and physical capacity of the rider. Physical stress occurs as the result of handling of the bike when receiving continuous impacts in the situation requiring both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Our data suggest that both maximal capacity and strain during the ride should be measured to analyze the true physiological and neuromuscular demands of motocross ride. For the practice, this study strongly suggests to train not only aerobic and anaerobic capacity but also to use strength and power training for successful motocross riding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
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25. International Physical Activity Questionnaire: Validity against Fitness.
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Fogelholm, Mikael, Malmberg, Jarmo, Suni, Jaana, Santtila, Matti, Kyröläinen, Heikki, Mantysaari, Matti, and Oja, Pekka
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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26. NEUROMUSCULAR PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF OPEN-WHEEL AND RALLY DRIVERS.
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BACKMAN, JANI, HÄKKINEN, KEIJO, YLINEN, JARI, HÄKKINEN, ARJA, and KYRÖLÄINEN, HEIKKI
- Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate neuromuscular performance characteristics in open-wheel and rally drivers using the cross-sectional study design. The subjects (N = 28) consisted of experienced international-level open-wheel drivers (n = 9), experienced international-level rally drivers (n = 9) and a physically active nondriving male control group (n = 10). In 3 separate test sessions, speed, muscle strength, and endurance tests were performed. The rally drivers had higher (p < 0.05) grip, shoulder flexion, and ankle plantar flexion strength, as compared to the control group. The open-wheel drivers showed higher strengths (p < 0.05) than the controls in neck forces, grip, shoulder flexion, and leg extension. The rally drivers were stronger (p < 0.05) than the open-wheel drivers in grip, plantar flexion, and trunk extension forces, whereas the open-wheel drivers were stronger (p < 0.01) than the rally drivers in neck lateral flexions and extension forces. Thus, competitive long-term open-wheel and rally drivers differ specifically in neuromuscular performance. For practice, these findings suggest that rally drivers should concentrate on training hand, ankle, and trunk muscles, whereas open-wheel drivers should train neck muscles, especially, and all other muscle groups rather equally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2005
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27. Relationship of Endogenous Steroid Hormones and SHBG to Body Composition, Cardiovascular Health and Physical Fitness.
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Kocay, Sheila, Nindl, Bradley C., Vaara, Jani, and Kyröläinen, Heikki
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- 2011
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28. Active Recovery Enhances Neuromuscular Performance Following Prolonged Load Carriage.
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Kyröläinen, Heikki
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- 2011
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29. Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness are Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Related to Obesity in Young Men.
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Vaara, Jani, Fogelholm, Mikael, Vasankari, Tommi, Santtila, Matti, Häkkinen, Keijo, and Kyröläinen, Heikki
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- 2011
- Full Text
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30. Individualized Endurance Training Based on Recovery and Training Status in Recreational Runners.
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Nuuttila OP, Nummela A, Korhonen E, Häkkinen K, and Kyröläinen H
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- Heart Rate, Humans, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Physical Endurance physiology, Endurance Training, Resistance Training, Running physiology
- Abstract
Purpose: Long-term development of endurance performance requires a proper balance between strain and recovery. Because responses and adaptations to training are highly individual, this study examined whether individually adjusted endurance training based on recovery and training status would lead to greater adaptations compared with a predefined program., Methods: Recreational runners were divided into predefined (PD; n = 14) or individualized (IND; n = 16) training groups. In IND, the training load was decreased, maintained, or increased twice a week based on nocturnal heart rate variability, perceived recovery, and heart rate-running speed index. Both groups performed 3-wk preparatory, 6-wk volume, and 6-wk interval periods. Incremental treadmill tests and 10-km running tests were performed before the preparatory period ( T0 ) and after the preparatory ( T1 ), volume ( T2 ), and interval ( T3 ) periods. The magnitude of training adaptations was defined based on the coefficient of variation between T0 and T1 tests (high >2×, low <0.5×)., Results: Both groups improved ( P < 0.01) their maximal treadmill speed and 10-km time from T1 to T3 . The change in the 10-km time was greater in IND compared with PD (-6.2% ± 2.8% vs -2.9% ± 2.4%, P = 0.002). In addition, IND had more high responders (50% vs 29%) and fewer low responders (0% vs 21%) compared with PD in the change of maximal treadmill speed and 10-km performance (81% vs 23% and 13% vs 23%), respectively., Conclusions: PD and IND induced positive training adaptations, but the individualized training seemed more beneficial in endurance performance. Moreover, IND increased the likelihood of high response and decreased the occurrence of low response to endurance training., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Sports Medicine.)
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- 2022
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31. Power Loading-Induced Fatigue Is Influenced by Menstrual Cycle Phase.
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Peltonen H, Mikkonen-Taipale R, Uimonen T, Walker S, Hackney AC, Valtonen M, Kyröläinen H, and Ihalainen JK
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- Electromyography, Female, Hormones, Humans, Menstruation, Muscle Fatigue physiology, Muscle, Skeletal physiology, Rest, Menstrual Cycle physiology, Weight Lifting physiology
- Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of fatiguing power loading on neuromuscular properties, force production, and metabolic capacities during four phases of the menstrual cycle (MC): menstruation (M), midfollicular (mid FOL), ovulation (OV), and midluteal (mid LUT)., Methods: Sixteen eumenorrheic women performed sessions of maximal explosive leg press (2 × 10 at 60% one-repetition maximum load with 2-min recovery between sets). Serum hormones and neuromuscular responses were measured., Results: The loading protocol significantly decreased power (between -14.2% and -12.5%; P < 0.001) and maximal force production (between maximum voluntary force (MVC); -15.0% and -7.8%; P < 0.001-0.05), while decreasing activation level (between AL; -6.9% and -2.2%; P < 0.001-0.05) in all MC phases. The decreases in AL were greater during mid LUT (P < 0.01) compared with OV. Changes in MVC and AL were associated (r2 = 0.53; P < 0.01) at all MC phases. The decrease in EMG during MVC did not differ between the MC phases; however, mean power frequency was higher during M (+7.7%; P < 0.05) and mid LUT (+3.1%; P < 0.05) compared with OV (-7.5%). Resting twitch force decreased during mid FOL (-6.9%; P < 0.05) and mid LUT (-16.2%; P < 0.001), and these values were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with OV. In addition, resting twitch force at mid LUT was lower (P < 0.01) compared with M. Blood lactate levels increased more (P < 0.05) during M compared with mid LUT. Some serum hormone concentrations were associated with fatigue-induced changes in neuromuscular properties and force production, but these correlations behaved differently between the MC phases., Conclusions: OV may offer a more favorable hormonal milieu for acute neural responses, whereas mid FOL and mid LUT seem to be superior for acute muscular responses., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Sports Medicine.)
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- 2022
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32. Physiological, Perceptual, and Performance Responses to the 2-Week Block of High- versus Low-Intensity Endurance Training.
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Nuuttila OP, Nummela A, Kyröläinen H, Laukkanen J, and Häkkinen K
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- Female, Heart Rate physiology, Humans, Male, Myalgia, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Physical Endurance physiology, Endurance Training, High-Intensity Interval Training methods, Running physiology
- Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the physiological, perceptual, and performance responses to a 2-wk block of increased training load and compared whether responses differ between high-intensity interval (HIIT) and low-intensity training (LIT)., Methods: Thirty recreationally trained males and females performed a 2-wk block of 10 HIIT sessions (INT, n = 15) or 70% increased volume of LIT (VOL, n = 15). Running time in the 3000 m and basal serum and urine hormone concentrations were measured before (T1) and after the block (T2), and after a recovery week (T3). In addition, weekly averages of nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV) and perceived recovery were compared with the baseline., Results: Both groups improved their running time in the 3000 m from T1 to T2 (INT = -1.8% ± 1.6%, P = 0.003; VOL = -1.4% ± 1.7%, P = 0.017) and from T1 to T3 (INT = -2.5% ± 1.6%, P < 0.001; VOL = -2.2% ± 1.9%, P = 0.001). Resting norepinephrine concentration increased in INT from T1 to T2 (P = 0.01) and remained elevated at T3 (P = 0.018). The change in HRV from the baseline was different between the groups during the first week (INT = -1.0% ± 2.0% vs VOL = 1.8% ± 3.2%, P = 0.008). Muscle soreness increased only in INT (P < 0.001), and the change was different compared with VOL across the block and recovery weeks (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: HIIT and LIT blocks increased endurance performance in a short period. Although both protocols seemed to be tolerable for recreational athletes, a HIIT block may induce some negative responses such as increased muscle soreness and decreased parasympathetic activity., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Sports Medicine.)
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- 2022
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33. Physical fitness profiles in young Finnish men during the years 1975-2004.
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Santtila M, Kyröläinen H, Vasankari T, Tiainen S, Palvalin K, Häkkinen A, and Häkkinen K
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- Adult, Anthropometry, Body Mass Index, Finland, Humans, Male, Military Personnel, Muscle Strength, Muscle, Skeletal, Physical Endurance, Exercise Test, Physical Fitness
- Abstract
Purpose: This population-based study describes fitness profiles in aerobic capacity (N = 387088) during the years 1975-2004, muscle performance (N = 280285) from 1982 to 2003, and body anthropometry (N = 324911) from 1993 to 2004 among the Finnish conscripts at the age of 20 yr., Methods: Endurance performance was tested by the 12-min running test. Muscle fitness tests consisting of sit-ups, push-ups, pull-ups, a back-muscle test, and standing long jump were scored to muscle fitness index (MFI)., Results: The mean body mass of the conscripts increased from 70.8 to 75.2 kg (P < 0.01) during the years 1993-2004. The mean distance of the conscripts" 12-min running test increased first by 4% from 1975 to 1979, but after it that decreased by 12% (from 2760 m to 2434 m, P < 0.001) compared with the year 2004. MFI increased during the first decade of the follow-up, but thereafter, the number of conscripts who achieved excellent and good MFI decreased from 66.8 to 41.2% (P < 0.001) during the years 1992-2004. The physical ability of the conscripts to meet military service declined during the last 15 yr., Conclusion: Both the increase in body mass and the decrease in physical fitness may lead to serious health problems in the future.
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- 2006
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34. Knee and ankle joint stiffness in sprint running.
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Kuitunen S, Komi PV, and Kyröläinen H
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- Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Elasticity, Gait physiology, Hip Joint physiology, Humans, Male, Muscle Contraction physiology, Muscle, Skeletal physiology, Neuromuscular Junction physiology, Range of Motion, Articular physiology, Ankle Joint physiology, Knee Joint physiology, Motor Activity physiology, Running physiology
- Abstract
Introduction: Stiffness has often been considered as a regulated property of the neuromuscular system. The purpose of this study was to examine the ankle and knee joint stiffness regulation during sprint running., Methods: Ten male sprinters ran at the constant relative speeds of 70, 80, 90, and 100% over a force platform, and ground reaction forces, kinematic, and EMG parameters were collected., Results: The results indicated that with increasing running speed the average joint stiffness (change in joint moment divided by change in joint angle) was constant (7 N x m x deg(-1)) in the ankle joint and increased from 17 to 24 N x m x deg(-1) (P < 0.01) in the knee joint., Conclusion: The observed constant ankle joint stiffness may depend on (constant) tendon stiffness because of its dominating role in triceps surae muscle-tendon unit. Thus, we conclude that in sprint running the spring-like behavior of the leg might be adjusted by changing the stiffness of the knee joint. However, in complicated motor task, such as sprint running, ankle and knee joint stiffness might be controlled by the individual mechanical and neural properties.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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